Christina Maslach
Biographic Data
| ID | 206954 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Christina Maslach |
| GIVEN NAMES | Christina |
| FAMILY NAME | Maslach |
| SIGNATURE | MASLACH C |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of California, Berkeley |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-4820-1317 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 34 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 1887 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 34 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1971 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2024 |
| H-INDEX | 10 |
Maslach Burnout Inventory
Latent burnout profiles: A new approach to understanding the burnout experience
Based on a person-centered analysis of people’s burnout scores, this research identified five different profiles on the continuum between Burnout (the most negative experience) to Engagement (the most positive). • The three intermediate profiles were Disengaged (characterized by high cynicism only), Overextended (high exhaustion only), and Ineffective (high inefficacy only). • Each profile has distinct relationships with various worklife factors,…
Understanding the burnout experience: Recent research and its implications for psychiatry
The experience of burnout has been the focus of much research during the past few decades. Measures have been developed, as have various theoretical models, and research studies from many countries have contributed to a better understanding of the causes and consequences of this occupationally‐specific dysphoria. The majority of this work has focused on human service occupations, and particularly health care. Research on the burnout experience fo…
Burnout, Psychology of
Job Burnout
Burnout is a syndrome of exhaustion, cynicism, and diminished professional efficacy closely associated with the work environment. Once established, the syndrome persists. Burnout arises in response to stressors within the work environment. It has a wide range of negative effects on job performance and personal well‐being. Burnout stands in contrast to the positive experience of work engagement, and consequently interventions to alleviate or reduc…
Harrison Gough (1921–2014)
This article memorializes Harrison Gough (1921-2014), a major leader in the field of personality assessment. Gough's most important contribution to psychology was the development of the California Psychological Inventory (CPI), which continues to have immense influence on applied psychology. Further highlights of Gough's career and professional contributions are noted. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved)
Making a significant difference with burnout interventions: Researcher and practitioner collaboration
Burnout research over the past 30 years has yielded both knowledge and tools to apply to interventions at unit and organizational levels. Examples of innovative partnerships between researchers and practitioners point to the importance of multi‐level approaches in generating relevant and effective solutions to the burnout problem. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Nurse turnover: The mediating role of burnout
AIM: This study tested whether the mediation model of burnout could predict nurses' turnover intentions. BACKGROUND: A better understanding of what factors support a commitment to a nursing career could inform both policies and workplace practices. The mediation model of burnout provides a way of linking the quality of a nurse's worklife to various outcomes, such as turnover. METHOD: Data on areas of worklife, burnout, and turnover intentions wer…
Burnout: 35 Years of Research and Practice
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to focus on the career of the burnout concept itself, rather than reviewing research findings on burnout. Design/methodology/approach The paper presents an overview of the concept of burnout. Findings The roots of the burnout concept seem to be embedded within broad social, economic, and cultural developments that took place in the last quarter of the past century and signify the rapid and profound transformat…
Early predictors of job burnout and engagement.
A longitudinal study predicted changes in burnout or engagement a year later by identifying 2 types of early indicators at the initial assessment. Organizational employees (N = 466) completed measures of burnout and 6 areas of worklife at 2 times with a 1-year interval. Those people who showed an inconsistent pattern at Time 1 were more likely to change over the year than were those who did not. Among this group, those who also displayed a workpl…
Areas of Worklife: A Structured Approach to Organizational Predictors of Job Burnout
This chapter evaluates a model of the organizational context of burnout with direct reference to a new measure, the Areas of Worklife Scale (AWS). The model proposes a structured framework for considering six areas of worklife – workload, control, reward, community, fairness, and values – that have resonated through the literature on burnout over the previous two decades. The chapter presents extensive data on the AWS, testing a model of the six …
Job Burnout: New Directions in Research and Intervention
Job burnout is a prolonged response to chronic emotional and interpersonal stressors on the job and is defined here by the three dimensions of exhaustion, cynicism, and sense of inefficacy. Its presence as a social problem in many human services professions was the impetus for the research that is now taking place in many countries. That research has established the complexity of the problem and has examined the individual stress experience withi…
Use of Social Support: Gender and Personality Differences
Job Burnout
Burnout is a prolonged response to chronic emotional and interpersonal stressors on the job, and is defined by the three dimensions of exhaustion, cynicism, and inefficacy. The past 25 years of research has established the complexity of the construct, and places the individual stress experience within a larger organizational context of people's relation to their work. Recently, the work on burnout has expanded internationally and has led to new c…
Multivariate Methods for the Comparison of Factor Structures in Cross-Cultural Research: An Illustration with the Big Five Questionnaire
The goal of the present study was to demonstrate the value of a multiple data analytic approach for testing the cross-cultural generalizability of a personality measure. Data were collected in four different countries (Italy, Germany, Spain, and the United States) on the Big Five Questionnaire (BFQ), which is a measure of the Five Factor Model of personality traits. Different analytical strategies were conducted. Item-level analyses were carried …
Adolescent Aids Prevention in Context: The Impact of Peer Educator Qualities and Classroom Environments on Intervention Efficacy
Peer‐led, school‐based interventions show promise for preventing AIDS among adolescents, but little is known about the processes underlying effective peer education or the conditions that promote its efficacy. This study examined the implementation in one school of an effective, peer‐led AIDS prevention program for inner‐city 7th‐grade participants ( n = 123) and identified the qualities of peer educators ( n = 15) and classroom environments ( n …
Gender as Schematic Category: A Role Construct Approach
This study was designed to examine the hands of unprimed constructs people use in an openended social perception task (Kelly Rep Test, Kelly, 1955). Three samples of subjects used their own natural categories or person schemes in judgments of familiar others. Results indicated that whereas the most prevalently used constructs with familiar others are best described as idiosyncratic, gender related trait sets of Agency and Communion were used wide…
Psychological health and involvement in interpersonally demanding occupations: A longitudinal perspective
This longitudinal study examined relations among interpersonal demands of jobs and the psychological health, job and work involvements, and job satisfaction of workers. Two samples of archival data were collected between the 1940s and 1971. Workers of both sexes who were psychologically healthier in adolescence and earlier adulthood manifested greater involvement and (for men only) satisfaction later in adulthood. People in interpersonally demand…
Establishing the social impact of individuation
The present research examined relations between individuation, the willingness to publicly differentiate oneself from others, and three dimensions that may lead to high social impact: creativity, leadership, and nonverbal expressiveness. Study 1 describes the development of a Q-sort prototype of the high individuator. In Study 2 the prototype was used to construct a new measure of individuation; individuation showed predicted relations with creat…
Gender roles and the categorization of gender-relevant behavior
The impact of interpersonal environment on burnout and organizational commitment
Organizational commitment and burnout were related to interpersonal relationships of nurses in a small general hospital. Regular communication contacts among personnel were differentiated as supervisor or coworker contact, and these categories were further differentiated into pleasant and unpleasant contacts. The results were consistent with a view of burnout in which emotional exhaustion leads to greater depersonalization which subsequently lead…
Burnout Research in Social Services: A Critique
The six articles in this special issue on burnout are critically reviewed. The shortcomings of these articles, both conceptual and empirical, limit the contributions that this special issue can make to our understanding of burnout
Individuation, gender role, and dissent: Personality mediators of situational forces
The role of sex and family variables in burnout
Individuation: Conceptual analysis and assessment
Job Burnout
Burnout is a prolonged response to chronic emotional and interpersonal stressors on the job, and is defined by the three dimensions of exhaustion, cynicism, and inefficacy. The past 25 years of research has established the complexity of the construct, and places the individual stress experience within a larger organizational context of people's relation to their work. Recently, the work on burnout has expanded internationally and has led to new c…
The measurement of experienced burnout
A scale designed to assess various aspects of the burnout syndrome was administered to a wide range of human services professionals. Three subscales emerged from the data analysis: emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment. Various psychometric analyses showed that the scale has both high reliability and validity as a measure of burnout
The impact of interpersonal environment on burnout and organizational commitment
Organizational commitment and burnout were related to interpersonal relationships of nurses in a small general hospital. Regular communication contacts among personnel were differentiated as supervisor or coworker contact, and these categories were further differentiated into pleasant and unpleasant contacts. The results were consistent with a view of burnout in which emotional exhaustion leads to greater depersonalization which subsequently lead…
Use of Social Support: Gender and Personality Differences
After‐effects of job‐related stress: Families as victims
In recent years, the unique stress experienced by those who do ‘people work’ has been acknowledged by the helping professions as a widespread problem and has been recognized by social scientists as a topic requiring systematic research. This paper begins by briefly reviewing research on the type of job stress experienced by workers in the helping professions. Then, a study of 142 police couples is reported, illustrating the effects of job stress …
The role of sex and family variables in burnout
The Client Role in Staff Burn‐Out
The intense involvement with clients required of professional staff in various human service institutions includes a great deal of emotional stress, and failure to cope successfully with such stress can result in the emotional exhaustion syndrome of burn‐out, in which staff lose all feeling and concern for their clients and treat them in detached or even dehumanized ways. This paper focuses on the role that clients themselves play in staff burn‐o…
Adolescent Aids Prevention in Context: The Impact of Peer Educator Qualities and Classroom Environments on Intervention Efficacy
Peer‐led, school‐based interventions show promise for preventing AIDS among adolescents, but little is known about the processes underlying effective peer education or the conditions that promote its efficacy. This study examined the implementation in one school of an effective, peer‐led AIDS prevention program for inner‐city 7th‐grade participants ( n = 123) and identified the qualities of peer educators ( n = 15) and classroom environments ( n …
Making a significant difference with burnout interventions: Researcher and practitioner collaboration
Burnout research over the past 30 years has yielded both knowledge and tools to apply to interventions at unit and organizational levels. Examples of innovative partnerships between researchers and practitioners point to the importance of multi‐level approaches in generating relevant and effective solutions to the burnout problem. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Multivariate Methods for the Comparison of Factor Structures in Cross-Cultural Research: An Illustration with the Big Five Questionnaire
The goal of the present study was to demonstrate the value of a multiple data analytic approach for testing the cross-cultural generalizability of a personality measure. Data were collected in four different countries (Italy, Germany, Spain, and the United States) on the Big Five Questionnaire (BFQ), which is a measure of the Five Factor Model of personality traits. Different analytical strategies were conducted. Item-level analyses were carried …
Obligation, donor resources, and reactions to aid in three cultures
Negative emotional biasing of unexplained arousal
Individuation: Conceptual analysis and assessment
To agree or not to agree: Personal dissent amid social pressure to conform
Social and personal bases of individuation
Male and female subjects participated in a group experiment which provided them with opportunities (both verbal and nonverbal) to either individuate or deindividuate themselves. When the subjects anticipated the possibility of positive rewards, they made many more attempts to individuate themselves than when they expected that negative consequences were forthcoming. The pattern of individuating behavior was also affected by the subject's sex and …
Burnout Research in Social Services: A Critique
The six articles in this special issue on burnout are critically reviewed. The shortcomings of these articles, both conceptual and empirical, limit the contributions that this special issue can make to our understanding of burnout
Psychological health and involvement in interpersonally demanding occupations: A longitudinal perspective
This longitudinal study examined relations among interpersonal demands of jobs and the psychological health, job and work involvements, and job satisfaction of workers. Two samples of archival data were collected between the 1940s and 1971. Workers of both sexes who were psychologically healthier in adolescence and earlier adulthood manifested greater involvement and (for men only) satisfaction later in adulthood. People in interpersonally demand…
The "truth" about false confessions
One of the few experimental studies to focus upon variables which might play a role in police interrogation is Bem's 'false confession' research. He showed that subjects come to believe that their false statements are true when emitted in the presence of a discriminative truth stimulus. In an attempted replication, the present study sought evidence to support an alternative explanation of this finding, based upon decreased vigilance induced by th…
Individuation, gender role, and dissent: Personality mediators of situational forces
Establishing the social impact of individuation
The present research examined relations between individuation, the willingness to publicly differentiate oneself from others, and three dimensions that may lead to high social impact: creativity, leadership, and nonverbal expressiveness. Study 1 describes the development of a Q-sort prototype of the high individuator. In Study 2 the prototype was used to construct a new measure of individuation; individuation showed predicted relations with creat…
Gender roles and the categorization of gender-relevant behavior
The "truth" about false confessions
One of the few experimental studies to focus upon variables which might play a role in police interrogation is Bem's 'false confession' research. He showed that subjects come to believe that their false statements are true when emitted in the presence of a discriminative truth stimulus. In an attempted replication, the present study sought evidence to support an alternative explanation of this finding, based upon decreased vigilance induced by th…
Social and personal bases of individuation
Male and female subjects participated in a group experiment which provided them with opportunities (both verbal and nonverbal) to either individuate or deindividuate themselves. When the subjects anticipated the possibility of positive rewards, they made many more attempts to individuate themselves than when they expected that negative consequences were forthcoming. The pattern of individuating behavior was also affected by the subject's sex and …
Obligation, donor resources, and reactions to aid in three cultures
The burn-out syndrome in the day care setting
The Client Role in Staff Burn‐Out
The intense involvement with clients required of professional staff in various human service institutions includes a great deal of emotional stress, and failure to cope successfully with such stress can result in the emotional exhaustion syndrome of burn‐out, in which staff lose all feeling and concern for their clients and treat them in detached or even dehumanized ways. This paper focuses on the role that clients themselves play in staff burn‐o…
Negative emotional biasing of unexplained arousal
The measurement of experienced burnout
A scale designed to assess various aspects of the burnout syndrome was administered to a wide range of human services professionals. Three subscales emerged from the data analysis: emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment. Various psychometric analyses showed that the scale has both high reliability and validity as a measure of burnout
After‐effects of job‐related stress: Families as victims
In recent years, the unique stress experienced by those who do ‘people work’ has been acknowledged by the helping professions as a widespread problem and has been recognized by social scientists as a topic requiring systematic research. This paper begins by briefly reviewing research on the type of job stress experienced by workers in the helping professions. Then, a study of 142 police couples is reported, illustrating the effects of job stress …
To agree or not to agree: Personal dissent amid social pressure to conform
The role of sex and family variables in burnout
Individuation: Conceptual analysis and assessment
Burnout Research in Social Services: A Critique
The six articles in this special issue on burnout are critically reviewed. The shortcomings of these articles, both conceptual and empirical, limit the contributions that this special issue can make to our understanding of burnout
Individuation, gender role, and dissent: Personality mediators of situational forces
The impact of interpersonal environment on burnout and organizational commitment
Organizational commitment and burnout were related to interpersonal relationships of nurses in a small general hospital. Regular communication contacts among personnel were differentiated as supervisor or coworker contact, and these categories were further differentiated into pleasant and unpleasant contacts. The results were consistent with a view of burnout in which emotional exhaustion leads to greater depersonalization which subsequently lead…
Gender roles and the categorization of gender-relevant behavior
Psychological health and involvement in interpersonally demanding occupations: A longitudinal perspective
This longitudinal study examined relations among interpersonal demands of jobs and the psychological health, job and work involvements, and job satisfaction of workers. Two samples of archival data were collected between the 1940s and 1971. Workers of both sexes who were psychologically healthier in adolescence and earlier adulthood manifested greater involvement and (for men only) satisfaction later in adulthood. People in interpersonally demand…
Establishing the social impact of individuation
The present research examined relations between individuation, the willingness to publicly differentiate oneself from others, and three dimensions that may lead to high social impact: creativity, leadership, and nonverbal expressiveness. Study 1 describes the development of a Q-sort prototype of the high individuator. In Study 2 the prototype was used to construct a new measure of individuation; individuation showed predicted relations with creat…
Gender as Schematic Category: A Role Construct Approach
This study was designed to examine the hands of unprimed constructs people use in an openended social perception task (Kelly Rep Test, Kelly, 1955). Three samples of subjects used their own natural categories or person schemes in judgments of familiar others. Results indicated that whereas the most prevalently used constructs with familiar others are best described as idiosyncratic, gender related trait sets of Agency and Communion were used wide…
Adolescent Aids Prevention in Context: The Impact of Peer Educator Qualities and Classroom Environments on Intervention Efficacy
Peer‐led, school‐based interventions show promise for preventing AIDS among adolescents, but little is known about the processes underlying effective peer education or the conditions that promote its efficacy. This study examined the implementation in one school of an effective, peer‐led AIDS prevention program for inner‐city 7th‐grade participants ( n = 123) and identified the qualities of peer educators ( n = 15) and classroom environments ( n …
Multivariate Methods for the Comparison of Factor Structures in Cross-Cultural Research: An Illustration with the Big Five Questionnaire
The goal of the present study was to demonstrate the value of a multiple data analytic approach for testing the cross-cultural generalizability of a personality measure. Data were collected in four different countries (Italy, Germany, Spain, and the United States) on the Big Five Questionnaire (BFQ), which is a measure of the Five Factor Model of personality traits. Different analytical strategies were conducted. Item-level analyses were carried …
Use of Social Support: Gender and Personality Differences
Job Burnout
Burnout is a prolonged response to chronic emotional and interpersonal stressors on the job, and is defined by the three dimensions of exhaustion, cynicism, and inefficacy. The past 25 years of research has established the complexity of the construct, and places the individual stress experience within a larger organizational context of people's relation to their work. Recently, the work on burnout has expanded internationally and has led to new c…
Job Burnout: New Directions in Research and Intervention
Job burnout is a prolonged response to chronic emotional and interpersonal stressors on the job and is defined here by the three dimensions of exhaustion, cynicism, and sense of inefficacy. Its presence as a social problem in many human services professions was the impetus for the research that is now taking place in many countries. That research has established the complexity of the problem and has examined the individual stress experience withi…
Areas of Worklife: A Structured Approach to Organizational Predictors of Job Burnout
This chapter evaluates a model of the organizational context of burnout with direct reference to a new measure, the Areas of Worklife Scale (AWS). The model proposes a structured framework for considering six areas of worklife – workload, control, reward, community, fairness, and values – that have resonated through the literature on burnout over the previous two decades. The chapter presents extensive data on the AWS, testing a model of the six …
Early predictors of job burnout and engagement.
A longitudinal study predicted changes in burnout or engagement a year later by identifying 2 types of early indicators at the initial assessment. Organizational employees (N = 466) completed measures of burnout and 6 areas of worklife at 2 times with a 1-year interval. Those people who showed an inconsistent pattern at Time 1 were more likely to change over the year than were those who did not. Among this group, those who also displayed a workpl…
Psychology (32 works) · Social Psychology (25 works) · Clinical Psychology (18 works) · Social Psychology (18 works) · Burnout (16 works) · Healthcare professionals’ stress and burnout (16 works) · Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior (12 works) · Developmental psychology (11 works) · Clinical Psychology (8 works) · Psychological intervention (8 works)