K W Kintigh
Biographic Data
| ID | 19431 |
|---|---|
| NAME | K W Kintigh |
| GIVEN NAMES | K W |
| FAMILY NAME | Kintigh |
| SIGNATURE | KINTIGH K W |
| AFFILIATIONS | Arizona State University |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-9821-3634 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 49 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 511 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 49 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1976 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 14 |
The Digital Archive of Huhugam Archaeology and the Reuse of Archaeological Information
The reuse of information derived from past archaeological investigations is integral to contemporary research practices. Yet, archiving practices of many (but not all) scholars, cultural resource managers, and public agencies often fall short of meeting standard best practices. This limitation impedes efficient and meaningful reuse of information in future research and management endeavors. To alleviate archival and reuse concerns, the developmen…
Chacoan Great House Communities, Ritual Landscapes, and the H-Spear Site
This paper documents and contextualizes a previously unrecorded Chacoan great house, H-Spear, located in the Cibola region of west-central New Mexico. The Chaco-era H-Spear Site (LA201571) has a great house, great kiva, and earthen berm surrounding the great house/great kiva complex. Full-coverage survey data from the Ojo Bonito Archaeological Project (OBAP) indicates extensive pre-Chacoan, Chacoan, and post-Chacoan occupations of the broader are…
Settlement, Subsistence, and Society in Late Zuni Prehistory
KEITH W. KINTIGH fIrst participated in archaeological fIeld work in the southwestern United States in 1973, and since then his interest in the Southwest has focused on the prehistoric period in the Zuni area of New Mexico.He has had additional fIeld experience
Estimating Population Growth Rates and Instantaneous Population from Periodized Settlement Data
Settlement surveys that yield counts of the number of houses or rooms dated to a chronological period can be used to indicate population and to estimate rates of population growth or decline. Population estimates and population growth rates are, of course, interpretively critical for describing and explaining many aspects of social dynamics. For this sort of survey data, population growth rates can be estimated by applying an ordinary, compound i…
A Landscape Perspective on Climate-Driven Risks to Food Security: Exploring the Relationship between Climate and Social Transformation in the Prehispanic U.S. Southwest
Spatially and temporally unpredictable rainfall patterns presented food production challenges to small-scale agricultural communities, requiring multiple risk-mitigating strategies to increase food security. Although site-based investigations of the relationship between climate and agricultural production offer insights into how individual communities may have created long-term adaptations to manage risk, the inherent spatial variability of clima…
George L. Cowgill, December 19, 1929–July 31, 2018
George L. Cowgill had a major influence on the study of the ancient city of Teotihuacan and the development and promotion of quantitative methods in archaeology. His wit, teaching, and research influenced many in the profession. We draw on two published autobiographical works (Cowgill 2008a, 2013a), some unpublished autobiographical notes (Cowgill 1983), his many publications, and our own associations with George
Protohistoric Transitions in the Western Pueblo Area
"Traditional" archaeological reconstructions of protohistoric cultural systems in the Western Pueblo area have been undermined by the unfolding enigma of the Chaco Phenomenon and have been assaulted by complexity theorists for their failure to consider models that are at variance with modem Pueblo ethnography. This chapter attempts to provide a relatively non-controversial summary of Western Pueblo settlement patterns between A.D. 1250 and 1600. …
Fostering Collaborative Synthetic Research in Archaeology
While our fascination with understanding the past is sufficient to warrant an increased focus on synthesis, solutions to important problems facing modern society require understandings based on data that only archaeology can provide. Yet, even as we use public monies to collect ever-greater amounts of data, modes of research that can stimulate emergent understandings of human behavior have lagged behind. Consequently, a substantial amount of arch…
The Zuni/Cibola Region
The Zuni/Cibola region of eastern Arizona and western New Mexico was the setting for some of the earliest formal archaeological investigations in the U.S. Southwest. From the outset, research in the region has been regional in scope, focusing in particular on issues of population movement, community organization, and social identity. Importantly, although the Cibola region is often treated as a single unit of analysis, the regional boundaries are…
Tdar: A Cultural Heritage Archive for Twenty-First-Century Public Outreach, Research, and Resource Management
Hundreds of thousands of archaeological investigations in the United States conducted over the last several decades have documented a large portion of the recovered archaeological record in the United States. However, if we are to use this enormous corpus to achieve richer understandings of the past, it is essential that both CRM and academic archaeologists change how they manage their digital documents and data over the course of a project and h…
Data Integration in the Service of Synthetic Research
Addressing archaeology's most compelling substantive challenges requires synthetic research that exploits the large and rapidly expanding corpus of systematically collected archaeological data. That, in turn, requires a means of combining datasets that employ different systematics in their recording while at the same time preserving the semantics of the data. To that end, we have developed a general procedure that we call query-driven, on-the-fly…
Was the drought really responsible? Assessing statistical relationships between climate extremes and cultural transitions
Climate challenges, vulnerabilities, and food security
Significance Climate-induced disasters are impacting human well-being in ever-increasing ways. Disaster research and management recognize and emphasize the need to reduce vulnerabilities, although extant policy is not in line with this realization. This paper assesses the extent to which vulnerability to food shortage, as a result of social, demographic, and resource conditions at times of climatic challenge, correlates with subsequent declines i…
Marking and Making Differences: Representational Diversity in the U.S. Southwest
Diversity is generally valued, although it sometimes contributes to difficult social situations, as is recognized in recent social science literature. Archaeology can provide insights into how diverse social situations play out over the long term. There are many kinds of diversities, and we propose representational diversity as a distinct category. Representational diversity specifically concerns how and whether differences are marked or masked m…
Cultural Dynamics, Deep Time, and Data: Planning Cyberinfrastructure Investments for Archaeology
Archaeological data and research results are essential to addressing such fundamental questions as the origins of human culture; the origin, waxing, and waning of civilizations and cities; the response of societies to long-term climate changes; and the systemic relationships implicated in human-induced changes in the environment. However, we lack the capacity for acquiring, managing, analyzing, and synthesizing the data sets needed to address imp…
Extracting Information from Archaeological Texts
To address archaeology’s most pressing substantive challenges, researchers must discover, access, and extract information contained in the reports and articles that codify so much of archaeology’s knowledge. These efforts will require application of existing and emerging natural language processing technologies to extensive digital corpora. Automated classification can enable development of metadata needed for the discovery of relevant documents.…
Grand challenges for archaeology
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.
Grand Challenges for Archaeology
This article represents a systematic effort to answer the question, What are archaeology's most important scientific challenges? Starting with a crowd-sourced query directed broadly to the professional community of archaeologists, the authors augmented, prioritized, and refined the responses during a two-day workshop focused specifically on this question. The resulting 25 'grand challenges' focus on dynamic cultural processes and the operation of…
The Transatlantic Archaeology Gateway: Bridging the Digital Ocean
Resisting Diversity: A Long-Term Archaeological Study
Nelson, M. C., M. Hegmon, S. R. Kulow, M. A. Peeples, K. W. Kintigh, and A. P. Kinzig. 2011. Resisting diversity: a long-term archaeological study. Ecology and Society 16(1): 25. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-03887-160125
Reply to Schillaci & Bustard
The Cross-scale Interplay between Social and Biophysical Context and the Vulnerability of Irrigation-dependent Societies: Archaeology's Long-term Perspective
Nelson, M. C., K. Kintigh, D. R. Abbott, and J. M. Anderies. 2010. The cross-scale interplay between social and biophysical context and the vulnerability of irrigation-dependent societies: archaeology’s long-term perspective. Ecology and Society 15(3): 31. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-03389-150331
Forum Sustaining the Digital Archaeological Record
Can Anthropologists Distinguish Good and Poor Hunters? Implications for Hunting Hypotheses, Sharing Conventions, and Cultural Transmission
Numerous articles examine the relationship between men's hunting skill and other important biological and social traits. We analyzed more than 14,000 hunter days during 27 years of monitoring the Ache of Paraguay by using resampling methods to demonstrate that large sample sizes are generally required in order to distinguish individual men by hunting skill. A small published study on !Kung hunters shows that large-game hunters are even more diffi…
The Promise and Challenge of Archaeological Data Integration
This forum reports the results of a National Science Foundation-funded workshop that focused on the integration and preservation of digital databases and other structured data derived from archaeological contexts. The workshop concluded that for archaeology to achieve its potential to advance long-term, scientific understandings of human history, there is a pressing need for an archaeological information infrastructure that will allow us to archi…
Grand Challenges for Archaeology
This article represents a systematic effort to answer the question, What are archaeology's most important scientific challenges? Starting with a crowd-sourced query directed broadly to the professional community of archaeologists, the authors augmented, prioritized, and refined the responses during a two-day workshop focused specifically on this question. The resulting 25 'grand challenges' focus on dynamic cultural processes and the operation of…
Measuring Archaeological Diversity by Comparison with Simulated Assemblages
A method for measuring diversity is proposed that uses an archaeologically derived underlying frequency distribution of classes of artifacts to generate theoretical expectations for the number of different classes of items that should be found in a collection of a given total size. Because sample size is controlled for, collections of different sizes can be directly compared in a simple graphical display. Because of its rigor and simplicity, this…
Archaeological Identification of Kin Groups Using Mortuary and Biological Data: An Example from the American Southwest
Despite the central role that kinship plays in key anthropological arguments, recent archaeological efforts to detect kinship have been notably scarce. Here, age and sex distributions and dental morphology traits that reflect genetic affinity are used to argue that specific kin groups were buried in formal, spatially discrete cemeteries in the ancestral Zuni settlement of Hawikku. The inferred kin groups are then used to investigate Hawikku polit…
Heuristic Approaches to Spatial Analysis in Archaeology
This article discusses an approach to spatial analysis which is more closely tailored to archaeological objectives and archaeological data than are more 'traditional' quantitative techniques such as nearest neighbor analysis. Heuristic methods, methods which make use of the problem context and which are guided in part by intuitively derived 'rules,' are discussed in general and with reference to the problem of spatial analysis in archaeology. A p…
Can Anthropologists Distinguish Good and Poor Hunters? Implications for Hunting Hypotheses, Sharing Conventions, and Cultural Transmission
Numerous articles examine the relationship between men's hunting skill and other important biological and social traits. We analyzed more than 14,000 hunter days during 27 years of monitoring the Ache of Paraguay by using resampling methods to demonstrate that large sample sizes are generally required in order to distinguish individual men by hunting skill. A small published study on !Kung hunters shows that large-game hunters are even more diffi…
Resisting Diversity: A Long-Term Archaeological Study
Nelson, M. C., M. Hegmon, S. R. Kulow, M. A. Peeples, K. W. Kintigh, and A. P. Kinzig. 2011. Resisting diversity: a long-term archaeological study. Ecology and Society 16(1): 25. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-03887-160125
Ceramic Seriation and Site Reoccupation in Lowland South America
A long-standing debate in Amazonian archaeology is whether large sites represent contemporaneous communities or palimpsests accrued through multiple reoccupations. Quantitative ceramic seriation has been used to support the latter view. This argument is evaluated in terms of its statistical basis and its assumptions about sources of ceramic variability. On the basis of this evaluation, we conclude that the case for reoccupation, based on seriatio…
Was the drought really responsible? Assessing statistical relationships between climate extremes and cultural transitions
Plausible Ethnographic Analogies for the Social Organization of Hohokam Canal Irrigation
This paper presents the results of a juxtaposition of archaeological findings on Hohokam irrigation and ethnographic research on the social organization of irrigation. There are no ethnographic or historic records pertaining to the Hohokam, so the comparative ethnographic approach is perhaps more productive than in other situations. Several forms of canal irrigation organization are considered, including politically centralized, acephalous, priva…
The Cross-scale Interplay between Social and Biophysical Context and the Vulnerability of Irrigation-dependent Societies: Archaeology's Long-term Perspective
Nelson, M. C., K. Kintigh, D. R. Abbott, and J. M. Anderies. 2010. The cross-scale interplay between social and biophysical context and the vulnerability of irrigation-dependent societies: archaeology’s long-term perspective. Ecology and Society 15(3): 31. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-03389-150331
Tdar: A Cultural Heritage Archive for Twenty-First-Century Public Outreach, Research, and Resource Management
Hundreds of thousands of archaeological investigations in the United States conducted over the last several decades have documented a large portion of the recovered archaeological record in the United States. However, if we are to use this enormous corpus to achieve richer understandings of the past, it is essential that both CRM and academic archaeologists change how they manage their digital documents and data over the course of a project and h…
Cultural Dynamics, Deep Time, and Data: Planning Cyberinfrastructure Investments for Archaeology
Archaeological data and research results are essential to addressing such fundamental questions as the origins of human culture; the origin, waxing, and waning of civilizations and cities; the response of societies to long-term climate changes; and the systemic relationships implicated in human-induced changes in the environment. However, we lack the capacity for acquiring, managing, analyzing, and synthesizing the data sets needed to address imp…
Fostering Collaborative Synthetic Research in Archaeology
While our fascination with understanding the past is sufficient to warrant an increased focus on synthesis, solutions to important problems facing modern society require understandings based on data that only archaeology can provide. Yet, even as we use public monies to collect ever-greater amounts of data, modes of research that can stimulate emergent understandings of human behavior have lagged behind. Consequently, a substantial amount of arch…
The Effectiveness of Subsurface Testing: A Simulation Approach
This article briefly reviews methodological issues relevant to subsurface testing and advances a general method for objectively assessing the reliability of an archaeological survey program based on subsurface survey methods such as the excavation of shovel tests or the use of auger holes. The proposed technique employs simulation to model subsurface testing strategies using simple principles of probability and assumptions that are explicit and r…
Ethics and the Reburial Controversy
The reburial issue is often characterized as a problem in ethics. This paper points out that ethics are a cultural construct, and, as such, what is sometimes referred to as an ethical conflict is better understood as a conflict in cultural values. With this in mind, we consider mechanisms for the resolution of cultural conflict with particular focus on the nature of negotiation and the necessity of mutual respect. We also consider the ethics of a…
Marking and Making Differences: Representational Diversity in the U.S. Southwest
Diversity is generally valued, although it sometimes contributes to difficult social situations, as is recognized in recent social science literature. Archaeology can provide insights into how diverse social situations play out over the long term. There are many kinds of diversities, and we propose representational diversity as a distinct category. Representational diversity specifically concerns how and whether differences are marked or masked m…
Post-Chacoan Social Integration at the Hinkson Site, New Mexico
The century following the collapse of Chaco is often viewed as a time of cultural backsliding. However, imposing sites with Chaco-inspired public architecture provide evidence of large communities, dating between A.D. 1200 and 1275, that laid the organizational foundations of well-known Pueblo IV towns. This article reports on excavations at one such Zuni-area settlement, the Hinkson site. In this site, 32 residential room blocks surround a great…
A Test of the Relationship between Site Size and Population
Archaeologists, especially those doing regional surveys, generally assume that there is a correlation between the areal extent of a habitation site and the number of people living at that site. This paper uses a combination of archaeological and historical data from the Peruvian Andes to examine this assumption. We find that, in this case, only a weak correlation holds between these two factors. However, a consideration of site function and topog…
The Promise and Challenge of Archaeological Data Integration
This forum reports the results of a National Science Foundation-funded workshop that focused on the integration and preservation of digital databases and other structured data derived from archaeological contexts. The workshop concluded that for archaeology to achieve its potential to advance long-term, scientific understandings of human history, there is a pressing need for an archaeological information infrastructure that will allow us to archi…
Long-Term Settlement History and the Emergence of Towns in the Zuni Area
From a regional perspective, the late thirteenth-century aggregation of village populations into large towns in the northern Southwest appears to be a brief and dramatic episode of social reorganization. That it is apparent across such a range of cultural and ecological circumstances suggests that a regional perspective will be needed to understand why it occurred. However, if we are to understand how it occurred-the social processes involved in …
Data Integration in the Service of Synthetic Research
Addressing archaeology's most compelling substantive challenges requires synthetic research that exploits the large and rapidly expanding corpus of systematically collected archaeological data. That, in turn, requires a means of combining datasets that employ different systematics in their recording while at the same time preserving the semantics of the data. To that end, we have developed a general procedure that we call query-driven, on-the-fly…
Coming to Terms with the Chaco World
This essay grapples with the conceptualization of several key terms that are necessary for our understanding of the regional presence of Chaco. Following a consideration of the notion of Chaco, comments are focused on: (1) Chacoan architectural complexes; (2) great house function; (3) settlement clusters and Chacoan communities; and (4) the regional integration of Chaco. Key variables that have been proposed as relevant to the identification of C…
Reply to Schillaci & Bustard
A Landscape Perspective on Climate-Driven Risks to Food Security: Exploring the Relationship between Climate and Social Transformation in the Prehispanic U.S. Southwest
Spatially and temporally unpredictable rainfall patterns presented food production challenges to small-scale agricultural communities, requiring multiple risk-mitigating strategies to increase food security. Although site-based investigations of the relationship between climate and agricultural production offer insights into how individual communities may have created long-term adaptations to manage risk, the inherent spatial variability of clima…
Extracting Information from Archaeological Texts
To address archaeology’s most pressing substantive challenges, researchers must discover, access, and extract information contained in the reports and articles that codify so much of archaeology’s knowledge. These efforts will require application of existing and emerging natural language processing technologies to extensive digital corpora. Automated classification can enable development of metadata needed for the discovery of relevant documents.…
Archaeology: Basic Ceramic Analysis. M. Ann Bennett
Heuristic Approaches to Spatial Analysis in Archaeology
This article discusses an approach to spatial analysis which is more closely tailored to archaeological objectives and archaeological data than are more 'traditional' quantitative techniques such as nearest neighbor analysis. Heuristic methods, methods which make use of the problem context and which are guided in part by intuitively derived 'rules,' are discussed in general and with reference to the problem of spatial analysis in archaeology. A p…
Stylistic Variation in Prehistoric Ceramics: Design Analysis in the American Southwest
Preface 1. Introduction to the problem 2. The hypotheses 3. The data base and date collection 4. Design classification 5. Ceramic exchange 6. Subsistence-settlement systems and vessel form 7. Temporal variation 8. Theories of style and ceramic design variation References Index
Measuring Archaeological Diversity by Comparison with Simulated Assemblages
A method for measuring diversity is proposed that uses an archaeologically derived underlying frequency distribution of classes of artifacts to generate theoretical expectations for the number of different classes of items that should be found in a collection of a given total size. Because sample size is controlled for, collections of different sizes can be directly compared in a simple graphical display. Because of its rigor and simplicity, this…
Settlement, Subsistence, and Society in Late Zuni Prehistory
The Effectiveness of Subsurface Testing: A Simulation Approach
This article briefly reviews methodological issues relevant to subsurface testing and advances a general method for objectively assessing the reliability of an archaeological survey program based on subsurface survey methods such as the excavation of shovel tests or the use of auger holes. The proposed technique employs simulation to model subsurface testing strategies using simple principles of probability and assumptions that are explicit and r…
Archeology: Signs from the Ancestors: Zuni Cultural Symbolism and Perceptions of Rock Art . M. Jane Young
News and Notes
Update on Federal Repatriation Legislation
Ethics and the Reburial Controversy
The reburial issue is often characterized as a problem in ethics. This paper points out that ethics are a cultural construct, and, as such, what is sometimes referred to as an ethical conflict is better understood as a conflict in cultural values. With this in mind, we consider mechanisms for the resolution of cultural conflict with particular focus on the nature of negotiation and the necessity of mutual respect. We also consider the ethics of a…
Archeology: Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems: Case Studies in the Knowledge Domain of Archaeology . J.‐C. Gardin , ed
Contending with Contemporaneity in Settlement-Pattern Studies
Settlement-pattern studies are plagued by the problem of analyzing site distribution maps for time periods during which not all sites are contemporaneous. In a key insight, Dewar (1991) used counts of sites occupied at the beginning and end of a period to estimate, through simulation, the number of simultaneously occupied sites. While Dewar's treatment is an important contribution, drawbacks to his method are identified and remedies proposed. Fir…
Post-Chacoan Social Integration at the Hinkson Site, New Mexico
The century following the collapse of Chaco is often viewed as a time of cultural backsliding. However, imposing sites with Chaco-inspired public architecture provide evidence of large communities, dating between A.D. 1200 and 1275, that laid the organizational foundations of well-known Pueblo IV towns. This article reports on excavations at one such Zuni-area settlement, the Hinkson site. In this site, 32 residential room blocks surround a great…
Ceramic Seriation and Site Reoccupation in Lowland South America
A long-standing debate in Amazonian archaeology is whether large sites represent contemporaneous communities or palimpsests accrued through multiple reoccupations. Quantitative ceramic seriation has been used to support the latter view. This argument is evaluated in terms of its statistical basis and its assumptions about sources of ceramic variability. On the basis of this evaluation, we conclude that the case for reoccupation, based on seriatio…
A Test of the Relationship between Site Size and Population
Archaeologists, especially those doing regional surveys, generally assume that there is a correlation between the areal extent of a habitation site and the number of people living at that site. This paper uses a combination of archaeological and historical data from the Peruvian Andes to examine this assumption. We find that, in this case, only a weak correlation holds between these two factors. However, a consideration of site function and topog…
Archaeological Identification of Kin Groups Using Mortuary and Biological Data: An Example from the American Southwest
Despite the central role that kinship plays in key anthropological arguments, recent archaeological efforts to detect kinship have been notably scarce. Here, age and sex distributions and dental morphology traits that reflect genetic affinity are used to argue that specific kin groups were buried in formal, spatially discrete cemeteries in the ancestral Zuni settlement of Hawikku. The inferred kin groups are then used to investigate Hawikku polit…
Determining Gender and Kinship at Hawikku: A Reply to Corruccini
Corruccini questions our identification of kin group-based cemeteries and our inference of an ascriptive component of leadership at Hawikku based on the presumed use of flawed sex determinations, statistical problems, and inattention to potential gender-based differences in morphological similarity. We address each of these topics and present new evidence to support our contention that cemeteries at Hawikku were kin based
News Features: Wal-Mart As a Model of Public Responsibility
In Quest of Prehistoric Amazonia
Meggers's commentary does not effectively address our critique of the seriational argument that large Amazonian sites always represent occupational palimpsests. As a consequence, more general claims about the limitations that Amazonian environments posed for prehistoric cultural development based on this same argument remain unconvincing and fail to account for relevant variability in the archaeological record
Coming to Terms with the Chaco World
This essay grapples with the conceptualization of several key terms that are necessary for our understanding of the regional presence of Chaco. Following a consideration of the notion of Chaco, comments are focused on: (1) Chacoan architectural complexes; (2) great house function; (3) settlement clusters and Chacoan communities; and (4) the regional integration of Chaco. Key variables that have been proposed as relevant to the identification of C…
Archaeological Patterning and Organizational Scale of Late Prehistoric Settlement Clusters in the Zuni Region of New Mexico
Long-Term Settlement History and the Emergence of Towns in the Zuni Area
From a regional perspective, the late thirteenth-century aggregation of village populations into large towns in the northern Southwest appears to be a brief and dramatic episode of social reorganization. That it is apparent across such a range of cultural and ecological circumstances suggests that a regional perspective will be needed to understand why it occurred. However, if we are to understand how it occurred-the social processes involved in …
The Promise and Challenge of Archaeological Data Integration
Plausible Ethnographic Analogies for the Social Organization of Hohokam Canal Irrigation
This paper presents the results of a juxtaposition of archaeological findings on Hohokam irrigation and ethnographic research on the social organization of irrigation. There are no ethnographic or historic records pertaining to the Hohokam, so the comparative ethnographic approach is perhaps more productive than in other situations. Several forms of canal irrigation organization are considered, including politically centralized, acephalous, priva…
The Promise and Challenge of Archaeological Data Integration
This forum reports the results of a National Science Foundation-funded workshop that focused on the integration and preservation of digital databases and other structured data derived from archaeological contexts. The workshop concluded that for archaeology to achieve its potential to advance long-term, scientific understandings of human history, there is a pressing need for an archaeological information infrastructure that will allow us to archi…
Archaeology (29 works) · Geography (26 works) · History (26 works) · Computer Science (24 works) · Archaeology and ancient environmental studies (23 works) · Sociology (17 works) · History (14 works) · Archaeology and Rock Art Studies (11 works) · Biology (10 works) · Image Processing and 3D Reconstruction (10 works)