Lowell Dittmer
Biographic Data
| ID | 200916 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Lowell Dittmer |
| GIVEN NAMES | Lowell |
| FAMILY NAME | Dittmer |
| SIGNATURE | DITTMER L |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of California, Berkeley |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-7871-4204 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 107 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 252 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 103 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 4 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1966 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2024 |
| H-INDEX | 7 |
Taiwan’s Contested Survival in an Era of Shrinking Globalization
Hitherto renowned for its economic and political development, Taiwan has lately come under a harsher spotlight as a possible victim of invasion based on an analogy to Ukraine. Yet, Taiwan is also challenged by a slew of other problems too long neglected. These environmental, industrial, agricultural, demographic, trade, and economic security problems altogether form a “polycrisis” that makes it difficult to solve one set of problems without aggra…
China's Political Economy in the Xi Jinping Epoch: Domestic and Global Dimensions
On the Sixth Generation: Preliminary Speculations about Chinese Politics after Xi
Contrary to the current tendency to extrapolate China’s future trajectory from its current retrenchment, it is argued that China has changed substantially in the past and is likely to continue to change in the future. While change has always been strife-torn and radically contingent, it may be seen in retrospect to fit a rough pattern as occasioned by generational as well as ideological and developmental factors. Can we find clues in this pattern…
Asia in 2018
Review Article| February 01 2019 Asia in 2018: Trade War Lowell Dittmer Lowell Dittmer Lowell Dittmer is Professor of Political Science at the University of California, Berkeley, and Editor of Asian Survey. Email: Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Asian Survey (2019) 59 (1): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1525/as.2019.59.1.1 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Rev…
Chinas Governance Puzzle: Enabling Transparency and Participation in a Single-Party State by Jonathan R. Stromseth, Edmund J. Malesky, and Dimitar D. Gueorguiev
Southeast Asia and China: A Contest in Mutual Socialization
The recent uncertainties over the South China Sea have become one major issue in the relations between China and Southeast Asian countries. The South China Sea issue, however, is countered by the deepening economic integration between China and Southeast Asia, which is likely to continue should China's proposal for a 21st Century Maritime Silk Road is agreed and implemented. Yet the success or not of this proposal depends also on the interactions…
Asia in 2017
Research Article| February 01 2018 Asia in 2017: Return of the Strongman Lowell Dittmer Lowell Dittmer Lowell Dittmer is Professor of Political Science at the University of California, Berkeley and Editor of Asian Survey. Email: [email protected] Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Asian Survey (2018) 58 (1): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1525/as.2018.58.1.1 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Vid…
Taiwan and China: Fitful Embrace
China’s relation to Taiwan has been in constant contention since the founding of the People’s Republic of China in October 1949 and the creation of the defeated Kuomintang (KMT) exile regime on the island two months later. The island’s autonomous sovereignty has continually been challenged, initially because of the KMT’s insistence that it continue to represent not just Taiwan but all of China—and later because Taiwan refused to cede sovereignty …
Asia in 2016
Research Article| February 01 2017 Asia in 2016: Transitions Lowell Dittmer Lowell Dittmer Lowell Dittmer is Professor of Political Science at the University of California, Berkeley and Editor of Asian Survey. Email: . Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Asian Survey (2017) 57 (1): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1525/as.2017.57.1.1 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Pee…
Xi Jinping’s “New Normal: Quo Vadis
Sergey Radchenko. Unwanted Visionaries: The Soviet Failure in Asia at the End of the Cold War
This balanced, fair-minded, and thoughtful study by the distinguished historian Sergey Radchenko covers the period not since, but at the end of the Cold War, specifically the late period from Leonid Il’ich Brezhnev’s pathbreaking 1982 speech in Tashkent to the disintegration of the Soviet Union into fifteen sovereign republics in December 1991. Though the book relies mainly on decreasingly accessible Russian archives (regional as well as central)…
Asia in 2015
Research Article| February 01 2016 Asia in 2015: The Year of the China Crash Lowell Dittmer Lowell Dittmer Lowell Dittmer is Professor of Political Science at the University of California, Berkeley, and Editor of Asian Survey. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Asian Survey (2016) 56 (1): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1525/as.2016.56.1.1 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary …
Routledge Handbook of Chinese Security
China’s Maritime Embroilments
China's maritime periphery or ‘‘near seas’’—the Yellow Sea, the East China Sea, and the South China Sea—are waters through which a great deal of vital commerce flows, as China, Japan, Korea, and numerous Southeast Asian countries are all major trading nations that import the energy and raw materials that sustain their thriving economies. Since 2009 the East and South China Seas have become increasingly fraught with tension. This has generally bee…
Asia in 2014
Research Article| February 01 2015 Asia in 2014: A Pretty Good Year Lowell Dittmer Lowell Dittmer Lowell Dittmer is Professor of Political Science at the University of California, Berkeley, and Editor of Asian Survey. Currently, he is Visiting Distinguished Research Professor at the University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Asian Survey (2015) 55 (1): 1–11. https://doi.…
Introduction: Australia’s Strategic Dilemma
In the past 20 years, China has given rise to become the second largest economic power in the world. Its GDP surpassed that of Canada in 1993, Italy in 2000, France in 2005, the U.K. in 2006, Germany in 2008, and Japan in 2009. In 2012 it surpassed the United States as the world’s largest trading nation (the U.S. remains the largest importer). China is now the number one trading partner of the 10 nations in the Association of Southeast Asian Nati…
Asia in 2013
Research Article| February 01 2014 Asia in 2013: Peace and Prosperity amid Rising Tension Lowell Dittmer Lowell Dittmer Lowell Dittmer is Professor of Political Science at the University of California, Berkeley, and Editor of Asian Survey. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Asian Survey (2014) 54 (1): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1525/as.2014.54.1.1 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio …
Japan, China, Russia, and the American “Pivot”: A Triangular Analysis
Japan, China, Russia, and the United States, four of the most powerful nations in the world, positioned cheek by jowl in Northeast Asia with some of the world's most extensive trade and mutually interlocking investments binding them together, have long had "complicated" political-strategic relations. They form two duos, each of which is or was formally bound by a mutual security alliance. In focus here is the Japan-US security alliance (JUSA). Th…
Asia in 2012
Asia in 2011
Research Article| February 01 2012 Asia in 2011: Transition? Lowell Dittmer Lowell Dittmer Lowell Dittmer is Professor of Political Science at the University of California, Berkeley, and Editor of Asian Survey. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Asian Survey (2012) 52 (1): 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1525/as.2012.52.1.1 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Share Icon …
Sino-Australian Relations: A Triangular Perspective
Since the 1990s, Australia has become increasingly concerned about a perceived incongruence between its booming economic relationship with China and its security alliance with the US. There have been dire warnings that the future will be marked by an inevitable increase in tensions between China and the US as the former threatens to overtake and surpass the latter in aggregate GDP and in military force projection capability. This combination of b…
Two suns in the heavens: The Sino-Soviet struggle for supremacy, 1962–1967
Politics in China: An Introduction . William A. Joseph
Introduction: The Continuing Relevance of Hong Kong
Research Article| August 01 2011 Introduction: The Continuing Relevance of Hong Kong Lowell Dittmer Lowell Dittmer Lowell Dittmer is Professor of Political Science at the University of California, Berkeley, and Editor of Asian Survey. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Asian Survey (2011) 51 (4): 581–583. https://doi.org/10.1525/as.2011.51.4.581 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio …
Asia in 2010
Research Article| February 01 2011 Asia in 2010: Continent Ascendant Lowell Dittmer Lowell Dittmer Lowell Dittmer is Professor of Political Science at the University of California, Berkeley, and Editor of Asian Survey. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Asian Survey (2011) 51 (1): 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1525/as.2011.51.1.1 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Pee…
The Strategic Triangle: An Elementary Game-Theoretical Analysis
The concept of a“strategic triangle” is useful in an analysis of the internal logic of the relationship between the United States, the Soviet Union, and China. The preconditions for a triangular relationship are that each player recognize the strategic salience of the three principals, and the relationship between any two will be affected by each player's relationship to the third. Within the triangle, there are three distinct pattern dynamics: t…
Political Culture and Political Symbolism: Toward a Theoretical Synthesis
The concept of political culture embraces some of the most basic, perennially fascinating concerns in behavioral political science; because of certain ambiguities in its theoretical formulation, however, there has been a tendency for the term to grow fuzzy with continued use. Its connection with related concepts, such as political psychology, political structure, and political language, has remained unclear, with the result that political culture…
The Modernization of Factionalism in Chinese Politics
The informal dimension has always been important in Chinese politics, due to a traditional bias against legalism and favoring the sentimentalization of personal qualities. We contend that it remains so still, albeit in altered form. Rather than being oriented solely to personal or in-group security, factionalism in the context of the more secure bureaucratic environment of the reform era has come to embrace policy goals and material interests as …
Chinese Informal Politics
Bases of Power in Chinese Politics: A Theory and an Analysis of the Fall of the “Gang of Four
This paper sets forth a preliminary theory of the substructure of Chinese politics. Power is based on aninfluential constituencyin China as elsewhere, but here there are two types of such constituencies: the formal, consisting of an actor's bureaucratic colleagues and subordinates, which exerts formal power [ch'üan-li]; and the informal, consisting of interested family members, long-term friends, and protégés, which exerts informal influence [shi…
Taiwan's Aim-Inhibited Quest for Identity and the China Factor
The realization of a positive and well-integrated national identity is difficult even under the most favorable circumstances. Korea, Chechen, and the Palestinians are notorious recent examples of national identities destined, due to a combination of circumstances, to remain frustrated to some extent. Taiwan has, since relinquishing its claim to be sole international representative of 'China' as hopelessly unrealistic in the early 1990s, faced for…
Sino-Soviet Normalization and Its International Implications, 1945-1990
Sino-Australian Relations: A Triangular Perspective
Since the 1990s, Australia has become increasingly concerned about a perceived incongruence between its booming economic relationship with China and its security alliance with the US. There have been dire warnings that the future will be marked by an inevitable increase in tensions between China and the US as the former threatens to overtake and surpass the latter in aggregate GDP and in military force projection capability. This combination of b…
China's Quest for National Identity
China in 1989: The Crisis of Incomplete Reform
Research Article| January 01 1990 China in 1989: The Crisis of Incomplete Reform Lowell Dittmer Lowell Dittmer Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Far Eastern Survey (1961) 30 (1): 25–41. https://doi.org/10.2307/2644770 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Cita…
Taiwan and the Issue of National Identity
Research Article| August 01 2004 Taiwan and the Issue of National Identity Lowell Dittmer Lowell Dittmer University of California, Berkeley Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Asian Survey (2004) 44 (4): 475–483. https://doi.org/10.1525/as.2004.44.4.475 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Tools Icon Tool…
The Sino-Russian Strategic Partnership
The Sino-Russian Astrategic partnership, formed after decades of rancorous verbal (and sometimes lethal) dispute, we find to be genuine, bespeaking a genuine desire on both sides to put the past behind them and forge a more friendly and mutually profitable relationship. Certainly there are underlying problems and suspicions, but the painstakingly institutionalized, multi-stranded network of exchange and consultation seems quite capable of contain…
Personal Politics in the Chinese Danwei under Reform
The danwei, an enclosed, multifunctional, and self-sufficient entity, is the most basic collective unit in the Chinese political and social order. It plays both a political (statist) and an economic (societal) role. As a basic unit in the political order, the danwei functions as a mechanism with which the state controls members of the cadre corps and carries out its policies; as an economic and communal entity, it fulfills the welfare and other n…
American Asia Policy and the U.S. Election
Taiwan as a Factor in China's Quest for National Identity
The premise of this paper is that China has a divided national identity, characteristic of a category of nation-states divided for political reasons since World War II. Until 1999, responsibility for this sense of national division could be diffused, but since the retrocession of Hong Kong and Macao, frustration and blame have focused on Taiwan, the last remaining symbol of China's ‘national humiliation’. Characteristic of such a divided identity…
China's Deep Reform: Domestic Politics in Transition
Introduction: The Dynamics of Deep Reform Chapter 1: Analysis in Limbo? Contemporary Chinese Politics amid the Maturation of Reform Part I: Leadership Change and Elite Politics Chapter 2: Leadership Coalitions and Economic Transformation in Reform China: Revisiting the Political Business Cycle Chapter 3: The Sixteenth Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party: Emerging Patterns of Power Sharing Chapter 4: Cooptation and Corporatism in Chin…
The Sino-Japanese-Russian triangle
Sino-Soviet Normalization and Its International Implications, 1945-1990
On the Sixth Generation: Preliminary Speculations about Chinese Politics after Xi
Contrary to the current tendency to extrapolate China’s future trajectory from its current retrenchment, it is argued that China has changed substantially in the past and is likely to continue to change in the future. While change has always been strife-torn and radically contingent, it may be seen in retrospect to fit a rough pattern as occasioned by generational as well as ideological and developmental factors. Can we find clues in this pattern…
Asia in 2017
Research Article| February 01 2018 Asia in 2017: Return of the Strongman Lowell Dittmer Lowell Dittmer Lowell Dittmer is Professor of Political Science at the University of California, Berkeley and Editor of Asian Survey. Email: [email protected] Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Asian Survey (2018) 58 (1): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1525/as.2018.58.1.1 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Vid…
Burma vs. Myanmar: What's in a Name
Research Article| December 01 2008 Burma vs. Myanmar: What's in a Name? Lowell Dittmer Lowell Dittmer Professor of Political Science at the University of California, Berkeley, and Editor of Asian Survey. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Asian Survey (2008) 48 (6): 885–888. https://doi.org/10.1525/as.2008.48.6.885 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review …
Chinese Factional Politics Under Jiang Zemin
Factionalism is a dimension of informal politics that is hardly unique to China, but it has become well entrenched there for several reasons. We know from available survey data that Chinese political culture is relatively low in trust, and the faction provides a particularly useful refuge from the tiger world of politics, organized as it is around that culturally sanctioned dimension of trust known as guanxi (connections) (Shi 2001 and 1997; Pye …
Three Visions of Chinese Political Reform
The central argument of this paper is that while political reform has remained a focal preoccupation of China's leadership, no unified vision of either the goal culture or the transfer culture of reform has yet emerged. Instead, there are at least three more or less clearly articulated visions of political reform currently in play. The first is the developmental perspective, according to which political reform is defined as whatever is most appro…
East Asia in the “New Era” in World Politics
In the ongoing war on terrorism that highlights the “new era” in world politics, East Asia constitutes a crucial swing vote. Its importance derives from its growing economic heft in the world, as well as its central role in three key trends that have characterized international politics since the end of the cold war: globalization, regionalism, and a reequilibration of the national balance of power. This article examines the impact of September 1…
China builds a market culture
Reclamation in Three Layers: The Ogden River Project, 1934-1965
Research Article| February 01 1966 Reclamation in Three Layers: The Ogden River Project, 1934-1965 Leonard J. Arrington, Leonard J. Arrington Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Lowell Dittmer Lowell Dittmer Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Pacific Historical Review (1966) 35 (1): 15–34. https://doi.org/10.2307/3636626 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables…
The German NPD: "A Psycho-Sociological Analysis of "Neo-Naziism
This article attempts to describe the ideologyl of the Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands (NPD) as expressed in interviews of party leaders2 published in the weekly magazine Der Spiegel, in campaign rhetoric, and in the contents of the official party organ, Deutsche Nachrichten (DN). Limited space restricts documentation to one or two quotations illustrating each idea. This description is followed by an analysis of the etiology of these id…
The Structural Evolution of ‘Criticism and Self-Criticism’
“ Criticism and self-criticism,” or inner-Party struggle as it is sometimes called, has always been a major mechanism of inner-Party decision making and discipline among Chinese political elites, but during the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution it emerged as a form of mass mobilization and education as well. I shall argue here that this came about as a result of political decisions made in the context of a series of non-reversible structural …
The Structural Evolution of ‘Criticism and Self-Criticism’
“ Criticism and self-criticism,” or inner-Party struggle as it is sometimes called, has always been a major mechanism of inner-Party decision making and discipline among Chinese political elites, but during the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution it emerged as a form of mass mobilization and education as well. I shall argue here that this came about as a result of political decisions made in the context of a series of non-reversible structural …
Mass Line and "Mass Criticism" in China: An Analysis of the Fall of Liu Shao-Ch'i
Research Article| August 01 1973 Mass Line and "Mass Criticism" in China: An Analysis of the Fall of Liu Shao-Ch'i Lowell Dittmer Lowell Dittmer Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Far Eastern Survey (1944) 13 (8): 772–792. https://doi.org/10.2307/2642867 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Tools Icon To…
Sun Yat-sen University in Moscow and the Chinese Revolution: A Personal Account
‘Line Struggle‘ in Theory and Practice: The Origins of the Cultural Revolution Reconsidered
The extent to which the Cultural Revolution has transformed the world-view of the Chinese masses remains among the psycho-cultural imponderables, but clearly it has revolutionized the western view of Chinese politics. The dominant pre-1966 image of a consensual solidarity disturbed only rarely by purges, also handled in an orderly way by a consensus excluding only its victims, was challenged by a sudden multitude of polemical claims to the effect…
Political Culture and Political Symbolism: Toward a Theoretical Synthesis
The concept of political culture embraces some of the most basic, perennially fascinating concerns in behavioral political science; because of certain ambiguities in its theoretical formulation, however, there has been a tendency for the term to grow fuzzy with continued use. Its connection with related concepts, such as political psychology, political structure, and political language, has remained unclear, with the result that political culture…
Thought Reform and Cultural Revolution: An Analysis of the Symbolism of Chinese Polemics
Although the major purpose of the Cultural Revolution was to transform Chinese political culture, the way in which this transformation took place has remained unclear. This paper attempts to understand cultural transformation as a process of interaction within a semiological system, consisting of a network of communicators and a lexicon of political symbols. The pragmatic aspect of this process is the outcome of an interplay among the intentions …
Bases of Power in Chinese Politics: A Theory and an Analysis of the Fall of the “Gang of Four
This paper sets forth a preliminary theory of the substructure of Chinese politics. Power is based on aninfluential constituencyin China as elsewhere, but here there are two types of such constituencies: the formal, consisting of an actor's bureaucratic colleagues and subordinates, which exerts formal power [ch'üan-li]; and the informal, consisting of interested family members, long-term friends, and protégés, which exerts informal influence [shi…
Liu Shao-Ch'i and the Chinese Cultural Revolution. The Politics of Mass Criticism
The Legacy of Mao Zedong
Research Article| May 01 1980 The Legacy of Mao Zedong Lowell Dittmer Lowell Dittmer Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Far Eastern Survey (1951) 20 (5): 552–573. https://doi.org/10.2307/2643907 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Lowe…
The Radical Critique of Political Interest, 1966-1978
Rectification and Purge in Chinese Politics
China in 1980: Modernization and Its Discontents
Research Article| January 01 1981 China in 1980: Modernization and Its Discontents Lowell Dittmer Lowell Dittmer Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Far Eastern Survey (1952) 21 (1): 31–50. https://doi.org/10.2307/2643663 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Ci…
The Strategic Triangle: An Elementary Game-Theoretical Analysis
The concept of a“strategic triangle” is useful in an analysis of the internal logic of the relationship between the United States, the Soviet Union, and China. The preconditions for a triangular relationship are that each player recognize the strategic salience of the three principals, and the relationship between any two will be affected by each player's relationship to the third. Within the triangle, there are three distinct pattern dynamics: t…
Death and Transfiguration: Liu Shaoqi's Rehabilitation and Contemporary Chinese Politics
Liu Shaoqi, the highest-ranking Chinese Communist leader to fall victim to China's Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, was posthumously rehabilitated in spring 1980. His rehabilitation was accompanied by the publication of new materials on his life and career, enabling us to fill in various lacunae and to attempt a more comprehensive assessment of his political import. If the vindication is successful among China's still somewhat skeptical mas…
Muerte y transfiguración: La rehabilitación de Liu Shaoqi y la política china contemporánea
China in 1981: Reform, Readjustment, Rectification
Research Article| January 01 1982 China in 1981: Reform, Readjustment, Rectification Lowell Dittmer Lowell Dittmer Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Far Eastern Survey (1953) 22 (1): 33–46. https://doi.org/10.2307/2643708 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site …
Comparative communist political culture
Ideology and Organization in Post-Mao China
At the outset of the Cultural Revolution, there was a tendency in some quarters to conclude that all previous conceptualizations of the Chinese Communist political system were flawed, either because they had failed to predict this momentous upheaval or because the People's Republic of China (PRC) by 1966 had so radically departed from its previous incarnation. Inasmuch as the Chinese themselves have come to characterize the entire decade as a dev…
Mao and the Politics of Revolutionary Mortality
Research Article| March 01 1987 Mao and the Politics of Revolutionary Mortality Lowell Dittmer Lowell Dittmer Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Far Eastern Survey (1958) 27 (3): 316–339. https://doi.org/10.2307/2644807 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite…
China's Continuous Revolution: The Post-Liberation Epoch, 1949-1981
China's Continuous Revolution: The Post-Liberation Epoch, 1949-1981
China in 1988: The Continuing Dilemma of Socialist Reform
Political science (94 works) · Law (68 works) · China (55 works) · Politics (54 works) · Law (47 works) · Sociology (40 works) · Chinese history and philosophy (37 works) · Computer Science (37 works) · Library science (36 works) · Download (34 works)