William Revelle
Biographic Data
| ID | 1844516 |
|---|---|
| NAME | William Revelle |
| GIVEN NAMES | William |
| FAMILY NAME | Revelle |
| SIGNATURE | REVELLE W |
| AFFILIATIONS | Northwestern University |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-4880-9610 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 38 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 92 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 38 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1979 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2024 |
| H-INDEX | 6 |
Thinking About Sum Scores Yet Again, Maybe the Last Time, We Don’t Know, Oh No: A Comment on
The relative advantages and disadvantages of sum scores and estimated factor scores are issues of concern for substantive research in psychology. Recently, while championing estimated factor scores over sum scores, McNeish offered a trenchant rejoinder to an article by Widaman and Revelle, which had critiqued an earlier paper by McNeish and Wolf. In the recent contribution, McNeish misrepresented a number of claims by Widaman and Revelle, renderi…
It's about time: Emphasizing temporal dynamics in dynamic personality regulation
People change over time. These changes are thought to represent some self‐regulatory, dynamic processes. However, dynamic processes need to be distinguished from mere stochastic variation. Just as the Brownian motion of a dust mote does not help us understand the basic principles of classical physics, neither does random variation within an individual describe the complexity of self‐regulatory processes. This regulation implies solving the proble…
Creative achievement and individual differences: Associations across and within the domains of creativity
Understanding the Magnitude of Psychological Differences Between Women and Men Requires Seeing the Forest and the Trees
Whether women and men are psychologically very similar or quite different is a contentious issue in psychological science. This article clarifies this issue by demonstrating that larger and smaller sex/gender differences can reflect differing ways of organizing the same data. For single psychological constructs, larger differences emerge from averaging multiple indicators that differ by sex/gender to produce scales of a construct’s overall typica…
Between‐ and within‐person structures of value traits and value states: Four different structures, four different interpretations
OBJECTIVE: The circular structure of values has been verified mostly at a between-person level and on measures of general value preferences. In this manuscript, we argue that it is a simplification that neglected significant aspects of the value structures and distinguish four different types of structures: (a) between-person structure of value traits, (b) within-person structure of value traits, (c) between-person structure of value states, and …
Alterations in Emotional Diversity Correspond With Increased Severity of Attenuated Positive and Negative Symptoms in the Clinical High-Risk Syndrome
Background: Alterations in emotional functioning are a key feature of psychosis and are present in individuals with a clinical high-risk (CHR) syndrome. However, little is known about alterations in emotional diversity (i.e., the variety and relative abundance of emotions that humans experience) and clinical correlates in this population. Methods: Individuals meeting criteria for a CHR syndrome ( N = 47) and matched healthy controls (HC) ( N = 58…
Reliability from α to ω: A tutorial.
Reliability is a fundamental problem for measurement in all of science. Although defined in multiple ways, and estimated in even more ways, the basic concepts seem straightforward and need to be understood by practitioners as well as methodologists. Reliability theory is not just for the psychometrician estimating latent variables, it is for everyone who wants to make inferences from measures of individuals or of groups. For the case of a single …
Reply to: Four personality types may be neither robust nor exhaustive
The personality of U.S. states: Stability from 1999 to 2015
Researchers have shown an interest in the aggregated Big Five personality of U.S. states, but typically they have relied on scores from a single sample (Rentfrow, Gosling, & Potter, 2008). We examine the replicability of U.S. state personality scores from two studies (Rentfrow et al., 2008; Rentfrow, Gosling, Jokela, & Stillwell, 2013) across a total of seven samples, two of them new. Same-trait correlations across samples are, on average, positi…
A robust data-driven approach identifies four personality types across four large data sets
Velocity explains the links between personality states and affect
The Data Box and Within-Subject Analyses: A Comment on Nesselroade and Molenaar (2016)
Nesselroade and Molenaar suggest that it is the relationships between latent variables within subjects that are invariant across subjects and thus the appropriate unit of analysis. We disagree and take the view that between-factor correlations may differ systematically across subjects. Further, individual differences in these correlations may be an important source of information about each unique individual. Following from this premise, analyses…
Quality of social experience explains the relation between extraversion and positive affect
The personality trait extraversion is associated with higher positive affect, and individuals who behave in an extraverted way experience increased positive affect. Across 2 studies, we examine whether the positive affectivity of extraverts can be explained in terms of qualitative aspects of social experience resulting from extraverted (i.e., bold, assertive) behavior. In our first study (N = 225, 58% female), we found that social well-being, a b…
A model for personality at three levels
People differ. How and why they differ are the fundamental questions for personality psychologists. In this article we address three levels at which people differ: within individuals, between individuals, and between groups of individuals. A dynamic model of personality is considered where traits are seen as rates of change in states in response to environmental cues. Within individuals, motivational and behavioral states show inertial properties…
Aspects of extraversion are unrelated to pleasant affective-reactivity: Further examination of the affective-reactivity hypothesis
The general factor of personality: A general critique
Time-course of attention to negative stimuli: Negative affectivity, anxiety, or dysphoria
Although biased attention to emotional stimuli is considered a vulnerability factor for anxiety and dysphoria, research has infrequently related such attentional biases to dimensional models of vulnerability for anxiety and mood disorders. In two studies (Study 1, n = 64; Study 2, n = 168), we evaluate the differential associations of general negative affectivity, anxiety, and dysphoria with biases in selective attention among nonclinical partici…
Do extraverts get more bang for the buck? Refining the affective-reactivity hypothesis of extraversion
One of the most robust observations in personality and emotion research is the finding that extraverts are happier than introverts. Some theorists have attributed this to differential reactivity of the brain reward system, which is central to many biologically inspired models of extraversion. This affective-reactivity hypothesis, which suggests that extraverts should be more susceptible to the induction of positive affect, has so far received ver…
The dynamic relationships of affective synchrony to perceptions of situations
Coefficients Alpha, Beta, Omega, and the glb: Comments on Sijtsma
There are three fundamental problems in Sijtsma (Psychometrika, 2008): (1) contrary to the name, the glb is not the greatest lower bound of reliability but rather is systematically less than ω t (McDonald, Test theory: A unified treatment, Erlbaum, Hillsdale, 1999), (2) we agree with Sijtsma that when considering how well a test measures one concept, α is not appropriate, but recommend ω t rather than the glb, and (3) the end user needs procedure…
Personality structure and measurement: The contributions of Raymond Cattell
Integrating Experimental and Observational Personality Research—The Contributions of Hans Eysenck
A fundamental aspect of Hans Eysenck's research was his emphasis upon using all the tools available to the researcher to study personality. This included correlational, experimental, physiological, and genetic approaches. Fifty years after Cronbach's call for the reunification of the two disciplines of psychology ( Cronbach, 1957 ) and 40 years after Eysenck's plea for experimental approaches to personality research ( H. J. Eysenck, 1966 ), what …
Survey and behavioral measurements of interpersonal trust
Estimating Generalizability to a Latent Variable Common to All of a Scale's Indicators: A Comparison of Estimators for ω h
The extent to which a scale score generalizes to a latent variable common to all of the scale's indicators is indexed by the scale's general factor saturation. Seven techniques for estimating this parameter—omega hierarchical (ω h )—are compared in a series of simulated data sets. Primary comparisons were based on 160 artificial data sets simulating perfectly simple and symmetric structures that contained four group factors, and an additional 200…
Cronbach’s α , Revelle’s β , and Mcdonald’s ω H: Their Relations with Each Other and Two Alternative Conceptualizations of Reliability
We make theoretical comparisons among five coefficients—Cronbach’s α, Revelle’s β, McDonald’s ω h , and two alternative conceptualizations of reliability. Though many end users and psychometricians alike may not distinguish among these five coefficients, we demonstrate formally their nonequivalence. Specifically, whereas there are conditions under which α, β, and ω h are equivalent to each other and to one of the two conceptualizations of reliabi…
Survey and behavioral measurements of interpersonal trust
A model for personality at three levels
People differ. How and why they differ are the fundamental questions for personality psychologists. In this article we address three levels at which people differ: within individuals, between individuals, and between groups of individuals. A dynamic model of personality is considered where traits are seen as rates of change in states in response to environmental cues. Within individuals, motivational and behavioral states show inertial properties…
Do extraverts get more bang for the buck? Refining the affective-reactivity hypothesis of extraversion
One of the most robust observations in personality and emotion research is the finding that extraverts are happier than introverts. Some theorists have attributed this to differential reactivity of the brain reward system, which is central to many biologically inspired models of extraversion. This affective-reactivity hypothesis, which suggests that extraverts should be more susceptible to the induction of positive affect, has so far received ver…
Effects of anxiety on analogical reasoning: A test of three theoretical models
A robust data-driven approach identifies four personality types across four large data sets
The general factor of personality: A general critique
Familial Aspects of Male Homosexuality
The personality of U.S. states: Stability from 1999 to 2015
Researchers have shown an interest in the aggregated Big Five personality of U.S. states, but typically they have relied on scores from a single sample (Rentfrow, Gosling, & Potter, 2008). We examine the replicability of U.S. state personality scores from two studies (Rentfrow et al., 2008; Rentfrow, Gosling, Jokela, & Stillwell, 2013) across a total of seven samples, two of them new. Same-trait correlations across samples are, on average, positi…
Aspects of extraversion are unrelated to pleasant affective-reactivity: Further examination of the affective-reactivity hypothesis
The dynamic relationships of affective synchrony to perceptions of situations
Velocity explains the links between personality states and affect
Personality and motivation: Sources of inefficiency in cognitive performance
Predicting variability from perceived situational similarity
Personality structure and measurement: The contributions of Raymond Cattell
Personality, mood, and the evaluation of affective and neutral word pairs
Four studies bridged the areas of personality-mood and mood-cognition relations by investigating the effects of Extraversion and Neuroticism on the evaluation of affectively pleasant, unpleasant, and neutral word pairs. Specifically measured were affectivity ratings, categorization according to affect, judgments of associative strength, and response latencies. A strong, consistent cognitive bias toward affective as opposed to neutral stimuli was …
Personality traits: Fact or fiction? A critique of the Shweder and D'Andrade systematic distortion hypothesis
According to Shweder and D'Andrade (1979, 1980), covariation in memory-based ratings of people's behavior is determined more by semantic relations between behavior categories than by actual co-occurrence. They claim therefore that the existence of personality traits is largely a fiction supported by our conceptions rather than by reality. Contrary to this hypothesis, we argue that semantics are logically implicated in both the observation and rec…
Impulsivity, neuroticism, and caffeine: Do they have additive effects on arousal
Personality and conditioning: A test of four models
Fbur experiments were conducted to test hypotheses derived from 4 alternative models of individual differences in instrumental conditioning.A standard go-no-go discrimination learning task was used in each of the 4 experiments.The results indicate that individual differences in performance of this discrimination are more consistently and strongly associated with impulsivity and anxiety than with extraversion and neuroticism.In each of the experim…
Hierarchical Cluster Analysis And The Internal Structure Of Tests
Hierachical cluster analysis is shown to be an effective method for forming scales from sets of items. The number of scales to form from a particular item pool is found by testing the psychometric adequacy of each potential scale. Higher-order scales are formed when they are more adequate than their component sub-scales. It is suggested that a scale's adequacy should be assessed by a new measure of internal consistency reliability, coefficient be…
Very Simple Structure: An Alternative Procedure For Estimating The Optimal Number Of Interpretable Factors
A new procedure for determining the optimal number of interpretable factors to extract from a correlation matrix is introduced and compared to more conventional procedures. The new method evaluates the magnitude of the Very Simple Structure index of goodness of fit for factor solutions of increasing rank. The number of factors which maximizes the VSS criterion is taken as being the optimal number of factors to extract. Thirty-two artificial and t…
Impulsivity, neuroticism, and caffeine: Do they have additive effects on arousal
Factors are fictions, and other comments on individuality theory
Three of the assumptions in Royce's (1983) theory of personality integration are examined more closely. Royce assumes that: (1) The results from factor analysis are something more than convenient ways to summarize complex covariance structures; (2) it is useful to separate cognitive, affective, sensory, motor, style, and value systems from each other; and (3) it is useful to think of normative “setpoints.” These assumptions are challenged and evi…
Personality, motivation, and performance: A theory of the relationship between individual differences and information processing.
We introduce a model to relate the personality dimensions of introversion-extraversion, achievement motivation, and anxiety to efficient cognitive performance. We show how these personality dimensions in combination with situational moderators (e.g., success, failure, time pressure, incentives, time of day, and stimulant drugs) affect the motivational constructs of arousal and effort. We propose a general information-processing model that account…
Personality traits: Fact or fiction? A critique of the Shweder and D'Andrade systematic distortion hypothesis
According to Shweder and D'Andrade (1979, 1980), covariation in memory-based ratings of people's behavior is determined more by semantic relations between behavior categories than by actual co-occurrence. They claim therefore that the existence of personality traits is largely a fiction supported by our conceptions rather than by reality. Contrary to this hypothesis, we argue that semantics are logically implicated in both the observation and rec…
Effects of anxiety on analogical reasoning: A test of three theoretical models
Predicting variability from perceived situational similarity
Personality and motivation: Sources of inefficiency in cognitive performance
Personality and conditioning: A test of four models
Fbur experiments were conducted to test hypotheses derived from 4 alternative models of individual differences in instrumental conditioning.A standard go-no-go discrimination learning task was used in each of the 4 experiments.The results indicate that individual differences in performance of this discrimination are more consistently and strongly associated with impulsivity and anxiety than with extraversion and neuroticism.In each of the experim…
Impulsivity and time of day: Is rate of change in arousal a function of impulsivity
Impulsivity has been interpreted as a stable mediator of rate of change in arousal states. To test this hypothesis, 129 Ss differing in impulsivity were given placebo or caffeine at 9:00 a.m. or 7:30 p.m. Recognition memory was tested for the last 20 items from 2 lists of 24 items and 2 lists of 80 items. Scores from this paradigm reflect sustained attention and are thus sensitive to changes in arousal. A 4-way interaction among impulsivity, time…
Personality, mood, and the evaluation of affective and neutral word pairs
Four studies bridged the areas of personality-mood and mood-cognition relations by investigating the effects of Extraversion and Neuroticism on the evaluation of affectively pleasant, unpleasant, and neutral word pairs. Specifically measured were affectivity ratings, categorization according to affect, judgments of associative strength, and response latencies. A strong, consistent cognitive bias toward affective as opposed to neutral stimuli was …
Familial Aspects of Male Homosexuality
Cronbach’s α , Revelle’s β , and Mcdonald’s ω H: Their Relations with Each Other and Two Alternative Conceptualizations of Reliability
We make theoretical comparisons among five coefficients—Cronbach’s α, Revelle’s β, McDonald’s ω h , and two alternative conceptualizations of reliability. Though many end users and psychometricians alike may not distinguish among these five coefficients, we demonstrate formally their nonequivalence. Specifically, whereas there are conditions under which α, β, and ω h are equivalent to each other and to one of the two conceptualizations of reliabi…
Estimating Generalizability to a Latent Variable Common to All of a Scale's Indicators: A Comparison of Estimators for ω h
The extent to which a scale score generalizes to a latent variable common to all of the scale's indicators is indexed by the scale's general factor saturation. Seven techniques for estimating this parameter—omega hierarchical (ω h )—are compared in a series of simulated data sets. Primary comparisons were based on 160 artificial data sets simulating perfectly simple and symmetric structures that contained four group factors, and an additional 200…
Integrating Experimental and Observational Personality Research—The Contributions of Hans Eysenck
A fundamental aspect of Hans Eysenck's research was his emphasis upon using all the tools available to the researcher to study personality. This included correlational, experimental, physiological, and genetic approaches. Fifty years after Cronbach's call for the reunification of the two disciplines of psychology ( Cronbach, 1957 ) and 40 years after Eysenck's plea for experimental approaches to personality research ( H. J. Eysenck, 1966 ), what …
Survey and behavioral measurements of interpersonal trust
Coefficients Alpha, Beta, Omega, and the glb: Comments on Sijtsma
There are three fundamental problems in Sijtsma (Psychometrika, 2008): (1) contrary to the name, the glb is not the greatest lower bound of reliability but rather is systematically less than ω t (McDonald, Test theory: A unified treatment, Erlbaum, Hillsdale, 1999), (2) we agree with Sijtsma that when considering how well a test measures one concept, α is not appropriate, but recommend ω t rather than the glb, and (3) the end user needs procedure…
Personality structure and measurement: The contributions of Raymond Cattell
The dynamic relationships of affective synchrony to perceptions of situations
Time-course of attention to negative stimuli: Negative affectivity, anxiety, or dysphoria
Although biased attention to emotional stimuli is considered a vulnerability factor for anxiety and dysphoria, research has infrequently related such attentional biases to dimensional models of vulnerability for anxiety and mood disorders. In two studies (Study 1, n = 64; Study 2, n = 168), we evaluate the differential associations of general negative affectivity, anxiety, and dysphoria with biases in selective attention among nonclinical partici…
Do extraverts get more bang for the buck? Refining the affective-reactivity hypothesis of extraversion
One of the most robust observations in personality and emotion research is the finding that extraverts are happier than introverts. Some theorists have attributed this to differential reactivity of the brain reward system, which is central to many biologically inspired models of extraversion. This affective-reactivity hypothesis, which suggests that extraverts should be more susceptible to the induction of positive affect, has so far received ver…
Aspects of extraversion are unrelated to pleasant affective-reactivity: Further examination of the affective-reactivity hypothesis
The general factor of personality: A general critique
Quality of social experience explains the relation between extraversion and positive affect
The personality trait extraversion is associated with higher positive affect, and individuals who behave in an extraverted way experience increased positive affect. Across 2 studies, we examine whether the positive affectivity of extraverts can be explained in terms of qualitative aspects of social experience resulting from extraverted (i.e., bold, assertive) behavior. In our first study (N = 225, 58% female), we found that social well-being, a b…
Psychology (33 works) · Social Psychology (27 works) · Personality (21 works) · Mental Health Research Topics (17 works) · Developmental psychology (16 works) · Big Five personality traits (15 works) · Cognitive psychology (13 works) · Computer Science (11 works) · Personality Traits and Psychology (11 works) · Cognitive Abilities and Testing (10 works)