Brian Parkinson
Biographic Data
| ID | 188480 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Brian Parkinson |
| GIVEN NAMES | Brian |
| FAMILY NAME | Parkinson |
| SIGNATURE | PARKINSON B |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Oxford |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-8065-5725 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 35 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 119 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 35 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1981 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 5 |
Unpacking the Complex Mechanisms of Teacher‐to‐Student Emotion Transmission in Foreign Language Classrooms: A Mixed‐Methods Study
Drawing on emotion contagion and social appraisal theories of interpersonal emotion transmission and the control‐value theory (CVT) of achievement emotions, this mixed‐method study explored how foreign language (FL) students’ perceptions of teacher emotions transferred to their own emotions in classroom settings. We collected data using self‐report questionnaires completed by 408 middle school students, along with semi‐structured interviews with …
Mechanisms of musical emotion transfer: Insights from 22 composers and the musicological and psychological literature
Much psychological and musicological literature has been dedicated to the affective experience of music listeners, but considerably less attention has been given to the role of composers and their intentions in the process of conveying emotion in music. The present qualitative study sought to address this gap in the literature by seeking the perspective of composers in semi-structured interviews that probed their engagement with emotion during co…
Overestimation in the aggregation of emotional intensity of social media content
Users on social media are regularly presented with sequences of emotional content in their newsfeeds, which affects their viewpoints and emotions. Could the way users aggregate and remember emotional content from their feeds contribute to the fact emotions are amplified on social platforms? Across five studies ( N = 1,051), using experimentally manipulated social media feeds, we found that participants consistently overestimated the average emoti…
Effects of Chatting Styles on Sharers’ Emotions During Online Conversations
Prior social sharing research suggests that cueing sharers to focus on recounting emotionally arousing details of a negative experience often increases negative affect, whereas cueing them to reconstrue the experience leads to emotional recovery. Extending these findings, we tested whether interpersonal encouragement of reconstrual was consistently more effective than that of recounting in improving emotions induced by different kinds of stressor…
The People’s Hotel: Working for Justice in Argentina by Katherine Sobering (review)
Social sharing of emotion during the collective crisis of Covid-19
We collected data from two sources - social media and online questionnaires - to investigate the emotional consequences of social sharing during the COVID-19 pandemic. Study 1 tracked and analysed sentiment of tweets posted over the course of a month in the crisis period and found that users who tweeted more frequently about COVID-19 expressed decreasing negative sentiment and increasing positive sentiment over time. Granger causality tests confi…
Cross-Cultural Calibration of Words and Emotions: Referential, Constructionist, and Pragmatic Perspectives
Emotion-related words differ across societies and eras. Does this mean that emotions themselves differ in similar ways? Three perspectives on language-emotion relations suggest alternative answers to this question. A referential approach implies that any language's emotion concepts provide a potentially perfectible mapping of the emotional world. Constructionist approaches suggest that linguistic concepts shape culturally different emotion percep…
Author Reply: Aligning Social Relations With Faces, Words, and Emotions
How do facial movements and verbal statements relate to emotional processes? A familiar answer is that the primary phenomenon is an internally located emotion that may then get expressed on the face and represented in words. In this view, emotion’s social functions and effects are indirect consequences of prior intrapsychic states or events. By contrast, my target article argued that facial and verbal activity are constituents rather than consequ…
Heart to Heart: A Relation-Alignment Approach to Emotion’s Social Effects
This article integrates arguments and evidence from my 2019 monograph Heart to Heart: How Your Emotions Affect Other People. The central claim is that emotions operate as processes of relation alignment that produce convergence, complementarity, or conflict between two or more people’s orientations to objects. In some cases, relation alignment involves strategic presentation of emotional information for the purpose of regulating other people’s be…
Developing and user testing new pharmacy label formats—A study to inform labelling standards
BACKGROUND: Dispensed prescription medicine labels (prescription labels) are important information sources supporting safe and appropriate medicines use. OBJECTIVE: To develop and user test patient-centred prescription label formats. METHODS: Five stages: developing 12 labels for four fictitious medicines of varying dosage forms; diagnostic user testing of labels (Round 1) with 40 consumers (each testing three labels); iterative label revision, a…
The rise of affectivism
Emotion Transfer, Emotion Regulation, and Empathy-Related Processes in Physician-Patient Interactions and Their Association With Physician Well-Being: A Theoretical Model
Physicians experience many emotionally challenging situations in their professional lives, influencing their emotional state through emotion contagion or social appraisal processes. Successful emotion regulation is crucial to sustain health, enable well-being, foster resilience, and prevent burnout or compassion fatigue. Despite the alarmingly high rate of stress-related disorders in physicians, affecting not only physician well-being, but also o…
Intergroup emotional exchange: Ingroup guilt and outgroup anger increase resource allocation in trust games
Intergroup exchanges are an integral part of social life but are compromised when one group pursues its interests at another group's expense. The present research investigates whether expressing emotion can mitigate the negative consequences of such actions. We examine how emotions communicated by either an ingroup or outgroup member following an ingroup member's breach of trust affect other ingroup members' feelings of guilt and pride, and subse…
Sharing concerns: Interpersonal worry regulation in romantic couples
Two dyadic studies investigated interpersonal worry regulation in heterosexual relationships. In Study 1, we video-recorded 40 romantic couples discussing shared concerns. Male partners' worry positively predicted female partners' interpersonal calming attempts, and negatively predicted female partners' interpersonal alerting attempts (i.e., attempts to make their partners appreciate the seriousness of concerns). Video-cued recall data also indic…
Laughter's Influence on the Intimacy of Self-Disclosure
Incidental Disgust Increases Adherence to Left-Wing Economic Attitudes
Bursting with anxiety: Adult social referencing in an interpersonal Balloon Analogue Risk Task (Bart)
This study developed an interpersonal modification of the balloon analogue risk task (BART) to assess effects of a friend's real-time facial expressions on coparticipants' risk-taking. Twenty pairs of male friends and 20 pairs of female friends completed two counterbalanced versions of BART, one framed in terms of monetary gain, and the other framed in terms of avoiding loss. Each pair included a player who performed the task across both trials a…
Appraisal ratings in diary reports of reasonable and unreasonable anger
Forty‐eight undergraduate students completed diaries reporting on up to five episodes of anger experienced over the course of a week. Ratings of motivational relevance, motivational incongruence and other‐accountability appraisals were significantly lower for relatively less reasonable instances of anger. Multilevel modelling confirmed that rated reasonableness of anger was a significant continuous predictor of the same three appraisal dimensions…
Reconstructing Bartlett's affect theory
Postconflict Reconciliation: Intergroup Forgiveness and Implicit Biases in Northern Ireland
Even after a conflict has formally ended, there is still a need for postconflict reconciliation and the building of mutual forgiveness and trust between communities. This article addresses psychological processes crucial to moving beyond a history of violent sectarian conflict in Northern Ireland. We investigated the predictors of intergroup forgiveness, in terms of intergroup emotions, infrahumanization, empathy, and intergroup contact. Intergro…
What's Social About Social Emotions
This paper presents a new approach to the demarcation of social emotions, based on their dependence on social appraisals that are designed to assess events bearing on social concerns. Previous theoretical attempts to characterize social emotions are compared, and their inconsistencies highlighted. Evidence for the present formulation is derived from theory and research into links between appraisals and emotions. Emotions identified as social usin…
Getting from situations to emotions: Appraisal and other routes
Comments on the original article by S. Siemer and R. Reisenzein regarding the process of emotion inference. When processing situational information, people can reach emotional conclusions without explicitly registering corresponding appraisals. Does this mean that appraisal cues must be guiding inference in less obvious ways? If one assumes that the emotional meaning of any situation depends on the protagonist's relation to what is happening, the…
Emotion in Social Relations: Cultural, Group, and Interpersonal Processes
Within psychology, emotion is often treated as something private and personal. In contrast, this book tries to understand emotion from the 'outside,' by examining the everyday social settings in which it operates. Three levels of social influence are considered in decreasing order of inclusiveness, starting with the surrounding culture and subculture, moving on to the more delimited organization or group, and finally focusing on the interpersonal…
Auditing emotions: What Should We Count
Anger on and off the road
Participants reported on two recent experiences of anger, of which one had occurred while they were driving and the other in a non-driving situation. Anger while driving was described as less mixed with other emotions, involving purer appraisals of other-blame, more likely to be caused by communication difficulties, and slower to be noticed by the person who was its target. Levels of negative affect preceding anger were rated as significantly low…
Emotions are social
In this paper, I question the assumption that emotions are first and foremost individual reactions, and suggest instead that they are often best viewed as social phenomena. I show that many of the causes of emotions are interpersonally, institutionally or culturally defined; that emotions usually have consequences for other people; and that they serve interpersonal as well as cultural functions in everyday life. Furthermore, many cases of emotion…
Postconflict Reconciliation: Intergroup Forgiveness and Implicit Biases in Northern Ireland
Even after a conflict has formally ended, there is still a need for postconflict reconciliation and the building of mutual forgiveness and trust between communities. This article addresses psychological processes crucial to moving beyond a history of violent sectarian conflict in Northern Ireland. We investigated the predictors of intergroup forgiveness, in terms of intergroup emotions, infrahumanization, empathy, and intergroup contact. Intergro…
What's Social About Social Emotions
This paper presents a new approach to the demarcation of social emotions, based on their dependence on social appraisals that are designed to assess events bearing on social concerns. Previous theoretical attempts to characterize social emotions are compared, and their inconsistencies highlighted. Evidence for the present formulation is derived from theory and research into links between appraisals and emotions. Emotions identified as social usin…
The rise of affectivism
Anger on and off the road
Participants reported on two recent experiences of anger, of which one had occurred while they were driving and the other in a non-driving situation. Anger while driving was described as less mixed with other emotions, involving purer appraisals of other-blame, more likely to be caused by communication difficulties, and slower to be noticed by the person who was its target. Levels of negative affect preceding anger were rated as significantly low…
Incidental Disgust Increases Adherence to Left-Wing Economic Attitudes
Auditing emotions: What Should We Count
Laughter's Influence on the Intimacy of Self-Disclosure
Teaching literature in a foreign language
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
Social sharing of emotion during the collective crisis of Covid-19
We collected data from two sources - social media and online questionnaires - to investigate the emotional consequences of social sharing during the COVID-19 pandemic. Study 1 tracked and analysed sentiment of tweets posted over the course of a month in the crisis period and found that users who tweeted more frequently about COVID-19 expressed decreasing negative sentiment and increasing positive sentiment over time. Granger causality tests confi…
Reconstructing Bartlett's affect theory
Fingerprinting time series: Dynamic patterns in self‐report and performance measures uncovered by a graphical non‐linear method
Two simple non‐linear techniques are shown to be useful for understanding the dynamics of affect, symptoms, social interaction experience and cognitive performance. The techniques are justified by arguments derived from chaos theory, and demonstrated using data from an intensive time sampling study in which 30 subjects completed a set of self‐ratings and a memory task on a hand‐held computer every two hours during waking hours for 14 days. The da…
Investigating personal constructs of emotions
Forty-two first-year psychology students took part in an exploratory study of conceptions of emotions using Kelly's (1955) Repertory Grid technique. Each participant generated eight different personal constructs for comparing and contrasting eight different emotional states, then rated these emotions on the basis of their own constructs. Analysis of the group data revealed five significant principal components. The first four of these components …
"An examination of the roles played by meaning of feedback and attention to feedback in the "Valins effect
This study assesses the role played by the variables of meaning and attention in mediating the cognitive effects of false autonomic feedback, first reported by Valins. In the context of a study of the physiological correlates of selective attention, subjects were instructed either to attend or to ignore pulsed sounds that were described either as veridical heart rate feedback or simply as electronic "bleeps." These auditory stimuli were presented…
Emotional effects of false automatic feedback
Emotional effects of false automatic feedback
Interrogating emotions: A dyadic task for exploring the common sense of feeling states
This paper describes an innovative investigation of commonsense conceptions of emotion using a two‐person game where one player asked questions intended to determine the nature of an emotional state imagined by the other player. All questions used by players were then sorted into categories by expert judges. Based on cluster analysis, questions were categorized as relating to ‘causes’, ‘characteristics’, and ‘consequences’ of emotional states. Po…
Investigating personal constructs of emotions
Forty-two first-year psychology students took part in an exploratory study of conceptions of emotions using Kelly's (1955) Repertory Grid technique. Each participant generated eight different personal constructs for comparing and contrasting eight different emotional states, then rated these emotions on the basis of their own constructs. Analysis of the group data revealed five significant principal components. The first four of these components …
Ideas and realities of emotion
When people (including psychologists) talk about emotions, they usually assume that they are describing something that goes on simply inside the individual mind or body, and that can be easily isolated, pinned down and dissected. Brian Parkinson shows that the relationship between ideas and reality, or words and things, is far more complex. He gets to 'the heart of emotion by denying that the personal heart has much to do with it' and looks at em…
Teaching literature in a foreign language
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
Fingerprinting time series: Dynamic patterns in self‐report and performance measures uncovered by a graphical non‐linear method
Two simple non‐linear techniques are shown to be useful for understanding the dynamics of affect, symptoms, social interaction experience and cognitive performance. The techniques are justified by arguments derived from chaos theory, and demonstrated using data from an intensive time sampling study in which 30 subjects completed a set of self‐ratings and a memory task on a hand‐held computer every two hours during waking hours for 14 days. The da…
Emotions are social
In this paper, I question the assumption that emotions are first and foremost individual reactions, and suggest instead that they are often best viewed as social phenomena. I show that many of the causes of emotions are interpersonally, institutionally or culturally defined; that emotions usually have consequences for other people; and that they serve interpersonal as well as cultural functions in everyday life. Furthermore, many cases of emotion…
Classifying Affect-regulation Strategies
This paper presents a provisional classification of deliberate strategies for improving unpleasant affect based on conceptual judgements concerning their similarities and differences. A corpus of self-reported upward affectregulation strategies was collected using questionnaires, interviews, and group discussions, in conjunction with an examination of existing literature on related topics. A total of 162 distinct strategies were identified and a …
Anger on and off the road
Participants reported on two recent experiences of anger, of which one had occurred while they were driving and the other in a non-driving situation. Anger while driving was described as less mixed with other emotions, involving purer appraisals of other-blame, more likely to be caused by communication difficulties, and slower to be noticed by the person who was its target. Levels of negative affect preceding anger were rated as significantly low…
Auditing emotions: What Should We Count
Emotion in Social Relations: Cultural, Group, and Interpersonal Processes
Within psychology, emotion is often treated as something private and personal. In contrast, this book tries to understand emotion from the 'outside,' by examining the everyday social settings in which it operates. Three levels of social influence are considered in decreasing order of inclusiveness, starting with the surrounding culture and subculture, moving on to the more delimited organization or group, and finally focusing on the interpersonal…
Getting from situations to emotions: Appraisal and other routes
Comments on the original article by S. Siemer and R. Reisenzein regarding the process of emotion inference. When processing situational information, people can reach emotional conclusions without explicitly registering corresponding appraisals. Does this mean that appraisal cues must be guiding inference in less obvious ways? If one assumes that the emotional meaning of any situation depends on the protagonist's relation to what is happening, the…
Postconflict Reconciliation: Intergroup Forgiveness and Implicit Biases in Northern Ireland
Even after a conflict has formally ended, there is still a need for postconflict reconciliation and the building of mutual forgiveness and trust between communities. This article addresses psychological processes crucial to moving beyond a history of violent sectarian conflict in Northern Ireland. We investigated the predictors of intergroup forgiveness, in terms of intergroup emotions, infrahumanization, empathy, and intergroup contact. Intergro…
What's Social About Social Emotions
This paper presents a new approach to the demarcation of social emotions, based on their dependence on social appraisals that are designed to assess events bearing on social concerns. Previous theoretical attempts to characterize social emotions are compared, and their inconsistencies highlighted. Evidence for the present formulation is derived from theory and research into links between appraisals and emotions. Emotions identified as social usin…
Appraisal ratings in diary reports of reasonable and unreasonable anger
Forty‐eight undergraduate students completed diaries reporting on up to five episodes of anger experienced over the course of a week. Ratings of motivational relevance, motivational incongruence and other‐accountability appraisals were significantly lower for relatively less reasonable instances of anger. Multilevel modelling confirmed that rated reasonableness of anger was a significant continuous predictor of the same three appraisal dimensions…
Reconstructing Bartlett's affect theory
Bursting with anxiety: Adult social referencing in an interpersonal Balloon Analogue Risk Task (Bart)
This study developed an interpersonal modification of the balloon analogue risk task (BART) to assess effects of a friend's real-time facial expressions on coparticipants' risk-taking. Twenty pairs of male friends and 20 pairs of female friends completed two counterbalanced versions of BART, one framed in terms of monetary gain, and the other framed in terms of avoiding loss. Each pair included a player who performed the task across both trials a…
Incidental Disgust Increases Adherence to Left-Wing Economic Attitudes
Laughter's Influence on the Intimacy of Self-Disclosure
Sharing concerns: Interpersonal worry regulation in romantic couples
Two dyadic studies investigated interpersonal worry regulation in heterosexual relationships. In Study 1, we video-recorded 40 romantic couples discussing shared concerns. Male partners' worry positively predicted female partners' interpersonal calming attempts, and negatively predicted female partners' interpersonal alerting attempts (i.e., attempts to make their partners appreciate the seriousness of concerns). Video-cued recall data also indic…
Emotion Transfer, Emotion Regulation, and Empathy-Related Processes in Physician-Patient Interactions and Their Association With Physician Well-Being: A Theoretical Model
Physicians experience many emotionally challenging situations in their professional lives, influencing their emotional state through emotion contagion or social appraisal processes. Successful emotion regulation is crucial to sustain health, enable well-being, foster resilience, and prevent burnout or compassion fatigue. Despite the alarmingly high rate of stress-related disorders in physicians, affecting not only physician well-being, but also o…
Intergroup emotional exchange: Ingroup guilt and outgroup anger increase resource allocation in trust games
Intergroup exchanges are an integral part of social life but are compromised when one group pursues its interests at another group's expense. The present research investigates whether expressing emotion can mitigate the negative consequences of such actions. We examine how emotions communicated by either an ingroup or outgroup member following an ingroup member's breach of trust affect other ingroup members' feelings of guilt and pride, and subse…
Author Reply: Aligning Social Relations With Faces, Words, and Emotions
How do facial movements and verbal statements relate to emotional processes? A familiar answer is that the primary phenomenon is an internally located emotion that may then get expressed on the face and represented in words. In this view, emotion’s social functions and effects are indirect consequences of prior intrapsychic states or events. By contrast, my target article argued that facial and verbal activity are constituents rather than consequ…
Psychology (31 works) · Social Psychology (27 works) · Cognitive psychology (17 works) · Emotions and Moral Behavior (12 works) · Social Psychology (11 works) · Communication (10 works) · Computer Science (8 works) · Interpersonal communication (8 works) · Cultural Differences and Values (7 works) · Affect (linguistics) (6 works)