Durk Gorter
Biographic Data
| ID | 205613 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Durk Gorter |
| GIVEN NAMES | Durk |
| FAMILY NAME | Gorter |
| SIGNATURE | GORTER D |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of the Basque Country |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-8379-558X |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 63 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 458 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 59 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 4 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1984 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 10 |
Translanguaging through a minority language lens
Translanguaging is a widely used concept in bilingual and multilingual education. Originating in the bilingual education context of Wales, it was initially conceived as a pedagogical strategy for developing linguistic and academic skills in both Welsh and English. Over time, however, the concept has been expanded and reinterpreted along diverse conceptual, pedagogical, and social lines. This article examines translanguaging from the perspective o…
Minority Languages in Education
The main issues surrounding minority languages in education contexts are discussed in this contribution. It starts off by mentioning some general aspects and some dimensions of definition. The focus is on regional minority languages in Europe, although it is relevant for contexts worldwide. The first section discusses the rights of minority languages in various international legal instruments, such as those put forward by UNESCO, OSCE, Council of…
The potential of pedagogical translanguaging in English language and in English-medium content classes
English is learned at school but there are significant differences in proficiency in Europe. • English proficiency among young people has improved but it can be linked to socioeconomic status. • Pedagogical translanguaging has the potential to reduce inequalities. • Pedagogical translanguaging can develop metalinguistic awareness. English is learned by most students in Europe but there are significant differences regarding proficiency in English …
Pedagogical translanguaging: A substantive approach
A Panorama of Linguistic Landscape Studies
This book provides an overview of how the field of Linguistic Landscape Studies has emerged and developed over the past 20 years, combined with an in-depth exploration of the theoretical approaches, innovative research methods and major themes that have been central to this dynamic area of research.
Pedagogical translanguaging and teachers’ perceptions of anxiety
The concept of translanguaging is widely used in studies on multilingualism and language learning nowadays and it is important to distinguish between spontaneous translanguaging and pedagogical translanguaging. Spontaneous translanguaging refers to the discursive practices of multilingual speakers that have not been planned by the teacher and which take place both at school and outside school. Pedagogical translanguaging refers to pedagogical str…
Research Methods: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches
The improvement and expansion of higher education have been priorities of our national development in Kenya.Within a span of thirty five years since independence, we have witnessed the creation of five public universities.Several private universities have also been established.In our national universities, more professional programmes have been developed at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels and several departments now offer Ph.D programm…
Linguistic Landscape Studies
Linguistic landscape research is an emerging field of applied linguistics. In recent years, increasing numbers of researchers have analyzed the texts on signs in public spaces in different sociolinguistic contexts around the world. These contexts are predominantly urban and multilingual. Current research covers a series of innovative empirical and theoretical studies that deal with important themes such as language policy, the spread of English, …
Panorama of Linguistic Landscape Studies
Pedagogical Translanguaging
Learning through the medium of a second or additional language is becoming very common in different parts of the world because of the increasing use of English as the language of instruction and the mobility of populations. This situation demands a specific approach that considers multilingualism as its core. Pedagogical translanguaging is a theoretical and instructional approach that aims at improving language and content competences in school c…
Pedagogical Translanguaging and Its Application to Language Classes
Pedagogical translanguaging refers to the use of different planned strategies based on activating students’ resources from their whole linguistic repertoire . The aim of this article is to examine the theoretical foundations of pedagogical translanguaging and its application in the classroom. The core characteristics of pedagogical translanguaging will be discussed in relation to the languages, students and programmes. Pedagogical translanguaging…
Enhancing bilingual resources in third language acquisition: Towards pedagogical translanguaging
Third language acquisition in educational contexts is nowadays expanding in monolingual and multilingual contexts. One reason is the mobility of the population that results in an increasing number of home languages that are different from the school languages. Another reason is the spread of the teaching of English as a third language in multilingual school contexts where two other languages are also taught. Third language acquisition is a comple…
Developing cognate awareness through pedagogical translanguaging
This article is on pedagogical translanguaging, understood as planned instructional strategies used with a pedagogical purpose in a multilingual educational context. The paper reports a study on cognate identification and cognate awareness carried out in a multilingual primary school. The study aims at analyzing whether the identification of cognates in three languages is related to linguistic factors and to teaching. The relationship between tea…
Linguistic Landscape Studies
Linguistic landscape research is an emerging field of applied linguistics. In recent years increasing numbers of researchers have analyzed the texts on signs in public spaces in different sociolinguistic contexts around the world. These contexts are predominantly urban and multilingual. Current research covers a series of innovative empirical and theoretical studies that deal with important themes such as language policy, the spread of English, m…
Theoretical development of linguistic landscape studies
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Developing morphological awareness across languages: Translanguaging pedagogies in third language acquisition
This article focuses on the development of morphological awareness in English as a third language. It analyses how the activation of previous linguistic knowledge can influence morphological awareness. Participants were 104 primary school students who were learning English as a third language and were already fluent in two other languages, Basque and Spanish. Participants in the experimental group took part in a pedagogical intervention aiming at…
Implementing translanguaging pedagogies in an English medium instruction course
English medium education at university level is widely used in different contexts and it poses a challenge for students who are not used to studying through the medium of English. This study was carried out in a university in the Basque Country in Spain and it focuses on a course where students who are mostly Basque–Spanish bilinguals are taught through the medium of English. The course teacher applies a flexible language policy allowing for the …
Pedagogical translanguaging: An introduction
Teachers’ beliefs about multilingualism in a course on translanguaging
In recent years new ideas about multilingualism and translanguaging have been widely debated in applied linguistics and sociolinguistics. A growing number of studies have investigated different aspects of translanguaging. Thus far only a few studies have focused on teachers’ beliefs, attitudes or ideologies. In an earlier study, we found monolingual assumptions to be strong among teachers in the Basque Country and in Friesland. In the current stu…
Teaching English through pedagogical translanguaging
Teaching English has traditionally been associated with a monolingual bias and the exclusive use of English in the classroom is highly recommended in different countries. Nowadays English is widely used to teach academic content and this strict separation of languages can be problematic because it prevents students from using resources they have previously acquired in other languages (Cenoz & Gorter, 2015; Kubota, 2018). In this article we discus…
Multilingualism, Translanguaging, and Minority Languages in SLA
THE STUDY OF SECOND LANGUAGE acquisition (SLA) has seen important developments in the last decades, including far-reaching reflection processes that question its scope, method, and aims. One of the most influential articles was published by Firth and Wagner (1997) who highlighted the role of the social context. The Douglas Fir Group (DFG) article (2016) also highlights the role of the social context and proposes a new transdisciplinary framework …
Multilingual professionals in internationally operating companies: Tensions in their linguistic repertoire
Several studies on multilingualism in the workplace have emphasized the role of English as a lingua franca. Other studies have paid attention to the interaction between English and local languages in workplaces where global orientations and local languages co-occur. The present study focuses on internationally oriented workplaces in the bilingual Basque Autonomous Community (BAC). The study aims to analyze the use of the minority language Basque …
Language education policy and multilingual assessment
In this article, we establish direct links between language policy on the one hand and assessment in multilingual contexts on the other hand. We illustrate the bi-directional relationship with the examples of the USA, Canada, and the Basque Country. That comparison is placed in the context of the changing views about the use of languages in education where a shift can be observed away from an emphasis on separating languages to approaches that mo…
Communicative anxiety in English as a third language
The present study focuses on the link between three factors, proficiency, language certificates and bilingualism, and levels of communicative anxiety in the third language (English) in two groups of adult users, university students and young professionals. The first group consisted of 217 university students who were enrolled at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) and the second group consisted of 135 young professionals working in com…
Challenging Minority Language Isolation: Translanguaging in a Trilingual School in the Basque Country
Learning two or more languages at school is quite common all over Europe, but languages are often isolated from each other. This pedagogical practice is in contrast to the way multilingual speakers use their whole linguistic repertoire when communicating in social contexts. These multilingual solitudes are challenged when translanguaging pedagogies are used and multilingual students are allowed to use the resources in their linguistic repertoire.…
Linguistic Landscape and Minority Languages
This paper focuses on the linguistic landscape of two streets in two multilingual cities in Friesland (Netherlands) and the Basque Country (Spain) where a minority language is spoken, Basque or Frisian. The paper analyses the use of the minority language (Basque or Frisian), the state language (Spanish or Dutch) and English as an international language on language signs. It compares the use of these languages as related to the differences in lang…
Linguistic Landscapes in a Multilingual World
This article offers an overview of the main developments in the field of linguistic landscape studies. A large number of research projects and publications indicate an increasing interest in applied linguistics in the use of written texts in urban spaces, especially in bilingual and multilingual settings. The article looks into some of the pioneer studies that helped open up this line of research and summarizes some of the studies that created th…
Minority languages and sustainable translanguaging: Threat or opportunity
Traditionally, languages have been separated from each other in the school curriculum and there has been little consideration for resources that learners possess as emergent multilinguals. This policy is aimed at the protection of minority languages and has sought to avoid cross-linguistic influence and codeswitching. However, these ideas have been challenged by current multilingual ideologies in a society that is becoming more globalised. Within…
Introduction: The Study of the Linguistic Landscape as a New Approach to Multilingualism
(2006). Introduction: The Study of the Linguistic Landscape as a New Approach to Multilingualism. International Journal of Multilingualism: Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 1-6
Pedagogical translanguaging: An introduction
Multilingualism, Translanguaging, and Minority Languages in SLA
THE STUDY OF SECOND LANGUAGE acquisition (SLA) has seen important developments in the last decades, including far-reaching reflection processes that question its scope, method, and aims. One of the most influential articles was published by Firth and Wagner (1997) who highlighted the role of the social context. The Douglas Fir Group (DFG) article (2016) also highlights the role of the social context and proposes a new transdisciplinary framework …
Teachers’ beliefs about multilingualism in a course on translanguaging
In recent years new ideas about multilingualism and translanguaging have been widely debated in applied linguistics and sociolinguistics. A growing number of studies have investigated different aspects of translanguaging. Thus far only a few studies have focused on teachers’ beliefs, attitudes or ideologies. In an earlier study, we found monolingual assumptions to be strong among teachers in the Basque Country and in Friesland. In the current stu…
Towards a Plurilingual Approach in English Language Teaching: Softening the Boundaries Between Languages
Teaching English through pedagogical translanguaging
Teaching English has traditionally been associated with a monolingual bias and the exclusive use of English in the classroom is highly recommended in different countries. Nowadays English is widely used to teach academic content and this strict separation of languages can be problematic because it prevents students from using resources they have previously acquired in other languages (Cenoz & Gorter, 2015; Kubota, 2018). In this article we discus…
Implementing translanguaging pedagogies in an English medium instruction course
English medium education at university level is widely used in different contexts and it poses a challenge for students who are not used to studying through the medium of English. This study was carried out in a university in the Basque Country in Spain and it focuses on a course where students who are mostly Basque–Spanish bilinguals are taught through the medium of English. The course teacher applies a flexible language policy allowing for the …
Challenging Minority Language Isolation: Translanguaging in a Trilingual School in the Basque Country
Learning two or more languages at school is quite common all over Europe, but languages are often isolated from each other. This pedagogical practice is in contrast to the way multilingual speakers use their whole linguistic repertoire when communicating in social contexts. These multilingual solitudes are challenged when translanguaging pedagogies are used and multilingual students are allowed to use the resources in their linguistic repertoire.…
Multilingual education for European minority languages: The Basque Country and Friesland
Over the last three decades, regional minority languages in Europe have regained increased recognition and support. Their revitalisation is partly due to their being taught in schools. Multilingualism has special characteristics for speakers of minority languages and it poses unique challenges for learning minority languages. This article looks at the cases of Basque and Frisian, comparing and contrasting their similarities and differences. The e…
Multilingual interaction and minority languages: Proficiency and language practices in education and society
In this plenary speech I examine multilingual interaction in a number of European regions in which minority languages are being revitalized. Education is a crucial variable, but the wider society is equally significant. The context of revitalization is no longer bilingual but increasingly multilingual. I draw on the results of a long-running project on the ‘Added value of multilingualism and diversity in educational contexts’ among secondary scho…
Developing a Policy for Teaching a Minority Language: The Case of Frisian
Frisian, a unique minority language in the Netherlands, is in the middle ranks of threatened European minority languages in Europe. In recent decades a framework for language policy has been developed in which the educational domain is one of the spearheads. This article provides an overview of language policy and language rights for Frisian language in education. After a brief outline of the sociolinguistic context, a detailed description is giv…
From bilingualism to multilingualism in the workplace: The case of the Basque Autonomous Community
In this article we discuss the outcomes of a study into the languages of the workplace of internationally operating companies. Our aim is to contribute to studies of multilingualism in the workplace by adopting a holistic approach that focuses on several languages and relates the competences and attitudes of multilingual professionals to the repertoires used and learned in the workplace and the wider social context. The study is situated in the B…
Communicative anxiety in the second and third language
The present paper reports a study on communicative anxiety of two groups of adult users. The paper aims at exploring the communicative anxiety of multilingual speakers and at analysing the communicative anxiety in second and third languages. This study includes 532 participants who were divided in two groups according their L1. One group of participants (N = 346) had Spanish as their L1 and the other group had Basque (N = 186). Quantitative and q…
Multilingual professionals in internationally operating companies: Tensions in their linguistic repertoire
Several studies on multilingualism in the workplace have emphasized the role of English as a lingua franca. Other studies have paid attention to the interaction between English and local languages in workplaces where global orientations and local languages co-occur. The present study focuses on internationally oriented workplaces in the bilingual Basque Autonomous Community (BAC). The study aims to analyze the use of the minority language Basque …
Attitudes and anxieties of business and education students towards English: Some data from the Basque Country
The aim of this article is to focus on university students’ attitudes towards English and their anxieties concerning the use of English in the Basque Country, a multilingual context where exposure to English is limited but internationalisation is an important aim. Participants were 360 undergraduate university students of business (N = 180) and education (N = 180) at the University of the Basque Country. The results of the questionnaires indicate…
Minority language researchers and their role in policy development
This paper deals with the role of researchers in the development of language policies for European minority languages. This question is placed in the context of a long-standing debate in sociology to which several authors have contributed; among them are Max Weber, Howard Becker and Alvin Gouldner. This article also briefly refers to the European Charter for Researchers. A summary is given of the local research settings of Friesland and the Basqu…
Introduction: Trilingualism and Minority Languages in Europe
Three Languages of Instruction in Fryslân
Three languages play an important role in the province of Fryslân: Frisian as the minority language spoken by a majority of the population, Dutch as the dominant language in society, and English as an increasingly important additional language. The position of Frisian as a language for teaching is marginal at all levels of education. Although it is an obligatory language for all primary schools, there is only a small percentage of schools that us…
A New Sociolinguistic Survey of the Frisian Language Situation
Surveys of the Frisian language situation: Some Considerations of Research Methods on Language Maintenance and Language Shift
Article Surveys of the Frisian language situation: some considerations of research methods on language maintenance and language shift was published on January 1, 1987 in the journal International Journal of the Sociology of Language (volume 1987, issue 68)
The use of Teleboard for language teaching in Friesland
Language Planning Efforts for the West Frisian Language at the Level of Provincial Government
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Aspects of language choice in the Frisian‐Dutch bilingual context: Neutrality and asymmetry
(1987). Aspects of language choice in the Frisian‐Dutch bilingual context: Neutrality and asymmetry. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development: Vol. 8, No. 1-2, pp. 121-132
Surveys of the Frisian language situation: Some Considerations of Research Methods on Language Maintenance and Language Shift
Article Surveys of the Frisian language situation: some considerations of research methods on language maintenance and language shift was published on January 1, 1987 in the journal International Journal of the Sociology of Language (volume 1987, issue 68)
A New Sociolinguistic Survey of the Frisian Language Situation
A Frisian Update of Reversing Language Shift
The general meeting of the Provincial Council of Friesland on 24 April 1985 was an important milestone for language policy for the Frisian language. On that day the politicians adopted the conclusions and recommendations of the language planning report ‘Fan Geunst nei Rjocht’ (From favour to right), a title significant of the message they wanted to get across. The Frisian provincial representatives were well aware that their acceptance of this re…
Chapter 9. A Frisian Update of Reversing Language Shift
The general meeting of the Provincial Council of Friesland on 24 April 1985 was an important milestone for language policy for the Frisian language. On that day the politicians adopted the conclusions and recom-mendations of the language planning report ‘Fan Geunst nei Rjocht ’ (From
Introduction: Trilingualism and Minority Languages in Europe
Three Languages of Instruction in Fryslân
Three languages play an important role in the province of Fryslân: Frisian as the minority language spoken by a majority of the population, Dutch as the dominant language in society, and English as an increasingly important additional language. The position of Frisian as a language for teaching is marginal at all levels of education. Although it is an obligatory language for all primary schools, there is only a small percentage of schools that us…
Linguistic Landscape: A New Approach to Multilingualism
Language is all around us as it is displayed in texts on shop windows, commercial signs, posters, official notices, etc. Given a multitude of languages there, it does not come as a surprise that an increasing number of researchers have taken a closer look at languages on signs in the public space. The book reports on studies of the linguistic landscape in cities in countries around the globe: Israel, Japan, Thailand, the Netherlands (Friesland) a…
Linguistic Landscape and Minority Languages
This paper focuses on the linguistic landscape of two streets in two multilingual cities in Friesland (Netherlands) and the Basque Country (Spain) where a minority language is spoken, Basque or Frisian. The paper analyses the use of the minority language (Basque or Frisian), the state language (Spanish or Dutch) and English as an international language on language signs. It compares the use of these languages as related to the differences in lang…
Introduction: The Study of the Linguistic Landscape as a New Approach to Multilingualism
(2006). Introduction: The Study of the Linguistic Landscape as a New Approach to Multilingualism. International Journal of Multilingualism: Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 1-6
The linguistic landscape as an additional source of input in second language acquisition
In this article we explore the role that the linguistic landscape, in the sense of all the written language in the public space, can have in second language acquisition (SLA). The linguistic landscape has symbolic and informative functions and it is multimodal, because it combines visual and printed texts, and multilingual, because it uses several languages. In this paper we look at its potential use as a source of input in SLA, in general, and i…
Linguistic Landscape: Expanding the Scenery
Linguistic Landscape: Expanding the Scenery Elana Shohamy and Durk Gorter eds. Introduction Elana Shohamy and Durk Gorter Part I: Theoretical Perspectives Linguistic Landscaping and the Seed of the Public Sphere Florian Coulmas, Prolegomena to a Sociolinguistic Theory of Public Signage Bernard Spolsky A Sociological Approach to the Study of Linguistic Landscapes Eliezer Ben-Rafael Language Economy and Linguistic Landscape Jasone Cenoz and Durk Go…
Developments in bilingual Frisian-Dutch education in Friesland
This paper focuses on the position and development of the Frisian language in the educational system in Friesland. It discusses the achievements and the research results of special projects in bilingual and trilingual schools. It gives an overview of the language proficiency, attitudes and the new challenges of the education system. The Frisian language has obtained a presence on all levels of education, although marginal in most cases. Language …
Applied Linguistics and the use of minority languages in education
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Developing a Policy for Teaching a Minority Language: The Case of Frisian
Frisian, a unique minority language in the Netherlands, is in the middle ranks of threatened European minority languages in Europe. In recent decades a framework for language policy has been developed in which the educational domain is one of the spearheads. This article provides an overview of language policy and language rights for Frisian language in education. After a brief outline of the sociolinguistic context, a detailed description is giv…
The diversity of multilingualism in education
This article analyzes diversity as related to different types of multilingual education. Diversity in education is linked to different factors that can be classified as linguistic (language distance, different scripts, etc.), sociolinguistic status (minority, official, international, immigrant, etc.) and educational (school subjects, medium of instruction, age of introduction, methodologies). Language practices can be an important part of the mak…
A Holistic Approach to Multilingual Education: Introduction
In contrast to more traditional approaches that look at one language at a time, in this issue we propose a holistic approach that takes into account all of the languages in the learner's repertoire. First, we discuss some ideas about the monolingual bias both in research and in language teaching. Then we look at multilingual practices among multilingual speakers that include phenomena such as codeswitching, translanguaging, and codemeshing. These…
Focus on Multilingualism: A Study of Trilingual Writing
In this article, we analyze the relationship between studies in second language acquisition and studies in bilingualism as areas that have been traditionally ignored but which share some common perspectives. Then we look at new trends in both areas that are compatible with a holistic perspective in the study of multilingualism. Based on these trends, we propose “Focus on Multilingualism,” an approach that looks at the whole linguistic repertoire …
Minority Languages in the Linguistic Landscape
Questions for … Michael Clyne
American Association for Applied Linguistics Colloquia, 2010
Presented at the AAAL Annual Conference, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; 6 March, 2010. This colloquium discussed a multilingual approach to language learning, language teaching and language assessment in school settings. This approach implies looking at language acquisition and use from a holistic perspective, taking into account not only the target language but all the languages known by the learner; such a perspective brings together the traditions of …
Multilingual education for European minority languages: The Basque Country and Friesland
Over the last three decades, regional minority languages in Europe have regained increased recognition and support. Their revitalisation is partly due to their being taught in schools. Multilingualism has special characteristics for speakers of minority languages and it poses unique challenges for learning minority languages. This article looks at the cases of Basque and Frisian, comparing and contrasting their similarities and differences. The e…
Minority Languages in Education
Minority languages are commonly defined in relationship to the country where they are spoken.
Linguistics (54 works) · Multilingual Education and Policy (47 works) · Sociology (43 works) · Second Language Learning and Teaching (40 works) · Multilingualism (32 works) · Pedagogy (28 works) · EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning (27 works) · Philosophy (27 works) · Psychology (25 works) · Computer Science (23 works)