Robert W Levenson
Biographic Data
| ID | 185073 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Robert W Levenson |
| GIVEN NAMES | Robert W |
| FAMILY NAME | Levenson |
| SIGNATURE | LEVENSON R W |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of California, Berkeley |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-2036-793X |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 71 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 717 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 71 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1977 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 14 |
Cognitive processes and emotion perception in frontotemporal dementia
110; 33 behavioral variant FTD, 23 non-fluent variant FTD, 30 semantic variant FTD, and 24 controls) completed neuropsychological tests of semantic word knowledge (Peabody Picture Vocabulary, Boston Naming Tests) and executive function (Digit Span Backwards, Trail-Making, Stroop, Design Fluency). They also completed two behavioral tests of emotion perception (1) an emotion labeling task that measured the ability to identify specific emotions (e.g…
The role of specific affects in the psychopathology of dementia family caregivers
Caregiving for a person with dementia is a highly emotional experience and can evoke numerous negative and positive affects. Not surprisingly, dementia caregivers are vulnerable to mood and anxiety disorders. In this study, 95 caregiver-person with dementia dyads had a 10-min, unrehearsed conversation about a relationship conflict in the laboratory between 2013 and 2019. After the conversation, caregivers reported the extent to which they experie…
Does Positivity Resonance Signify Love? Markers of Positivity Resonance in Long‐Term Married Couples Relate to Trait and State Love
Positivity resonance is a collective emotion experienced by two or more individuals during moments of shared positive affect; it is theorized to constitute the experience of love, yet this claim has not been empirically tested. Using archival data from 148 long‐term married couples, we examined whether dyad‐level indicators of positivity resonance are linked to dyad‐level indicators of trait and state love. Trait love was assessed as a latent var…
Caregivers’ positive emotional language predicts their depression trajectories after dementia caregiving ends
Caregivers who use more positive words when describing their connection with the care recipient may be more resilient, underscoring the potential role of positive emotional qualities of the caregiving relationship in preserving caregivers' mental health after caregiving ends
Diminished preparatory physiological responses in people with dementia: Associations with caregiver health and relationship quality
Objectives Emotional impairments in people with dementia can be taxing for family caregivers. However, caregivers differ in their resilience to these challenges. We previously found that, compared to healthy controls and people with Alzheimer’s disease, people with frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) have smaller physiological responses when anticipating upcoming emotional stimuli. This impairment may leave these people with FTLD unprepared …
Positivity resonance in long-term married couples: Multimodal characteristics and consequences for health and longevity
The Positivity Resonance Theory of coexperienced positive affect describes moments of interpersonal connection characterized by shared positive affect, caring nonverbal synchrony, and biological synchrony. The construct validity of positivity resonance and its longitudinal associations with health have not been tested. The current longitudinal study examined whether positivity resonance in conflict interactions between 154 married couples predict…
Mental health and clinical psychological science in the time of Covid-19: Challenges, opportunities, and a call to action.
Shared emotions in shared lives: Moments of co-experienced affect, more than individually experienced affect, linked to relationship quality
Motivated by collective emotions theories that propose emotions shared between individuals predict group-level qualities, we hypothesized that co-experienced affect during interactions is associated with relationship quality, above and beyond the effects of individually experienced affect. Consistent with positivity resonance theory, we also hypothesized that co-experienced positive affect would have a stronger association with relationship quali…
Physiological linkage during shared positive and shared negative emotion
Physiological linkage refers to the degree to which peoples' physiological responses change in coordinated ways. Here, we examine whether and how physiological linkage relates to incidents of shared emotion, distinguished by valence. Past research has used an "overall average" approach and characterized how physiological linkage over relatively long time periods (e.g., 10-15 min) reflects psychological and social processes (e.g., marital satisfac…
The rise of affectivism
Poor Disgust Suppression Is Associated with Increased Anxiety in Caregivers of People with Neurodegenerative Disease
Findings suggest that caregivers who are unable to suppress emotional behavior in response to disgusting stimuli may be at greater risk for anxiety. Given high levels of anxiety in caregivers, it may be useful to evaluate interventions that improve ability to downregulate emotional behavior
Stress and Illness: A Role for Specific Emotions
Research on stress and disease has often afforded an important role to emotion, typically conceptualized in broad categories (e.g., negative emotions), viewed as playing a causal role (e.g., anger contributing to pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease), and measured using self-report inventories. In this article, I argue for the value of evaluating specific emotions, considering bidirectional causal influences, and assessing actual emotional r…
Coherence between subjective experience and physiology in emotion: Individual differences and implications for well-being
Emotion theorists have characterized emotions as involving coherent responding across various emotion response systems (e.g., covariation of subjective experience and physiology). Greater response system coherence has been theorized to promote well-being, yet very little research has tested this assumption. The current study examined whether individuals with greater coherence between physiology and subjective experience of emotion report greater …
Behavioral indices of positivity resonance associated with long-term marital satisfaction
Positivity resonance-defined as a synthesis of shared positive affect, mutual care and concern, plus behavioral and biological synchrony-is theorized to contribute to a host of positive outcomes, including relationship satisfaction. The current study examined whether, in long-term married couples, behavioral indices of positivity resonance (rated using a new behavioral coding system) are associated with concurrent shared positive affect using a w…
Responding to the emotions of others: Age differences in facial expressions and age-specific associations with relational connectedness
Responding prosocially to the emotion of others may become increasingly important in late life, especially as partners and friends encounter a growing number of losses, challenges, and declines. Facial expressions are important avenues for communicating empathy and concern, and for signaling that help is forthcoming when needed. In a study of young, middle-aged, and older adults, we measured emotional responses (facial expressions, subjective exp…
Neuroanatomy of expressive suppression: The role of the insula
Expressive suppression is a response-focused regulatory strategy aimed at concealing the outward expression of emotion that is already underway. Expressive suppression requires the integration of interoception, proprioception, and social awareness to guide behavior in alignment with personal and interpersonal goals-all processes known to involve the insular cortex. Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) provides a useful patient model for studying the ins…
Age-related changes in emotional behavior: Evidence from a 13-year longitudinal study of long-term married couples
We examined age-related changes in emotional behavior in a sample of middle-aged and older long-term married couples over a 13-year period. Data were collected at 3 waves, each occurring 5 to 6 years apart. For the present study, only couples who participated in all 3 waves were examined (n = 87). Couples were either in the middle-aged group (40-50 years old, married at least 15 years) or the older group (60-70 years old, married at least 35 year…
Genuine Smiles by Patients During Marital Interactions are Associated with Better Caregiver Mental Health
Patients' expression of Duchenne and non-Duchenne smiles may reveal important aspects of the emotional quality of the patient-caregiver relationship that influence caregiver burden and mental health
Emotion
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Insular atrophy and diminished disgust reactivity
Disgust is an emotion that helps us deal with potential contamination (Rozin & Fallon, 1987). It produces a distinctive facial expression (e.g., wrinkled nose) and a physiological response that is accompanied by strong visceral sensations (e.g., nausea). Given the important role that the anterior insula plays in processing and integrating visceral information (Craig, 2009), it is likely to be centrally involved in disgust. Despite this, few studi…
Interpersonal emotional behaviors and physical health: A 20-year longitudinal study of long-term married couples
Objectively coded interpersonal emotional behaviors that emerged during a 15-min marital conflict interaction predicted the development of physical symptoms in a 20-year longitudinal study of long-term marriages. Dyadic latent growth curve modeling showed that anger behavior predicted increases in cardiovascular symptoms and stonewalling behavior predicted increases in musculoskeletal symptoms. Both associations were found for husbands (although …
Emotion recognition in frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer’s disease: A new film-based assessment
Deficits in recognizing others' emotions are reported in many psychiatric and neurological disorders, including autism, schizophrenia, behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Most previous emotion recognition studies have required participants to identify emotional expressions in photographs. This type of assessment differs from real-world emotion recognition in important ways: Images are static rather tha…
Short alleles, bigger smiles? The effect of 5-HTTLPR on positive emotional expressions
The present research examined the effect of the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene on objectively coded positive emotional expressions (i.e., laughing and smiling behavior objectively coded using the Facial Action Coding System). Three studies with independent samples of participants were conducted. Study 1 examined young adults watching still cartoons. Study 2 examined young, middle-aged, and older adults watching a thematic…
Emotion regulation predicts marital satisfaction: More than a wives’ tale
Emotion regulation is generally thought to be a critical ingredient for successful interpersonal relationships. Ironically, few studies have investigated the link between how well spouses regulate emotion and how satisfied they are with their marriages. We utilized data from a 13-year, 3-wave longitudinal study of middle-aged (40-50 years old) and older (60-70 years old) long-term married couples, focusing on the associations between downregulati…
Age-Related Changes in Demand-Withdraw Communication Behaviors
Demand-withdraw communication is a set of conflict-related behaviors in which one partner blames or pressures while the other partner withdraws or avoids. The present study examined age-related changes in these behaviors longitudinally over the course of later life stages. One hundred twenty-seven middle-aged and older long-term married couples were observed at 3 time points across 13 years as they engaged in a conversation about an area of relat…
Marital processes predictive of later dissolution: Behavior, physiology, and health
Emotion elicitation using films
Researchers interested in emotion have long struggled with the problem of how to elicit emotional responses in the laboratory. In this article, we summarise five years of work to develop a set of films that reliably elicit each of eight emotional states (amusement, anger, contentment, disgust, fear, neutral, sadness, and surprise). After evaluating over 250 films, we showed selected film clips to an ethnically diverse sample of 494 English-speaki…
Marital interaction: Physiological linkage and affective exchange
Thirty married couples were studied during naturalistic interactions to determine the extent to which variation in marital satisfaction could be accounted for by physiological and affective patterns between and within spouses. The authors hypothesized that (a) compared to nondistressed couples' interactions, distressed couples' interactions would show greater physiological interrelatedness or "linkage," more negative affect, and more reciprocity …
The Timing of Divorce: Predicting When a Couple Will Divorce Over a 14-Year Period
This paper investigates the predictability of divorce in a long-term, prospective longitudinal study. Past research has indicated that 2 periods can be considered the most critical for the survival of marriages: (a) the first 7 years of marriage, during which half of all divorces are known to occur, and (b) the period during which the first child reaches 14 years of age, which has been suggested as a low point for marital satisfaction in the life…
Emotional suppression: Physiology, self-report, and expressive behavior
Physiological and affective predictors of change in relationship satisfaction
In 1980, 30 married couples had engaged in a low-conflict and a high-conflict conversational interaction while continuous physiological data were obtained. In a separate session each spouse had provided a continuous self-report of affect while viewing the videotape of the interaction. In 1983, 19 of these couples were re-located to determine the change in relationship satisfaction that had occurred over the preceding 3 years. A broadly based patt…
Correlates of Gay and Lesbian Couples' Relationship Satisfaction and Relationship Dissolution
A sample of committed gay and lesbian cohabiting couples engaged in two conversations after being apart for at least 8 hours: (a) an events of the day conversation and (b) a conflict resolution conversation. Physiological data were collected during the conversations and a videotape record was made. Couples viewed the videotapes and rated their affect during the interaction. The video records were coded with a system that categorized specific affe…
Observing Gay, Lesbian and Heterosexual Couples' Relationships: Mathematical Modeling of Conflict Interaction
Two samples of committed gay and lesbian cohabiting couples and two samples of married couples (couples in which the woman presented the conflict issue to the man, and couples in which the man presented the conflict issue to the woman) engaged in three conversations: (1) an events of the day conversation (after being apart for at least 8 hours), (2) a conflict resolution conversation, and (3) a pleasant topic conversation. The observational data …
Influence of age and gender on affect, physiology, and their interrelations: A study of long-term marriages
Empathy: A physiological substrate
The relation between empathy (defined as the ability to perceive accurately how another person is feeling) and physiology was studied in 31 Ss. Ss viewed 15-min martial interactions and used a rating dial to indicate continuously how they thought a designated spouse was feeling. Rating accuracy was determined by comparing Ss' ratings with identical self-ratings obtained previously from the target spouse. Physiological linkage between S and target…
Cultural Influences on Emotional Responding: Chinese American and European American Dating Couples During Interpersonal Conflict
Ethnographic descriptions suggest that compared to European Americans, Chinese Americans place a greater emphasis on emotional moderation. To assess whether such cultural differences influence actual emotional responding, we compared the physiological responses and reported affect of 22 Chinese American and 20 European American college-age dating couples in an interpersonal context, that is, during conversations about areas of conflict in their r…
The Remains of the Workday: Impact of Job Stress and Exhaustion on Marital Interaction in Police Couples
We examined the impact of job stress and physical exhaustion on the physiological and subjective components of emotional responding during marital interactions between 19 male police officers and their spouses. Couples completed 30-day stress diaries and participated in 4 weekly laboratory interaction sessions. During interactions on days of greater stress, both spouses were more physiologically aroused, husbands reported less positive and more n…
Emotion and autonomic nervous system activity in the Minangkabau of West Sumatra
A cardiac measure of cerebral asymmetries in infant auditory perception
The utility of cardiac habituation/response recovery as a method for assessing infant cerebra! asymmetries in auditory perception on a dichotic listening test was studied. In a within-subjects design 12 3-month-old infants were given a series of four 10 trial tests during which their cardiac responses were habituated to a pair of dichotic speech syllables or music notes. The 10th trial in each test was a test trial on which one ear received its h…
Exploring the Basis for Gender Differences in the Demand-Withdraw Pattern
During marital conflict, wives tend to demand and husbands tend to withdraw. These behaviors were historically thought to stem from essential differences between men and women. An alternative explanation implicates one form of power differences-wives desire more change and, therefore, demand; husbands desire less change and withdraw to maintain status quo. Studying same-sex as well as cross-sex couples enables an evaluation of both explanations. …
Facial Expressions During Marital Conflict
A sample of 79 married couples were studied in 1983 in our laboratory engaging in a marital conflict discussion. Their facial expressions were coded from video tape using the Ekman and Friesen (1978) Emotion Facial Affect Coding System. This article describes the validity of this coding in several measurement domains: (a) the couple's perception of the relationship; (b) the prediction of the number of months of marital separation within the next …
The rise of affectivism
Age-Related Changes in Demand-Withdraw Communication Behaviors
Demand-withdraw communication is a set of conflict-related behaviors in which one partner blames or pressures while the other partner withdraws or avoids. The present study examined age-related changes in these behaviors longitudinally over the course of later life stages. One hundred twenty-seven middle-aged and older long-term married couples were observed at 3 time points across 13 years as they engaged in a conversation about an area of relat…
Self-awareness-reducing effects of alcohol consumption
Turn down the volume or change the channel? Emotional effects of detached versus positive reappraisal
Cognitive reappraisal, or changing one's interpretation of an event in order to alter the emotional response to it, is thought to be a healthy and an effective emotion regulation strategy. Although researchers recognize several distinct varieties of reappraisal, few studies have explicitly compared the effects of multiple reappraisal strategies on emotional responding. The present study compares the effects of detached and positive reappraisal on…
Physiological linkage during shared positive and shared negative emotion
Physiological linkage refers to the degree to which peoples' physiological responses change in coordinated ways. Here, we examine whether and how physiological linkage relates to incidents of shared emotion, distinguished by valence. Past research has used an "overall average" approach and characterized how physiological linkage over relatively long time periods (e.g., 10-15 min) reflects psychological and social processes (e.g., marital satisfac…
Expressive tendencies and physiological response to stress
This study assessed the effects of natural expressive tendencies on physiological response to stress. Male undergraduates were unobtrusively observed while watching a stressor videotape. On the basis of the subjects' facial responsiveness to the film, a group of 23 natural expressers and 22 natural inhibitors were selected and exposed to a threat of shock situation during which heart rate, respiration rate, skin conductance, and facial expression…
Positivity resonance in long-term married couples: Multimodal characteristics and consequences for health and longevity
The Positivity Resonance Theory of coexperienced positive affect describes moments of interpersonal connection characterized by shared positive affect, caring nonverbal synchrony, and biological synchrony. The construct validity of positivity resonance and its longitudinal associations with health have not been tested. The current longitudinal study examined whether positivity resonance in conflict interactions between 154 married couples predict…
Predicting Husbands' and Wives' Retirement Satisfaction from the Emotional Qualities of Marital Interaction
Retirement satisfaction was predicted from the emotional qualities of pre-retirement marital interaction in 49 male ( Mage = 63) and 31 female ( Mage = 61) retirees. In 1989, we measured physiological, behavioral, and subjective aspects of emotion while spouses discussed a conflict in their marriage. Five years later, we assessed retirement satisfaction for spouses who had retired in the intervening period. Husbands who were physiologically relax…
Registry-Driven, Community-Based Immunization Outreach: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Objectives. This study evaluated the effectiveness of registry-driven, community-based outreach directed toward children with immunization delays. Methods. A sample of 1856 children aged 6 to 10 months was randomly assigned to receive either outreach or no intervention. Results. Children in the outreach group were more likely to receive an immunization during the observation period than children in the control group (61% vs 43%). Outreach was mos…
A cardiac measure of cerebral asymmetries in infant auditory perception
The utility of cardiac habituation/response recovery as a method for assessing infant cerebra! asymmetries in auditory perception on a dichotic listening test was studied. In a within-subjects design 12 3-month-old infants were given a series of four 10 trial tests during which their cardiac responses were habituated to a pair of dichotic speech syllables or music notes. The 10th trial in each test was a test trial on which one ear received its h…
Effects of Thematically Relevant and General Stressors on Specificity of Responding in Asthmatic and Nonasthmatic Subjects
Twenty-nine mild asthmatics and 12 nonasthmatics were exposed to three films of varying emotional content to assess differential patterns of physiological response in the cardiac, ventilatory, and bronchial systems. Results indicated that only cardiac interbeat interval (IBI) and total respiratory resistance (RT) were reliable indices of reactivity. In a film of thematic relevance to asthmatics which depicted asthmatic children in a hospital sett…
Expressive tendencies and physiological response to stress
This study assessed the effects of natural expressive tendencies on physiological response to stress. Male undergraduates were unobtrusively observed while watching a stressor videotape. On the basis of the subjects' facial responsiveness to the film, a group of 23 natural expressers and 22 natural inhibitors were selected and exposed to a threat of shock situation during which heart rate, respiration rate, skin conductance, and facial expression…
Autonomic Nervous System Activity Distinguishes Among Emotions
Emotion-specific activity in the autonomic nervous system was generated by constructing facial prototypes of emotion muscle by muscle and by reliving past emotional experiences. The autonomic activity produced distinguished not only between positive and negative emotions, but also among negative emotions. This finding challenges emotion theories that have proposed autonomic activity to be undifferentiated or that have failed to address the implic…
Personality research and psychophysiology: General considerations
Marital interaction: Physiological linkage and affective exchange
Thirty married couples were studied during naturalistic interactions to determine the extent to which variation in marital satisfaction could be accounted for by physiological and affective patterns between and within spouses. The authors hypothesized that (a) compared to nondistressed couples' interactions, distressed couples' interactions would show greater physiological interrelatedness or "linkage," more negative affect, and more reciprocity …
Self-awareness-reducing effects of alcohol consumption
Physiological and affective predictors of change in relationship satisfaction
In 1980, 30 married couples had engaged in a low-conflict and a high-conflict conversational interaction while continuous physiological data were obtained. In a separate session each spouse had provided a continuous self-report of affect while viewing the videotape of the interaction. In 1983, 19 of these couples were re-located to determine the change in relationship satisfaction that had occurred over the preceding 3 years. A broadly based patt…
Voluntary Facial Action Generates Emotion‐Specific Autonomic Nervous System Activity
Four experiments were conducted to determine whether voluntarily produced emotional facial configurations are associated with differentiated patterns of autonomic activity, and if so, how this might be mediated. Subjects received muscle‐by‐muscle instructions and coaching to produce facial configurations for anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise while heart rate, skin conductance, finger temperature, and somatic activity were mon…
Marital processes predictive of later dissolution: Behavior, physiology, and health
Empathy: A physiological substrate
The relation between empathy (defined as the ability to perceive accurately how another person is feeling) and physiology was studied in 31 Ss. Ss viewed 15-min martial interactions and used a rating dial to indicate continuously how they thought a designated spouse was feeling. Rating accuracy was determined by comparing Ss' ratings with identical self-ratings obtained previously from the target spouse. Physiological linkage between S and target…
Emotion and autonomic nervous system activity in the Minangkabau of West Sumatra
Long-term marriage: Age, gender, and satisfaction.
Emotional suppression: Physiology, self-report, and expressive behavior
Influence of age and gender on affect, physiology, and their interrelations: A study of long-term marriages
Emotional behavior in long-term marriage.
Emotion elicitation using films
Researchers interested in emotion have long struggled with the problem of how to elicit emotional responses in the laboratory. In this article, we summarise five years of work to develop a set of films that reliably elicit each of eight emotional states (amusement, anger, contentment, disgust, fear, neutral, sadness, and surprise). After evaluating over 250 films, we showed selected film clips to an ethnically diverse sample of 494 English-speaki…
Hiding feelings: The acute effects of inhibiting negative and positive emotion.
Cultural Influences on Emotional Responding: Chinese American and European American Dating Couples During Interpersonal Conflict
Ethnographic descriptions suggest that compared to European Americans, Chinese Americans place a greater emphasis on emotional moderation. To assess whether such cultural differences influence actual emotional responding, we compared the physiological responses and reported affect of 22 Chinese American and 20 European American college-age dating couples in an interpersonal context, that is, during conversations about areas of conflict in their r…
Positive Emotions Speed Recovery from the Cardiovascular Sequelae of Negative Emotions
Two studies tested the hypothesis that certain positive emotions speed recovery from the cardiovascular sequelae of negative emotions. In Study 1, 60 subjects (Ss) viewed an initial fear-eliciting film, and were randomly assigned to view a secondary film that elicited: (a) contentment; (b) amusement; (c) neutrality; or (d) sadness. Compared to Ss who viewed the neutral and sad secondary films, those who viewed the positive films exhibited more ra…
The Intrapersonal Functions of Emotion
a re the funct io ns o f emo tion? ’ ’ T h e o pen ing pa ragraph (p. 123) o f my respo nse st ill cap tu res t he essence o f my view: Emotions are shor t-lived psycho logical-physiological phenomena tha t repre
Dysfunctional Marital Conflict: Women Are Being Unfairly Blamed
Previous investigations have noted that: (1) women have been noted to typically start most of the marital conflict discussions in laboratories that use observational methods, (2) the way conflict discussions start is also critical in predicting both their outcome and the longitudinal course of marriages, and (3) in distressed marriages there is a wife-demand/husband-withdraw pattern. Coupled with the fact that women begin most marital conflict di…
The Timing of Divorce: Predicting When a Couple Will Divorce Over a 14-Year Period
This paper investigates the predictability of divorce in a long-term, prospective longitudinal study. Past research has indicated that 2 periods can be considered the most critical for the survival of marriages: (a) the first 7 years of marriage, during which half of all divorces are known to occur, and (b) the period during which the first child reaches 14 years of age, which has been suggested as a low point for marital satisfaction in the life…
Facial Expressions During Marital Conflict
A sample of 79 married couples were studied in 1983 in our laboratory engaging in a marital conflict discussion. Their facial expressions were coded from video tape using the Ekman and Friesen (1978) Emotion Facial Affect Coding System. This article describes the validity of this coding in several measurement domains: (a) the couple's perception of the relationship; (b) the prediction of the number of months of marital separation within the next …
Registry-Driven, Community-Based Immunization Outreach: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Objectives. This study evaluated the effectiveness of registry-driven, community-based outreach directed toward children with immunization delays. Methods. A sample of 1856 children aged 6 to 10 months was randomly assigned to receive either outreach or no intervention. Results. Children in the outreach group were more likely to receive an immunization during the observation period than children in the control group (61% vs 43%). Outreach was mos…
Psychology (64 works) · Developmental psychology (53 works) · Social Psychology (47 works) · Social Psychology (24 works) · Clinical Psychology (22 works) · Attachment and Relationship Dynamics (21 works) · Cognitive psychology (21 works) · Clinical Psychology (17 works) · Communication (17 works) · Medicine (17 works)