Tim Butler
Biographic Data
| ID | 181519 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Tim Butler |
| GIVEN NAMES | Tim |
| FAMILY NAME | Butler |
| SIGNATURE | BUTLER T |
| AFFILIATIONS | King's College London |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-2219-4657 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 58 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 1000 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 56 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 2 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1994 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2022 |
| H-INDEX | 17 |
Beyond CO2 equivalence: The impacts of methane on climate, ecosystems, and health
In this article we review the physical and chemical properties of methane (CH4) relevant to impacts on climate, ecosystems, and air pollution, and examine the extent to which this is reflected in climate and air pollution governance. Although CH4 is governed under the UNFCCC climate regime, its treatment there is limited to the ways in which it acts as a “CO2 equivalent” climate forcer on a 100-year time frame. The UNFCCC framework neglects the i…
Emission scenarios of a potential shale gas industry in Germany and the United Kingdom
The shale gas debate has taken center stage over the past decade in many European countries due to its purported climate advantages over coal and the implications for domestic energy security. Nevertheless, shale gas production generates greenhouse gas and air pollutant emissions including carbon dioxide, methane, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter and volatile organic compounds. In this study we develop three shale gas drilling…
Modeling the impact of a potential shale gas industry in Germany and the United Kingdom on ozone with WRF-Chem
Germany and the United Kingdom have domestic shale gas reserves which they may exploit in the future to complement their national energy strategies. However gas production releases volatile organic compounds (VOC) and nitrogen oxides (NOx), which through photochemical reaction form ground-level ozone, an air pollutant that can trigger adverse health effects e.g. on the respiratory system. This study explores the range of impacts of a potential sh…
Potential reductions in ambient NO 2 concentrations from meeting diesel vehicle emissions standards
Exceedances of the concentration limit value for ambient nitrogen dioxide (NO2) at roadside sites are an issue in many cities throughout Europe. This is linked to the emissions of light duty diesel vehicles which have on-road emissions that are far greater than the regulatory standards. These exceedances have substantial implications for human health and economic loss. This study explores the possible gains in ambient air quality if light duty di…
Synoptic and meteorological drivers of extreme ozone concentrations over Europe
The present work assesses the relationship between local and synoptic meteorological conditions and surface ozone concentration over Europe in spring and summer months, during the period 1998-2012 using a new interpolated data set of observed surface ozone concentrations over the European domain.Along with local meteorological conditions, the influence of large-scale atmospheric circulation on surface ozone is addressed through a set of airflow i…
The Middle Classes and the City: A Study of Paris and London
What does it mean to be middle class in contemporary global cities? What do the middle classes do to these cities and what do these cities do to the middle classes? Do the middle classes engage in soc
PhilCohen2013: On the Wrong Side of the Track? East London and the Post Olympics. London: Lawrence and Wishart
AlanHarding and TaljaBlokland2014: Urban Theory: A Critical Introduction to Power, Cities and Urbanism in the 21st Century. London: Sage
Revisiting ‘social tectonics’: The middle classes and social mix in gentrifying neighbourhoods
Studies of gentrification in London have shown that some groups of middle-class people have been attracted to poor and multi-ethnic areas of inner London in part because of their social and ethnic mix. However, the attraction has often not translated into everyday interaction. In an earlier account of gentrification in Brixton this de facto social segregation was typified as a process of ‘social tectonics’. In this paper we compare two ethnically…
Adoption of geodemographic and ethno-cultural taxonomies for analysing Big Data
This paper is intended to contribute to the discussion of the differential level of adoption of Big Data among research communities. Recognising the impracticality of conducting an audit across all forms and uses of Big Data, we have restricted our enquiry to one very specific form of Big Data, namely general purpose taxonomies, of which Mosaic, Acorn and Origins are examples, that rely on data from a variety of Big Data feeds. The intention of t…
Aspiration, Attainment and Success: An Agent-Based Model of Distance-Based School Allocation
In recent years, UK governments have implemented policies that emphasise the ability of parents to choose which school they wish their child to attend. Inherently spatial school-place allocation rules in many areas have produced a geography of inequality between parents that succeed and fail to get their child into preferred schools based upon where they live. We present an agent-based simulation model developed to investigate the implications of…
Natural selection? Picking the right trees for urban greening
Power Relations and Social Mix in Metropolitan Neighbourhoods in North America and Europe: Moving Beyond Gentrification
Research on spatial segregation has suggested that social mix may be a temporary phase in class displacement, where relations between different groups are at best divided or ‘tectonic’, for instance in E ngland. Political and policy discourses, by contrast, tend to uncritically valorize social mix as a means to breaking up concentrations of poverty and providing neighbourhoods with a middle‐class voice. In the literature, little attention has bee…
Social Change And The Middle Classes
Re-classifying London: A growing middle class and increasing inequality
The paper is a response to Davidson and Wyly. While we agree with them that class and class conflict is an important element of cities, we disagree with many of their claims and assertions regarding our work. In particular, we argue that the growth of the middle class does not mean that we consider the working class unimportant or to have largely disappeared as they suggest. This is to muddle empirical findings and political agendas. The working …
Distance, education and inequality
In this paper we examine the role which distance, in a variety of forms, can play in the reproduction, intensification or reduction of educational inequality in different types of school systems in different countries. This is a very broad issue, and in the paper we examine the ways in which distance to school has emerged as an important factor in understanding the relationship between social and educational inequality in London. We begin by outl…
Gentrification, Education and Exclusionary Displacement in E ast L ondon
In this article we draw on P eter M arcuse's discussion of different types of displacement using evidence from a recent study we conducted in East London to argue that there is clear evidence of ‘exclusionary displacement’ and ‘displacement pressure’ in terms of education and specifically the choice of schooling. We show how the incoming middle classes in the V ictoria P ark area of inner E ast L ondon have displaced not only existing poor reside…
I Wanted My Child to Go to a More Mixed School: Schooling and Ethnic Mix in East London
The minority ethnic population of Britain has grown rapidly in recent decades, but the percentage of minority ethnic pupils has increased more rapidly. This is particularly the case in inner London where over 50% of secondary school pupils are now from minority ethnic groups. The paper examines the issue of schooling and ethnic mix in East London with a focus on parental perceptions of school ethnic mix and parental decision making. It draws on s…
Praying for success? Faith schools and school choice in East London
Ethnicity, class and aspiration: Understanding London’s new East End
An analysis of the aspirations of different groups living in East London and the strategies they have used to improve their status.
Mixed CommunitiesGentrification By Stealth?
SCOPUS: ch.b
Mixed Communities: Gentrification by Stealth?
Introduction: Gentrification, social mix/ing and mixed communities
Does neighbourhood economic development mean driving out the poor and encouraging the presence of a new population or does it mean improving the life circumstances of the residents? (Taub et al, 1984, p 497) Introduction: the scope of the book In recent years there has been a resurgence of interest among urban policy makers, planners and urban scholars in the concept of ‘mixed communities’ or ‘social mix’ in cities, particularly at the neighbourh…
Introduction: Gentrification, social mix/ing and mixed communities
This chapter discusses the international scope and increasing prominence of social mix policies that enact processes of gentrification worldwide. It argues that the literatures on social mix and on gentrification, have, until now, existed as parallel discourses, and that there is an urgent need to read them together. The introduction begins by discussing the history of social mix policy and rhetoric, and by assessing, given the recent focus on so…
Mixed Communities: Gentrification by Stealth?
Super‐gentrification in Barnsbury, London: Globalization and gentrifying global elites at the neighbourhood level
In this paper we argue that a process of super‐gentrification, similar to that first identified by Lees (2003 Urban Studies 40 2487–509) in Brooklyn Heights, New York City, is occurring in the already gentrified, inner London neighbourhood of Barnsbury. A new group of super wealthy professionals working in the City of London is slowly imposing its mark on this inner London housing market in a way that differentiates it and them both from traditio…
Living in the Bubble: Gentrification and its 'Others' in North London
The article examines aspects of middle-class life by a group of 75 gentrifiers in Islington in north London. The study demonstrates that in their day-to-day lives almost all the respondents lived quite apart from non-middle-class residents in Islington. This was demonstrated by their educational strategies which involved finding schooling for their children out of the borough in both the private and state sectors. Their children had almost no con…
Social Capital, Gentrification and Neighbourhood Change in London: A Comparison of Three South London Neighbourhoods
Social capital has been used extensively in recent years to examine issues of social exclusion. Following Bourdieu, the concept is reintegrated into social theory alongside cultural and economic capital to examine the variations in the upgrading of gentrified areas of inner London. Three neighbourhoods in south London are compared and it is argued that their differences can, to a limited extent, be understood in terms of the differential deployme…
The Geography of Education: Introduction
Coming to Terms with London: Middle-class Communities in a Global City
In this article we contrast the experience of middle-class life in two areas of South London. We hypothesize that different sections of the middle class will live in different areas. Whilst these differences partly reflect economic capabilities and occupational divisions (such as public versus private employment sector, professionals versus managers), we suggest these divisions are becoming more complex. We develop a threefold model based on the …
For Gentrification
In this paper I argue that gentrification, despite the many arguments over its continuing validity as a concept, retains its key importance in understanding processes of class change. For some it is a process of colonising the city, for others a manifestation of belonging; for some the concept can be used as a radical critique of neoliberalism whilst for others this very critique is an exemplar of the hegemonising tendencies amongst (often radica…
Geography matters’: The role distance plays in reproducing educational inequality in East London
There is a longstanding literature on the unequal geographical distribution of welfare. In this paper we argue that increasingly geography is becoming the basis for rationing access to some forms of welfare. Focusing on access to secondary schools in East London, England, where the demand for places at the more popular schools generally far exceeds the number of places available, we show how distance from school has now become the primary means o…
Inward and Upward: Marking Out Social Class Change in London, 1981—2001
Converting the 2001 census NS-SEC categories back into SEG categories for the 1981 and 1991 censuses, the authors show that there is a continued process of class upgrading occurring within Greater London compared with the rest of England and Wales. Inner London continues to see an increase in the proportion of residents in the higher social classes (particularly in the boroughs that were already gentrified in the centre and west of the centre). I…
Gentrification, Class, and Gender: Some Comments on Wardens ‘Gentrification as Consumption
In this paper Warde's argument that gentrification is primarily an issue of gender is questioned. It is argued that class and gender are both important in understanding gentrification. Contra Warde, it is argued that gentrification is likely to be found in the distinctive locational patterns of particular fractions of the middle class, Evidence from a recent study of gentrification in northeast London suggests that gentrifiers are drawn dispropor…
Gentrification, Education and Exclusionary Displacement in E ast L ondon
In this article we draw on P eter M arcuse's discussion of different types of displacement using evidence from a recent study we conducted in East London to argue that there is clear evidence of ‘exclusionary displacement’ and ‘displacement pressure’ in terms of education and specifically the choice of schooling. We show how the incoming middle classes in the V ictoria P ark area of inner E ast L ondon have displaced not only existing poor reside…
Revisiting ‘social tectonics’: The middle classes and social mix in gentrifying neighbourhoods
Studies of gentrification in London have shown that some groups of middle-class people have been attracted to poor and multi-ethnic areas of inner London in part because of their social and ethnic mix. However, the attraction has often not translated into everyday interaction. In an earlier account of gentrification in Brixton this de facto social segregation was typified as a process of ‘social tectonics’. In this paper we compare two ethnically…
Negotiating Their Way In: The Middle Classes, Gentrification and the Deployment of Capital in a Globalising Metropolis
In this article, a new approach is outlined to the gentrification of London which argues that it is a diverse phenomenon. This reflects not merely contested explanations for gentrification but more importantly the different ways in which individuals and social groups have reacted to the effect of living and/or working in global cities on their 'work-life balance'. As the middle classes have increasingly lost a sense of place-based rootedness at w…
Re-urbanizing London Docklands: Gentrification, Suburbanization or New Urbanism
This article is based on a study of Docklands in London, which was undertaken as part of a larger study of gentrification in inner London. Using interview and survey data, the article compares Docklands with the gentrification that has taken place elsewhere in inner London. Whilst there were important differences between these inner-London study areas, all differ qualitatively from the process in Docklands. The article questions whether the disti…
Praying for success? Faith schools and school choice in East London
The best, the worst and the average: Secondary school choice and education performance in East London
In this paper we investigate whether the distance between school and the pupil’s home is related to social background in a six borough area of East London. Also investigated is the extent to which schools in the area perform in line with expectations on the basis of the social composition of their intake. The research involves analysis of the Pupil Level Annual School Census (PLASC) to which geodemographic codes supplied by Experian have been att…
Distance, education and inequality
In this paper we examine the role which distance, in a variety of forms, can play in the reproduction, intensification or reduction of educational inequality in different types of school systems in different countries. This is a very broad issue, and in the paper we examine the ways in which distance to school has emerged as an important factor in understanding the relationship between social and educational inequality in London. We begin by outl…
School choice: A European perspective
It has long been the case for the North American middle classes that where you live is largely determined by whether you can afford to choose where to school your children. Only the most affluent w
You Take What you are Given: The Limits to Parental Choice in Education in East London
The paper discusses parental choice of secondary schooling, drawing on a recent study of east London. It is argued that the New Labour agenda of promoting choice of secondary school can, in practice, constrain choice as parents 'play safe'. The paper reviews the working of educational choice across seven boroughs in east London, and then focuses on how it is working in one outer London borough. It is argued that when education and housing markets…
Thinking Global but Acting Local: The Middle Classes in the City
The paper advances the notion that there is 'metropolitan habitus' in large global cities such as London which distinguishes it from other conurbations in the United Kingdom. At the same time, it is argued that whilst London is becoming an increasingly middle-class city, this group is increasingly stratified along socio-spatial lines. Richard Sennett's work The Corrosion of Character is drawn upon to suggest that, to some extent, different gentri…
Classifying Pupils by Where They Live: How Well Does This Predict Variations in Their GCSE Results
This paper summarises key findings resulting from the appending of the neighbourhood classification system Mosaic to the records of the Pupil Level Annual School Census (PLASC) within the National Pupil Database (NPD) of the Department for Education and Skills (DfES). The most significant of these findings is that, other than the performance of the pupil at an earlier Key Stage test, the type of neighbourhood in which a pupil lives is a more reli…
Conceptualising the Sociospatial Diversity of Gentrification: To Boldly Go' into Contemporary Gentrified Spaces, the 'Final Frontier
The Changing Ethnic Structure of Housing Tenures in London, 1991—2001
This paper examines the changing ethnic composition of housing tenures in London (inner and outer) from 1991 to 2001. The question that it addresses is the extent to which ethnic minorities have become increasingly concentrated in social and privately rented housing in the inner city, as much of the literature on other European and American cities suggests, and the extent to which some of them have been able to move outwards and upwards into subu…
Location 3 Education 3: Place, choice, constraint in London 1
In this paper we draw on three studies of social class change amongst the middle classes undertaken in London over the last 25 years to reflect on the changing values expressed by respondents to school choice. We argue that there has been a hardening of attitudes to school performance and a loss of middle-class autonomy towards schooling. Increasingly we note a concern to navigate the few areas of privilege in a school system designed for working…
I Wanted My Child to Go to a More Mixed School: Schooling and Ethnic Mix in East London
The minority ethnic population of Britain has grown rapidly in recent decades, but the percentage of minority ethnic pupils has increased more rapidly. This is particularly the case in inner London where over 50% of secondary school pupils are now from minority ethnic groups. The paper examines the issue of schooling and ethnic mix in East London with a focus on parental perceptions of school ethnic mix and parental decision making. It draws on s…
Social Background, Ethnicity, School Composition and Educational Attainment in East London
This paper discusses the effect of social background and ethnicity on educational performance in an area with traditionally poor levels of attainment. It begins by examining the variation in school performance for London and specifically east London. It shows how the disadvantaged nature of the area, as measured by such variables as Mosaic group and ethnic heritage, helps to explain the poor results at GCSE. The paper then changes the focus to sc…
Gentrification, Class, and Gender: Some Comments on Wardens ‘Gentrification as Consumption
In this paper Warde's argument that gentrification is primarily an issue of gender is questioned. It is argued that class and gender are both important in understanding gentrification. Contra Warde, it is argued that gentrification is likely to be found in the distinctive locational patterns of particular fractions of the middle class, Evidence from a recent study of gentrification in northeast London suggests that gentrifiers are drawn dispropor…
Cultures of Consumption: Masculinities and Social Space in Late Twentieth-Century Britain
Consumer Culture
The Death of Class
The new urban intermediaries? The new middle classes and the remaking of London
In this article the position of the new middle classes that are currently leading the gentrification of much of inner London is considered. The author considers the arguments over whether the social structure of inner London is becoming increasingly polarised. He suggests that the middle income groups may in fact be taking on the role of social intermediaries between those high income groups, who are not reliant on state services, particularly ed…
Social Capital, Gentrification and Neighbourhood Change in London: A Comparison of Three South London Neighbourhoods
Social capital has been used extensively in recent years to examine issues of social exclusion. Following Bourdieu, the concept is reintegrated into social theory alongside cultural and economic capital to examine the variations in the upgrading of gentrified areas of inner London. Three neighbourhoods in south London are compared and it is argued that their differences can, to a limited extent, be understood in terms of the differential deployme…
Coming to Terms with London: Middle-class Communities in a Global City
In this article we contrast the experience of middle-class life in two areas of South London. We hypothesize that different sections of the middle class will live in different areas. Whilst these differences partly reflect economic capabilities and occupational divisions (such as public versus private employment sector, professionals versus managers), we suggest these divisions are becoming more complex. We develop a threefold model based on the …
Thinking Global but Acting Local: The Middle Classes in the City
The paper advances the notion that there is 'metropolitan habitus' in large global cities such as London which distinguishes it from other conurbations in the United Kingdom. At the same time, it is argued that whilst London is becoming an increasingly middle-class city, this group is increasingly stratified along socio-spatial lines. Richard Sennett's work The Corrosion of Character is drawn upon to suggest that, to some extent, different gentri…
Negotiating Their Way In: The Middle Classes, Gentrification and the Deployment of Capital in a Globalising Metropolis
In this article, a new approach is outlined to the gentrification of London which argues that it is a diverse phenomenon. This reflects not merely contested explanations for gentrification but more importantly the different ways in which individuals and social groups have reacted to the effect of living and/or working in global cities on their 'work-life balance'. As the middle classes have increasingly lost a sense of place-based rootedness at w…
Living in the Bubble: Gentrification and its 'Others' in North London
The article examines aspects of middle-class life by a group of 75 gentrifiers in Islington in north London. The study demonstrates that in their day-to-day lives almost all the respondents lived quite apart from non-middle-class residents in Islington. This was demonstrated by their educational strategies which involved finding schooling for their children out of the borough in both the private and state sectors. Their children had almost no con…
La classe moyenne et l'avenir de Londres
The middle class and the future of London Inner London has become a preferred place of residence of the new middle classes. Child education structures, artistic supply and good neighbourliness are key factors influencing the choice of lifestyle in the centre of the metropolis. Involvement in city matters and the propensity for social and ethnic mixing vary considerably from one district to another, depending on economic and cultural levels
Metamorphoses, Transformation and European Cities
Urban Bonds
Super‐gentrification in Barnsbury, London: Globalization and gentrifying global elites at the neighbourhood level
In this paper we argue that a process of super‐gentrification, similar to that first identified by Lees (2003 Urban Studies 40 2487–509) in Brooklyn Heights, New York City, is occurring in the already gentrified, inner London neighbourhood of Barnsbury. A new group of super wealthy professionals working in the City of London is slowly imposing its mark on this inner London housing market in a way that differentiates it and them both from traditio…
The best, the worst and the average: Secondary school choice and education performance in East London
In this paper we investigate whether the distance between school and the pupil’s home is related to social background in a six borough area of East London. Also investigated is the extent to which schools in the area perform in line with expectations on the basis of the social composition of their intake. The research involves analysis of the Pupil Level Annual School Census (PLASC) to which geodemographic codes supplied by Experian have been att…
School choice: A European perspective
It has long been the case for the North American middle classes that where you live is largely determined by whether you can afford to choose where to school your children. Only the most affluent w
The Geography of Education: Introduction
Social Background, Ethnicity, School Composition and Educational Attainment in East London
This paper discusses the effect of social background and ethnicity on educational performance in an area with traditionally poor levels of attainment. It begins by examining the variation in school performance for London and specifically east London. It shows how the disadvantaged nature of the area, as measured by such variables as Mosaic group and ethnic heritage, helps to explain the poor results at GCSE. The paper then changes the focus to sc…
Classifying Pupils by Where They Live: How Well Does This Predict Variations in Their GCSE Results
This paper summarises key findings resulting from the appending of the neighbourhood classification system Mosaic to the records of the Pupil Level Annual School Census (PLASC) within the National Pupil Database (NPD) of the Department for Education and Skills (DfES). The most significant of these findings is that, other than the performance of the pupil at an earlier Key Stage test, the type of neighbourhood in which a pupil lives is a more reli…
Understanding Social Inequality
Re-urbanizing London Docklands: Gentrification, Suburbanization or New Urbanism
This article is based on a study of Docklands in London, which was undertaken as part of a larger study of gentrification in inner London. Using interview and survey data, the article compares Docklands with the gentrification that has taken place elsewhere in inner London. Whilst there were important differences between these inner-London study areas, all differ qualitatively from the process in Docklands. The article questions whether the disti…
For Gentrification
In this paper I argue that gentrification, despite the many arguments over its continuing validity as a concept, retains its key importance in understanding processes of class change. For some it is a process of colonising the city, for others a manifestation of belonging; for some the concept can be used as a radical critique of neoliberalism whilst for others this very critique is an exemplar of the hegemonising tendencies amongst (often radica…
Conceptualising the Sociospatial Diversity of Gentrification: To Boldly Go' into Contemporary Gentrified Spaces, the 'Final Frontier
In the city but not of the city? Telegraph Hillers and the making of a middle‐class community
This article draws on research undertaken in Inner London on gentrification and focuses on one particular community in South‐East London. It argues that there is a complex interaction in this community which values diversity in relation to both other social groups in the neighbourhood and other gentrifiers. This is constructed by the creation of strong social networks, often formed around the local school, which see the area as having many of the…
City Publics: The (Dis)enchantment of Urban Encounters – By Sophie Watson
Sociology (44 works) · Geography (29 works) · Political science (28 works) · Economics (22 works) · Economic growth (19 works) · Gentrification (19 works) · Urban Planning and Governance (19 works) · Economic geography (18 works) · Law (18 works) · Urban, Neighborhood, and Segregation Studies (17 works)