C M Tolbert
Biographic Data
| ID | 20505 |
|---|---|
| NAME | C M Tolbert |
| GIVEN NAMES | C M |
| FAMILY NAME | Tolbert |
| SIGNATURE | TOLBERT C M |
| AFFILIATIONS | Baylor University |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-7063-8542 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 44 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 697 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 44 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1968 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 12 |
The Propensity of Veteran-Owned Firms to Provide Employee Benefit Programs: A Test of Military Imprinting Versus Business Pragmatism
Do military veterans carry a unique cultural ethos into their entrepreneurial ventures? One theory, military imprinting, suggests their culture of support leads to more generous employee benefits. An alternative view credits business pragmatism, where market constraints dictate such decisions. This study tests these competing theories using the Annual Survey of Entrepreneurs (ASE) ( N ≈ 139,000). After controlling for numerous factors, we found a…
Bank on it: Do Local Banks Contribute to Rural Community Prosperity
Recent research on the restructuring of the financial industry from local banks to interstate conglomerates has raised questions about the impact on nonmetropolitan economies. In this paper, we develop two competing hypotheses and scrutinize the impact of local bank concentration (percent banks that are locally headquartered) on four measures of economic growth from 1980 to 2010 in metropolitan, micropolitan, and non-core Commuting Zones (CZs). W…
Self-employment and Civic Inclination
We test whether the self-employed have higher levels of civic inclination (trust, political activism, community closeness, community participation) compared to workers from the private sector. We examine the civic inclinations of the self-employed with two national cross-sectional data sets. We use a variety of discrete and continuous regression models. We find that the self-employed have higher levels of political activism, feel closer to neighb…
Oil and gas development and small business lending in U.S. nonmetropolitan counties
How does the presence or absence of small business loans affect the emergence and development of rural businesses in traditionally underserved areas? Further, how has capital-intensive oil and gas development contributed to these lending patterns? In our ongoing work, we have established that locally oriented businesses such as small manufacturing establishments and retail outlets are associated with many beneficial local outcomes and promote non…
A Longitudinal Analysis of Personal Economic Anxiety, Concern for the National Economy, and Distrust of Government Spending
We conduct a longitudinal assessment of the effect of personal and national economic anxiety on distrust of government spending using the American National Election Studies, 1988 to 2016. Over the long haul, we find that national economic anxiety is a consistent predictor of approval of government spending. In recent times, we also observe an increasing saliency of personal economic anxiety when it comes to attitudes about government spending. Af…
Community Banks and Loans for Nonmetropolitan Businesses: A Multilevel Analysis from the 2007 Survey of Business Owners
Access to financial capital is vital for the sustainability of the local business sector in nonmetropolitan communities. In this article we develop two hypotheses and examine the impact of financial sector restructuring on the odds of using a bank loan to finance a new business or expand an existing business. Focusing on nonmetropolitan American businesses, we connect restricted tabulations of the 2007 Survey of Business Owners to data on the com…
Bringing the Congregations Back in: Religious Markets, Congregational Density, and American Religious Participation
We draw on the organizational ecology tradition to frame the relationship between the religious environment of a community and local religious participation. Prior research linking religious environments to religious participation downplays a key organizational aspect of religion: the congregation. Following the organizational ecology usage of density, we argue that congregational density-the number of congregations per person within a community-…
Restructuring of the Financial Industry: The Disappearance of Locally Owned Traditional Financial Services in RuralAmerica
Restructuring in the financial services industry has altered the relationship between small business owners and capital. In the past small businesses have relied on relational, or soft data, lending from locally owned banks for capital. The proliferation of absentee-owned local branch networks brought standardized practices, thus eliminating the autonomy of local loan officers to utilize soft data in loan decisions. In this article we examine the…
College Graduates, Local Retailers, and Community Belonging in the United States
How do communities retain their highly educated residents? Do local retailers play a role? This study addresses these questions using confidential U.S. census data on locally-oriented retail employment and county-level public-use files. Hierarchical linear modeling is employed to test hypotheses derived from prior research on civic community and migration. The results confirm that state-level local retail employment buffers the extent to which co…
From Obama to Osama: Image of God and Trust in Muslims among the Highly Religious in the United States
Although Muslims in the United States are highly assimilated into American society, they represent less than 1 percent of the total population. Therefore, most of the information Americans receive about this group comes from secondary sources. Two theoretical perspectives of opinion formation—image of God and low information rationality—shed light on the subject of trust in this marginalized group. For highly religious Americans, nearly two-third…
Measuring Migration: Profiling Residential Mobility across Two Decades
The demography of a local population is a central aspect of applied social science research. Although birth and death rates influence a population, the key contributing factor influencing the demographics of a locality is almost always internal migration—the movement of persons between U.S. regions, states, and localities. Current definitions of internal migration used by the U.S. Census Bureau are limited because confidentiality restrictions req…
Recent Immigrant Settlement in the Nonmetropolitan United States: Evidence from Internal Census Data
In the 1990s, studies have documented widespread growth of immigrants in U.S. communities not known as common destinations in the past. This trend has fueled population growth in some nonmetropolitan areas and offset population decline in other areas. In this paper, we examine the implications of recent foreign born in-migration for rural America. Our focus is on a collection of 59 nonmetropolitan counties where growth in foreign born stock offse…
Minding Our Own Business: Local Retail Establishments and the Future of Southern Civic Community
The civic community perspective focuses on local social and economic institutions that buffer communities from external, often global forces. Important community organizations such as locally oriented business establishments, civic organizations, associations, and churches are emphasized. These critical entities are posited to benefit a community through an enhanced quality of life, more civic engagement by the citizenry, and a strong capacity fo…
Federal Public Investment Spending and Economic Development in Appalachiai
This analysis examines the relationship between federal public investment spending and economic development in the special case of Appalachia. We propose that the effects of federal public investment spending on economic development operate indirectly through private capital accumulation. We use a spatial lag regression model to test our ideas for the 1980s and the 1990s. In the first step, we show that average federal public investment spending …
Why People Stay: The Impact of Community Context on Nonmigration in the USA
La plupart des travaux sur les migrations américaines reposent sur des explications de la mobilité au niveau individuel. Notre étude va plus loin en examinant l’effet du contexte local sur les probabilités de ne pas migrer entre 1985 et 1990. En utilisant les données individuelles extraites des bulletins complets du recensement de 1990, nous rattachons les adultes recensés en 1990 à leur comté de résidence en 1985. Ensuite, en exploitant les cara…
Why People Stay: The Impact of Community Context on Nonmigration in the USA
Michael Irwin, Troy Blanchard, Charles Tolbert, Alfred Nucci, Thomas Lyson, Why People Stay: The Impact of Community Context on Nonmigration in the USA, Population (English Edition, 2002-), Vol. 59, No. 5 (Sep. - Oct., 2004), pp. 567-591
Pourquoi certains ne migrent pas: L'impact du contexte local sur la sédentarité aux États-Unis
La plupart des travaux sur les migrations américaines reposent sur des explications de la mobilité au niveau individuel. Notre étude va plus loin en examinant l’effet du contexte local sur les probabilités de ne pas migrer entre 1985 et 1990. En utilisant les données individuelles extraites des bulletins complets du recensement de 1990, nous rattachons les adultes recensés en 1990 à leur comté de résidence en 1985. Ensuite, en exploitant les cara…
Suburban Sprawl, Regional Diffusion, and the Fate of Small Retailers in a Large Retail Environment, 1977–1996
Research on the decline of public life in the United States has largely overlooked the role of Main Street retailers that provide public spaces for the maintenance of informal social ties. A central factor shaping the viability of small retailers is the development of big box chain stores that offer one-stop shopping and price out smaller competitors. Although prior studies have considered the transition from small to large retailers as a nationa…
Civic Community in Small-Town America: How Civic Welfare Is Influenced by Local Capitalism and Civic Engagement
The aims of this paper are twofold: first, to gain a fuller understanding of factors that foster community cohesion and contribute to the residents' social and economic well-being; and, second, to move beyond previous research that used larger spatial units such as states, counties, or aggregates of counties and to focus instead on American small towns (population 2,500-20,000). The data on small towns are drawn from public-use files and from con…
Transformations of High-Tech Labor Markets and Socioeconomic Inequalities
In this paper we examine the reorganization of work in labor markets dominated by the presence of high-technology industries from 1980 to 1990. Using Public Use Microdata Samples, we identify trends in spatial, industrial, occupational, gender, and racial divisions of labor and their effects on earnings inequality. Patterns in these changing work structures are linked to both general and specific theories of labor market development, structures, …
There's No Place like Home: Nonmigration and Civic Engagement
Demographic stability in local areas is achieved by maintaining a population core that does not move. However, relatively little is known about contextual factors related to nonmigration. What research exists on nonmigration suggests that the factors anchoring people to places may be different than the factors that are primary determinants of migration. In this paper we discuss the social foundations that anchor people to places and present an an…
Local Capitalism, Civic Engagement, and Socioeconomic Well-Being
This analysis is designed to extend a newly emerging body of social stratification research grounded in theories of civil society. The goal of this larger body of research and writing is to provide an alternative social and economic development paradigm to the dominant neoclassical/rational choice/human capital perspective. In an economic world woven together by global market forces, local social structures can become key variables that influence…
Small Manufacturing and Nonmetropolitan Socioeconomic Well-Being
We build on earlier work by Mills and Ulmer in which characteristics of the local economic base, particularly establishment size, were related to civic welfare. They posit that small business is 'good' for local community welfare, whereas big business is 'bad' for it. Data from County Business Patterns and various population censuses are used to examine this issue for US nonmetropolitan counties. With regression procedures adjusted for spatial au…
Work in the Fast Lane: Flexibility, Divisions of Labor, and Inequality in High-Tech Industries
Work in the Fast Lane: Flexibility, Divisions of Labor, and Inequality in High-Tech Industries
Stratification in a Dual Economy: A Sectoral Model of Earnings Determination
Hughes, E. C. 1966 making of a physician; general statement of ideas and problems. Pp. 96-9 in W. R. Scott and E. H. Volkart (eds.), Medical Care. New York: Wiley. Kemeny, John G. and J. L. Snell 1960 Finite Markov Chains. Princeton: Van Nostrand. Mayer, Thomas F. 1972 Models of intergenerational mobility. Pp. 308-57 in J. Berger, M. Zelditch, Jr. and B. Anderson (eds.), Sociological Theories in Progress, Vol. 2. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Merton,…
The Structure of Economic Segmentation: A Dual Economy Approach
We note the need for a measure of economic segmentation based on current empirical data for a range of theoretically relevant indicators. Drawing on a dual economy interpretation of the relationship between economic organization and labor market structure, we identify a set of empirical indicators which relate to the degree of oligopoly versus competition in industrial settings. We use factor analysis to test the dual economists' expectation of a…
Civic Community in Small-Town America: How Civic Welfare Is Influenced by Local Capitalism and Civic Engagement
The aims of this paper are twofold: first, to gain a fuller understanding of factors that foster community cohesion and contribute to the residents' social and economic well-being; and, second, to move beyond previous research that used larger spatial units such as states, counties, or aggregates of counties and to focus instead on American small towns (population 2,500-20,000). The data on small towns are drawn from public-use files and from con…
Local Capitalism, Civic Engagement, and Socioeconomic Well-Being
This analysis is designed to extend a newly emerging body of social stratification research grounded in theories of civil society. The goal of this larger body of research and writing is to provide an alternative social and economic development paradigm to the dominant neoclassical/rational choice/human capital perspective. In an economic world woven together by global market forces, local social structures can become key variables that influence…
Recent Immigrant Settlement in the Nonmetropolitan United States: Evidence from Internal Census Data
In the 1990s, studies have documented widespread growth of immigrants in U.S. communities not known as common destinations in the past. This trend has fueled population growth in some nonmetropolitan areas and offset population decline in other areas. In this paper, we examine the implications of recent foreign born in-migration for rural America. Our focus is on a collection of 59 nonmetropolitan counties where growth in foreign born stock offse…
Industrial Segmentation and Men's Career Mobility
Industrial Segmentation and Labor Market Discrimination
The economic segmentation literature suggests two mechanisms by which the inferior position of minority within the socioeconomic structure of industrial capitalism is perpetuated. The first is the differential allocation of minority labor to different segments of the industrial economy, and the second is the differential evaluation of minority credentials within different industrial segments. Using data from the 1976 Current Population Survey we …
There's No Place like Home: Nonmigration and Civic Engagement
Demographic stability in local areas is achieved by maintaining a population core that does not move. However, relatively little is known about contextual factors related to nonmigration. What research exists on nonmigration suggests that the factors anchoring people to places may be different than the factors that are primary determinants of migration. In this paper we discuss the social foundations that anchor people to places and present an an…
Small Manufacturing and Nonmetropolitan Socioeconomic Well-Being
We build on earlier work by Mills and Ulmer in which characteristics of the local economic base, particularly establishment size, were related to civic welfare. They posit that small business is 'good' for local community welfare, whereas big business is 'bad' for it. Data from County Business Patterns and various population censuses are used to examine this issue for US nonmetropolitan counties. With regression procedures adjusted for spatial au…
Social Stratification in Industrial Society: Further Evidence for a Structural Alternative
Minding Our Own Business: Local Retail Establishments and the Future of Southern Civic Community
The civic community perspective focuses on local social and economic institutions that buffer communities from external, often global forces. Important community organizations such as locally oriented business establishments, civic organizations, associations, and churches are emphasized. These critical entities are posited to benefit a community through an enhanced quality of life, more civic engagement by the citizenry, and a strong capacity fo…
Earnings Inequality in the Nonmetropolitan United States: 1967-19901
Nonmetropolitan (nonmetro) inequality patterns are contrasted with those of metropolitan (metro) areas to assess the utility of neoclassical and restructuring theoretical frameworks. Inequality measures are constructed from March Current Population Surveys for the years 1968-1991. Results indicate that inequality is greater in nonmetro areas than in metro areas. Results of decomposition procedures suggest that the observed inequality is due to a …
Restructuring of the Financial Industry: The Disappearance of Locally Owned Traditional Financial Services in RuralAmerica
Restructuring in the financial services industry has altered the relationship between small business owners and capital. In the past small businesses have relied on relational, or soft data, lending from locally owned banks for capital. The proliferation of absentee-owned local branch networks brought standardized practices, thus eliminating the autonomy of local loan officers to utilize soft data in loan decisions. In this article we examine the…
From Obama to Osama: Image of God and Trust in Muslims among the Highly Religious in the United States
Although Muslims in the United States are highly assimilated into American society, they represent less than 1 percent of the total population. Therefore, most of the information Americans receive about this group comes from secondary sources. Two theoretical perspectives of opinion formation—image of God and low information rationality—shed light on the subject of trust in this marginalized group. For highly religious Americans, nearly two-third…
The Circle Has No Close
Suburban Sprawl, Regional Diffusion, and the Fate of Small Retailers in a Large Retail Environment, 1977–1996
Research on the decline of public life in the United States has largely overlooked the role of Main Street retailers that provide public spaces for the maintenance of informal social ties. A central factor shaping the viability of small retailers is the development of big box chain stores that offer one-stop shopping and price out smaller competitors. Although prior studies have considered the transition from small to large retailers as a nationa…
Bringing the Congregations Back in: Religious Markets, Congregational Density, and American Religious Participation
We draw on the organizational ecology tradition to frame the relationship between the religious environment of a community and local religious participation. Prior research linking religious environments to religious participation downplays a key organizational aspect of religion: the congregation. Following the organizational ecology usage of density, we argue that congregational density-the number of congregations per person within a community-…
Pourquoi certains ne migrent pas: L'impact du contexte local sur la sédentarité aux États-Unis
La plupart des travaux sur les migrations américaines reposent sur des explications de la mobilité au niveau individuel. Notre étude va plus loin en examinant l’effet du contexte local sur les probabilités de ne pas migrer entre 1985 et 1990. En utilisant les données individuelles extraites des bulletins complets du recensement de 1990, nous rattachons les adultes recensés en 1990 à leur comté de résidence en 1985. Ensuite, en exploitant les cara…
Why People Stay: The Impact of Community Context on Nonmigration in the USA
La plupart des travaux sur les migrations américaines reposent sur des explications de la mobilité au niveau individuel. Notre étude va plus loin en examinant l’effet du contexte local sur les probabilités de ne pas migrer entre 1985 et 1990. En utilisant les données individuelles extraites des bulletins complets du recensement de 1990, nous rattachons les adultes recensés en 1990 à leur comté de résidence en 1985. Ensuite, en exploitant les cara…
Community Banks and Loans for Nonmetropolitan Businesses: A Multilevel Analysis from the 2007 Survey of Business Owners
Access to financial capital is vital for the sustainability of the local business sector in nonmetropolitan communities. In this article we develop two hypotheses and examine the impact of financial sector restructuring on the odds of using a bank loan to finance a new business or expand an existing business. Focusing on nonmetropolitan American businesses, we connect restricted tabulations of the 2007 Survey of Business Owners to data on the com…
College Graduates, Local Retailers, and Community Belonging in the United States
How do communities retain their highly educated residents? Do local retailers play a role? This study addresses these questions using confidential U.S. census data on locally-oriented retail employment and county-level public-use files. Hierarchical linear modeling is employed to test hypotheses derived from prior research on civic community and migration. The results confirm that state-level local retail employment buffers the extent to which co…
High Technology, Work, and Inequality in Southern Labor Markets
The relationship among high-technology industrialization, skill levels, and economic inequality is the subject of considerable controversy among social scientists and policymakers. We explore these relationships in this article, drawing on classic post-industrial, skill upgrading, and deskilling debates. Using several types of local labor markets in the South, we compare high-tech workers to other workers with respect to industrial, occupational,…
Self-employment and Civic Inclination
We test whether the self-employed have higher levels of civic inclination (trust, political activism, community closeness, community participation) compared to workers from the private sector. We examine the civic inclinations of the self-employed with two national cross-sectional data sets. We use a variety of discrete and continuous regression models. We find that the self-employed have higher levels of political activism, feel closer to neighb…
Transformations of High-Tech Labor Markets and Socioeconomic Inequalities
In this paper we examine the reorganization of work in labor markets dominated by the presence of high-technology industries from 1980 to 1990. Using Public Use Microdata Samples, we identify trends in spatial, industrial, occupational, gender, and racial divisions of labor and their effects on earnings inequality. Patterns in these changing work structures are linked to both general and specific theories of labor market development, structures, …
SocialScene and SocialTrend
Why Black Power? By Joseph R. Barndt. New York: Friendship Press, 1968. 122 pp. $.95
Journal Article Why Black Power? By Joseph R. Barndt. New York: Friendship Press, 1968. 122 pp. $.95 Get access Charles M. Tolbert Charles M. Tolbert Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of Church and State, Volume 10, Issue 3, Autumn 1968, Page 485, https://doi.org/10.1093/jcs/10.3.485-a Published: 01 October 1968
Stratification in a Dual Economy: A Sectoral Model of Earnings Determination
Hughes, E. C. 1966 making of a physician; general statement of ideas and problems. Pp. 96-9 in W. R. Scott and E. H. Volkart (eds.), Medical Care. New York: Wiley. Kemeny, John G. and J. L. Snell 1960 Finite Markov Chains. Princeton: Van Nostrand. Mayer, Thomas F. 1972 Models of intergenerational mobility. Pp. 308-57 in J. Berger, M. Zelditch, Jr. and B. Anderson (eds.), Sociological Theories in Progress, Vol. 2. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Merton,…
Social Stratification in Industrial Society: Further Evidence for a Structural Alternative
Industrial Segmentation and Labor Market Discrimination
The economic segmentation literature suggests two mechanisms by which the inferior position of minority within the socioeconomic structure of industrial capitalism is perpetuated. The first is the differential allocation of minority labor to different segments of the industrial economy, and the second is the differential evaluation of minority credentials within different industrial segments. Using data from the 1976 Current Population Survey we …
The Structure of Economic Segmentation: A Dual Economy Approach
We note the need for a measure of economic segmentation based on current empirical data for a range of theoretically relevant indicators. Drawing on a dual economy interpretation of the relationship between economic organization and labor market structure, we identify a set of empirical indicators which relate to the degree of oligopoly versus competition in industrial settings. We use factor analysis to test the dual economists' expectation of a…
The Circle Has No Close
Industrial Segmentation and Men's Career Mobility
Industrial Segmentation and Men's Intergenerational Mobility
This paper analyzes the relation between industrial segmentation and men's intergenerational occupational mobility. A conventional mobility analysis is undertaken which employs a widely used American mobility data set, recently derived occupation categories for these data, and a two-sector, dual economy scheme of industrial segmentation. Preliminary findings indicate that slightly more than half of the men are employed in the same industrial sect…
Industrial Segmentation and Men's Intergenerational Mobility
Sport, Culture, and the Modern State
The Organization of Work in Rural and Urban Labor Markets
The Organization of Work in Rural and Urban Labor Markets
Changing Fortunes: Industrial Sectors and Workers' Earnings
Tables and Figures Preface Acknowledgments The Problem of Conflict and Change Transformation: The View from Academic Sociology Transformation: The New Structuralist View Age, Earnings and Change Within Economic Sectors Data and Decisions Regarding Analysis The Effects of Economic Change on Earnings Social Change and Social Inequality Appendix A: Industries, Detailed Census Codes, and Sectoral Assignment Appendix B: Supplementary Data Appendix C: …
Structures of Inequality: A Study of Stratification within Work Organizations
SocialScene and SocialTrend
Employment Futures: Reorganization, Dislocation, and Public Policy
High Technology, Work, and Inequality in Southern Labor Markets
The relationship among high-technology industrialization, skill levels, and economic inequality is the subject of considerable controversy among social scientists and policymakers. We explore these relationships in this article, drawing on classic post-industrial, skill upgrading, and deskilling debates. Using several types of local labor markets in the South, we compare high-tech workers to other workers with respect to industrial, occupational,…
Earnings Inequality in the Nonmetropolitan United States: 1967-19901
Nonmetropolitan (nonmetro) inequality patterns are contrasted with those of metropolitan (metro) areas to assess the utility of neoclassical and restructuring theoretical frameworks. Inequality measures are constructed from March Current Population Surveys for the years 1968-1991. Results indicate that inequality is greater in nonmetro areas than in metro areas. Results of decomposition procedures suggest that the observed inequality is due to a …
Work in the Fast Lane: Flexibility, Divisions of Labor, and Inequality in High-Tech Industries
Work in the Fast Lane: Flexibility, Divisions of Labor, and Inequality in High-Tech Industries
Work in the Fast Lane: Flexibility, Divisions of Labor, and Inequality in High-Tech Industries
Small Manufacturing and Nonmetropolitan Socioeconomic Well-Being
We build on earlier work by Mills and Ulmer in which characteristics of the local economic base, particularly establishment size, were related to civic welfare. They posit that small business is 'good' for local community welfare, whereas big business is 'bad' for it. Data from County Business Patterns and various population censuses are used to examine this issue for US nonmetropolitan counties. With regression procedures adjusted for spatial au…
Local Capitalism, Civic Engagement, and Socioeconomic Well-Being
This analysis is designed to extend a newly emerging body of social stratification research grounded in theories of civil society. The goal of this larger body of research and writing is to provide an alternative social and economic development paradigm to the dominant neoclassical/rational choice/human capital perspective. In an economic world woven together by global market forces, local social structures can become key variables that influence…
There's No Place like Home: Nonmigration and Civic Engagement
Demographic stability in local areas is achieved by maintaining a population core that does not move. However, relatively little is known about contextual factors related to nonmigration. What research exists on nonmigration suggests that the factors anchoring people to places may be different than the factors that are primary determinants of migration. In this paper we discuss the social foundations that anchor people to places and present an an…
Transformations of High-Tech Labor Markets and Socioeconomic Inequalities
In this paper we examine the reorganization of work in labor markets dominated by the presence of high-technology industries from 1980 to 1990. Using Public Use Microdata Samples, we identify trends in spatial, industrial, occupational, gender, and racial divisions of labor and their effects on earnings inequality. Patterns in these changing work structures are linked to both general and specific theories of labor market development, structures, …
Economics (35 works) · Political science (25 works) · Sociology (24 works) · Demographic economics (14 works) · Urban, Neighborhood, and Segregation Studies (14 works) · Economic growth (13 works) · Labour economics (13 works) · Business (12 works) · Geography (12 works) · Law (11 works)