Janet T Spence
Biographic Data
| ID | 203773 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Janet T Spence |
| GIVEN NAMES | Janet T |
| FAMILY NAME | Spence |
| SIGNATURE | SPENCE J T |
| AFFILIATIONS | The University of Texas at Austin |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 45 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 668 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 45 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1965 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2011 |
| H-INDEX | 13 |
Off With the Old, On With the New
Instrumental and Expressive Traits, Trait Stereotypes, and Sexist Attitudes: What Do They Signify
College students rated the typical male and female student and themselves on 22 instrumental (I) and 16 expressive (E) items from the PAQ (Spence & Helmreich, 1978) and the BSRI (Bem, 1974), as well as on the BSRI items “masculine” and “feminine.” They also completed measures of gender stereotypes and sexist attitudes. Significant gender stereotypes were found on all but two I and E items in both genders. Significant gender differences in self-re…
Developing a Scale to Measure the Diversity of Feminist Attitudes”: A Work in Progress
The Attitudes Toward Women Scale and Attitude Change in College Students
To determine cohort changes in gender-role attitudes, responses to the 15-item form of the Attitudes Toward Women Scale (AWS; Spence & Helmreich, 1972a, 1978) were compared for students at the same university tested in 1972, 1976, 1980, and 1992. In both males and females, members of the 1992 cohort were the most egalitarian, and members of the 1972 cohort were the least egalitarian. In all groups, women were significantly less traditional in the…
A Comparison of two Cohorts of College Students in Responses to the Male-Female Relations Questionnaire
Two cohorts of male and female introductory psychology students from the same university, tested in 1978 and 1992, were given the male or the female form of the Male-Female Relations Questionnaire (MFRQ; Spence, Helmreich, & Sawin, 1980), which assesses respondents' personal gender-role preferences and behaviors in interpersonal situations. In both genders, the means of the majority of MFRQ items decreased significantly from 1978 to 1992, but ite…
Children's gender-related self-perceptions, activity preferences, and occupational stereotypes: A test of three models of gender constructs
Gender-related traits and gender ideology: Evidence for a multifactorial theory
Male (n = 95) and female (n = 221) college students were given 2 measures of gender-related personality traits, the Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI) and the Personal Attributes Questionnaire, and 3 measures of sex role attitudes. Correlations between the personality and the attitude measures were traced to responses to the pair of negatively correlated BSRI items, masculine and feminine, thus confirming a multifactorial approach to gender, as oppose…
Workaholism: Definition, Measurement, and Preliminary Results
Questionnaires were developed to assess the concept of workaholism, defined in terms of high scores on measures of work involvement and driveness and low scores on a measure of enjoyment of work, and to contrast this profile with work enthusiasm, defined as high work involvement and enjoyment and low driveness. Additional scales were devised to test several predictions about the correlates of workaholism. A test battery including these scales was…
Do The Bsri and Paq Measure the Same or Different Concepts
The present article assesses Frable's (1989) contention that the Personal Attributes Questionnaire (PAQ) measures only desirable instrumental and expressive characteristics, whereas the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) measures gender schema and related gender concepts. Comparison of the two instruments indicates, first, that they are similar in content and that the parallel M and F scales are substantially correlated. Further, the results obtained …
Psychological determinants of health and performance: The tangled web of desirable and undesirable characteristics
Correlations were determined for male (n = 225) and female (n = 242) college students between sets of undesirable personality traits (anxiety, stress reactivity, anger, and alienation) and desirable personality traits (instrumentality, achievement strivings, and optimism measured by the Scheier-Carver [1987] Life Orientation Test), and a series of outcome variables related to health (self-reported health complaints and health maintenance behavior…
Gender, prejudice, and categorization
Centrifugal versus centripetal tendencies in psychology: Will the center hold
Gender-related traits, stereotypes, and schemata
Gender-related traits and helping behaviors
Effects of dispositional dominance and sex role expectations on leadership behaviors
Achievement American style: The rewards and costs of individualism
Household responsibilities in middle-class couples: The contribution of demographic and personality variables
Beyond face validity: A comment on Nicholls, Licht, and Pearl
In their discussion of the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI; Bem, 1974) and the Personal Attributes Questionnaire (PAQ; Spence and Helmrich, 1978), Nicholls, et al. (1982) blur two issues. The first concerns the legitimacy of equating the clusters of gender-related personality traits tapped by these instruments with the global constructs of masculinity and feminity. The second concerns item similarity between the PAQ and BSRI M scales and measures of…
Beyond face validity: A comment on Nicholls, Licht, and Pearl
"Comment on Lubinski, Tellegen, and Butcher's "Masculinity, femininity, and androgyny viewed and assessed as distinct concepts
"Comment on Lubinski, Tellegen, and Butcher's "Masculinity, femininity, and androgyny viewed and assessed as distinct concepts
Gender differences in productivity and impact
Gender differences in productivity and impact
A psychometric analysis of the Personal Attributes Questionnaire
Masculine (Instrumental) and Feminine (Expressive) Traits: A Comparison between Students in the United States and West Germany
A German version of Spence and Helmreich's Extended Personal Attributes Questionnaire (EPAQ), a measure of socially desirable and undesirable components of "Masculine" instrumentality and "feminine" expressivity, was administered to three samples in West Germany to determine whether its psychometric properties in that setting were similar to those found in samples in the United States. Factor analyses and scale intercorrelations conducted on the …
Ratings of self and peers on sex role attributes and their relation to self-esteem and conceptions of masculinity and femininity
Male (N = 248) and female (N = 282) subjects were given the Personal Attributes Questionnaire consisting of 55 bipolar attributes drawn from the Sex Role Stereotype Questionnaire by Rosenkrantz, Vogel, Bee, Broverman, and Broverman and were asked to rate themselves and then to compare directly the typical male and female college student. Self-ratings were divided into male-valued (stereotypically masculine attributes judged more desirable for bot…
Instrumental and Expressive Traits, Trait Stereotypes, and Sexist Attitudes: What Do They Signify
College students rated the typical male and female student and themselves on 22 instrumental (I) and 16 expressive (E) items from the PAQ (Spence & Helmreich, 1978) and the BSRI (Bem, 1974), as well as on the BSRI items “masculine” and “feminine.” They also completed measures of gender stereotypes and sexist attitudes. Significant gender stereotypes were found on all but two I and E items in both genders. Significant gender differences in self-re…
A psychometric analysis of the Personal Attributes Questionnaire
Masculine Instrumentality and Feminine Expressiveness: Their Relationships with Sex Role Attitudes and Behaviors
Data from the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) and the Personal Attributes Questionnaire (PAQ) Masculinity and Femininity scales have led to the hypothesis that androgynous individuals are more “behaviorally flexible” than others, manifesting both masculine and feminine role behaviors. Sex-role androgyny is also said to have other beneficial consequences such as high self esteem. The content of these instruments, however, is largely confined to soci…
The Attitudes Toward Women Scale and Attitude Change in College Students
To determine cohort changes in gender-role attitudes, responses to the 15-item form of the Attitudes Toward Women Scale (AWS; Spence & Helmreich, 1972a, 1978) were compared for students at the same university tested in 1972, 1976, 1980, and 1992. In both males and females, members of the 1992 cohort were the most egalitarian, and members of the 1972 cohort were the least egalitarian. In all groups, women were significantly less traditional in the…
Negative and positive components of psychological masculinity and femininity and their relationships to self-reports of neurotic and acting out behaviors
The many faces of androgyny: A reply to Locksley and Colten
Gender-related traits and gender ideology: Evidence for a multifactorial theory
Male (n = 95) and female (n = 221) college students were given 2 measures of gender-related personality traits, the Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI) and the Personal Attributes Questionnaire, and 3 measures of sex role attitudes. Correlations between the personality and the attitude measures were traced to responses to the pair of negatively correlated BSRI items, masculine and feminine, thus confirming a multifactorial approach to gender, as oppose…
Comparison of Masculine and Feminine Personality Attributes and Sex-Role Attitudes Across Age Groups
Masculinity and Femininity: Their Psychological Dimensions, Correlates, and Antecedents
Many societies assign sharply distinguished roles to men and women. Personality differences, as well as physical differences, between men and women are used to justify these different sex roles, and women are seen as more emotionally and interpersonally sensitive than men, while men are said to be more competent, achievement oriented, and assertive than women. A widely held view is that not only do men and women differ but that possession of "mas…
On assessing ?androgyny
Do The Bsri and Paq Measure the Same or Different Concepts
The present article assesses Frable's (1989) contention that the Personal Attributes Questionnaire (PAQ) measures only desirable instrumental and expressive characteristics, whereas the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) measures gender schema and related gender concepts. Comparison of the two instruments indicates, first, that they are similar in content and that the parallel M and F scales are substantially correlated. Further, the results obtained …
Masculine (Instrumental) and Feminine (Expressive) Traits: A Comparison between Students in the United States and West Germany
A German version of Spence and Helmreich's Extended Personal Attributes Questionnaire (EPAQ), a measure of socially desirable and undesirable components of "Masculine" instrumentality and "feminine" expressivity, was administered to three samples in West Germany to determine whether its psychometric properties in that setting were similar to those found in samples in the United States. Factor analyses and scale intercorrelations conducted on the …
Making it in academic psychology: Demographic and personality correlates of attainment
Citations to published work, personality, and demographic characteristics were examined in a sample of male and female academic psychologists. A large sex difference was found in citations with men receiving significantly more recognition. Reputational rankings of graduate school and current institution were significantly related to citations, as were components of achievement motivation. Mastery and work needs were positively related to citation…
Children's gender-related self-perceptions, activity preferences, and occupational stereotypes: A test of three models of gender constructs
Centrifugal versus centripetal tendencies in psychology: Will the center hold
Effects of dispositional dominance and sex role expectations on leadership behaviors
Implicit Theories of Masculinity and Femininity: Dualistic or Bipolar
The present study addressed the question of whether persons' implicit personality theories include the notion that the possession of masculine and feminine characteristics tend to preclude each other so that the two clusters of attributes are perceived to be negatively correlated. Subjects (college students) were given one of four basic descriptions of a group of men or women. These descriptions specified the presence or absence of “masculine” or…
Off With the Old, On With the New
Household responsibilities in middle-class couples: The contribution of demographic and personality variables
Psychological androgyny and sex role flexibility: A test of two hypotheses
Psychological determinants of health and performance: The tangled web of desirable and undesirable characteristics
Correlations were determined for male (n = 225) and female (n = 242) college students between sets of undesirable personality traits (anxiety, stress reactivity, anger, and alienation) and desirable personality traits (instrumentality, achievement strivings, and optimism measured by the Scheier-Carver [1987] Life Orientation Test), and a series of outcome variables related to health (self-reported health complaints and health maintenance behavior…
A Comparison of two Cohorts of College Students in Responses to the Male-Female Relations Questionnaire
Two cohorts of male and female introductory psychology students from the same university, tested in 1978 and 1992, were given the male or the female form of the Male-Female Relations Questionnaire (MFRQ; Spence, Helmreich, & Sawin, 1980), which assesses respondents' personal gender-role preferences and behaviors in interpersonal situations. In both genders, the means of the majority of MFRQ items decreased significantly from 1978 to 1992, but ite…
Gender-related traits and helping behaviors
Gender, prejudice, and categorization
The effect of different verbal reinforcement combinations on the verbal discrimination performance of schizophrenics
Effects of verbal reinforcement combination and instructional condition on performance of a problem-solving task
Sex and anxiety differences in eyelid conditioning
Published and unpublished data bearing on the relationship between eyelid conditioning performance and two subject variables, Ss' sex and their scores on the Manifest Anxiety Scale, were examined. Although the differences between groups were not always significant, particularly in the case of sex, the evidence from studies employing standard conditioning procedures revealed that in 23 out of 27 independent comparisons the performance of high anxi…
Psychology of Learning and Motivation: Advances in Research and Theory
Who Likes Competent Women? Competence, Sex‐Role Congruence of Interests, and Subjects' Attitudes Toward Women as Determinants of Interpersonal Attraction 1
Men ( N = 264) and women ( N = 343) students were shown one of 4 videotape versions of a female stimulus person (SP) being interviewed. The SP portrayed a Competent or Incompetent individual who was Feminine or Masculine in her interests. The S s, who had previously been given an Attitudes Toward Women Scale (AWS, Spence & Helmreich, 1972) rated the SP on several characteristics, including likability. A 2 × 2 ANOVA indicated that women S s signif…
Verbal and nonverbal rewards and punishments in the discrimination learning of children of varying socioeconomic status
A short version of the Attitudes toward Women Scale (AWS)
Inferences about the femininity of competent women and their implications for likability
Ratings of self and peers on sex role attributes and their relation to self-esteem and conceptions of masculinity and femininity
Male (N = 248) and female (N = 282) subjects were given the Personal Attributes Questionnaire consisting of 55 bipolar attributes drawn from the Sex Role Stereotype Questionnaire by Rosenkrantz, Vogel, Bee, Broverman, and Broverman and were asked to rate themselves and then to compare directly the typical male and female college student. Self-ratings were divided into male-valued (stereotypically masculine attributes judged more desirable for bot…
Masculinity and Femininity: Their Psychological Dimensions, Correlates, and Antecedents
Many societies assign sharply distinguished roles to men and women. Personality differences, as well as physical differences, between men and women are used to justify these different sex roles, and women are seen as more emotionally and interpersonally sensitive than men, while men are said to be more competent, achievement oriented, and assertive than women. A widely held view is that not only do men and women differ but that possession of "mas…
Implicit Theories of Masculinity and Femininity: Dualistic or Bipolar
The present study addressed the question of whether persons' implicit personality theories include the notion that the possession of masculine and feminine characteristics tend to preclude each other so that the two clusters of attributes are perceived to be negatively correlated. Subjects (college students) were given one of four basic descriptions of a group of men or women. These descriptions specified the presence or absence of “masculine” or…
On assessing ?androgyny
The many faces of androgyny: A reply to Locksley and Colten
The many faces of androgyny: A reply to Locksley and Colten
Comparison of Masculine and Feminine Personality Attributes and Sex-Role Attitudes Across Age Groups
Psychological androgyny and sex role flexibility: A test of two hypotheses
Negative and positive components of psychological masculinity and femininity and their relationships to self-reports of neurotic and acting out behaviors
Masculine Instrumentality and Feminine Expressiveness: Their Relationships with Sex Role Attitudes and Behaviors
Data from the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) and the Personal Attributes Questionnaire (PAQ) Masculinity and Femininity scales have led to the hypothesis that androgynous individuals are more “behaviorally flexible” than others, manifesting both masculine and feminine role behaviors. Sex-role androgyny is also said to have other beneficial consequences such as high self esteem. The content of these instruments, however, is largely confined to soci…
Androgyny
Making it in academic psychology: Demographic and personality correlates of attainment
Citations to published work, personality, and demographic characteristics were examined in a sample of male and female academic psychologists. A large sex difference was found in citations with men receiving significantly more recognition. Reputational rankings of graduate school and current institution were significantly related to citations, as were components of achievement motivation. Mastery and work needs were positively related to citation…
A psychometric analysis of the Personal Attributes Questionnaire
Masculine (Instrumental) and Feminine (Expressive) Traits: A Comparison between Students in the United States and West Germany
A German version of Spence and Helmreich's Extended Personal Attributes Questionnaire (EPAQ), a measure of socially desirable and undesirable components of "Masculine" instrumentality and "feminine" expressivity, was administered to three samples in West Germany to determine whether its psychometric properties in that setting were similar to those found in samples in the United States. Factor analyses and scale intercorrelations conducted on the …
Gender differences in productivity and impact
Gender differences in productivity and impact
Beyond face validity: A comment on Nicholls, Licht, and Pearl
In their discussion of the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI; Bem, 1974) and the Personal Attributes Questionnaire (PAQ; Spence and Helmrich, 1978), Nicholls, et al. (1982) blur two issues. The first concerns the legitimacy of equating the clusters of gender-related personality traits tapped by these instruments with the global constructs of masculinity and feminity. The second concerns item similarity between the PAQ and BSRI M scales and measures of…
Psychology (43 works) · Social Psychology (37 works) · Gender Roles and Identity Studies (31 works) · Developmental psychology (29 works) · Social Psychology (28 works) · Masculinity (19 works) · Personality (16 works) · Psychoanalysis (16 works) · Androgyny (14 works) · Femininity (12 works)