G Dale
Biographic Data
| ID | 20819 |
|---|---|
| NAME | G Dale |
| GIVEN NAMES | G |
| FAMILY NAME | Dale |
| SIGNATURE | DALE G |
| AFFILIATIONS | Brunel University of London |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-4991-6063 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 45 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 159 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 45 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1896 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 5 |
Of Bees and the Garden: Natural and Human Orders in Mandeville and Hayek
Friedrich Hayek regarded Bernard Mandeville as a founding father of the intellectual lineage to which he belonged. This article offers a countergenealogy of his debt to Mandeville. By reading the two philosophers in parallel, it finds continuities beyond those that Hayek himself identifies, notably in their theorizations of evolutionary progress from animals through human savages to bourgeois civilization. Submission to the market, for Hayek, is …
Flight from reality: Sustainable aviation, Jet Zero, and the technofix
This paper argues that rising aviation emissions, which are disproportionally driven by the wealthy, pose a serious threat to climate goals. Using the UK’s Jet Zero strategy as a case study, it explores how policymakers and industry promote speculative technologies—efficiency gains, electric and hydrogen aircraft, sustainable aviation fuels, carbon capture, and offsetting—to justify continued aviation growth. We critically assess these claims: el…
How Vital is Nature: Animated Bodies and Agency in Contemporary Capitalism
This paper brings into conversation two ontologies that depart from the anthropocentric norm: new materialism, represented here by the US vitalist philosopher Jane Bennett, and the animated cosmology common among Indigenous peoples, as an example of which I take Braiding Sweetgrass by the Potawatomi bryologist Robin Wall Kimmerer. I provide exegeses of both philosophies, with respect in particular to the notion of “animation,” noting that the ani…
In memoriam: Gáspár Miklós Tamás
Gáspár Miklós Tamás (aka TGM, or Gazsi to friends) is being remembered in his many facets: essayist, liberal dissident, Tory anarchist and even in one case as “intellectual rock star.” But I knew him as a communist revolutionary. Almost in the image of protagonists of the Victor Serge novels he had read when young: blazing at the inept and corrupt ruling classes, agitating at rallies, surrounded by papers and books, insatiably curious, and – unli…
Varieties of capitalism or variegated state capitalism? East Germany and Yugoslavia in comparative perspective
This essay is a contribution to comparative capitalism studies. We begin with a critique of the ‘Varieties of Capitalism’ school, before presenting the ‘variegated’ alternative. We note difficulties of both schools in characterising statist challengers to the dominant market order. The rise of China has made this a pressing issue, one that raises questions: Is China capitalist, and since when? And how should one analyse the communist world, which…
Karl Polanyi, the New Deal and the Green New Deal
In this paper, I present an analysis of those aspects of Karl Polanyi's social and political thought that relate to environmentalism and ‘green’ politics today. I discuss whether or not he prefigured the degrowth movement, before focusing on his understanding of the New Deal (1933–1939). At the time of writing, the prospect appears likely of a return, at a global scale, of economic slump, mass unemployment and ecological crisis, the background co…
Lockdown Politics: A Response to Panagiotis Sotiris
In ‘Thinking Beyond the Lockdown’, Panagiotis Sotiris argues that lockdowns are repressive and should be opposed. In this response I take issue with his analysis. He posits the existence of a ‘lockdown strategy’ which has little relation to reality. He identifies lockdowns with neoliberalism, flirts with the Great Barrington project, and calls for anti-lockdown resistance – without so much as a glance at the right-wing libertarian camps that are …
Rule of nature or rule of capital? Physiocracy, ecological economics, and ideology
This century has not been kind to mainstream economics. It has failed to notice the planet is afire. Anti-ecological, it ignores natural limits. Its ‘peak prometheanism’ arrived in the 1980s, but how far back does the rot go? Some ecological economists locate the wrong turn in the nineteenth century. Before that was physiocracy (meaning ‘rule of nature’). The physiocrats were the first to call themselves ‘economists,’ and to formalise political e…
Karl Polanyis Faschismustheorie
Tim Rogan. The Moral Economists: R. H. Tawney, Karl Polanyi, E. P. Thompson, and the Critique of Capitalism
When the capitalist system hits the rocks and neoclassical economics loses its aura, alternative traditions invite attention. Tim Rogan’s The Moral Economists identifies one such tradition in the “moral-economic” writings of R. H. “Harry” Tawney, Karl Polanyi, and E. P. Thompson. Tim Rogan’s method is critical exegesis, centered on a close reading of the magna opera of the chosen authors. In this lies the book’s originality—more than in its archi…
Justificatory Fables of Ordoliberalism: Laissez-faire and the 'Third Way
This article critically examines two conceptualisations of ordoliberalism. In one, it is defined, together with neoliberalism, against 19th-century liberalism (in its social liberal and laissez-faire variants). This reading was common among ordoliberals themselves, and early neoliberals such as Friedrich von Hayek, as well as among critics, notably Michel Foucault. In another, ordoliberalism is contrasted to neoliberalism, with the latter presume…
Our world was made by nature’: Constructions of spontaneous order
This article explores the concepts of spontaneity and spontaneous order, in particular their deployment by Friedrich Hayek and Karl Polanyi. Although in many respects these thinkers were poles apart, the article identifies a point of convergence. They both mobilize the concept of spontaneity in a manner that naturalizes a particular social process: for Hayek, the market economy, for Polanyi, society’s protective movement that arises in reaction a…
The New Deal: A Global History, by Kiran Klaus Patel
Polanyi, Karl Paul (1886-1964), political economist and socialist theorist
This entry in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography examines the life and work of Karl Paul Polanyi (1886-1964), a prominent political economist and socialist theorist. It details his intellectual journey, highlighting his contributions to economic history, social theory, and his critique of market liberalism. The entry likely explores Polanyi's concept of the 'embedded economy,' his analysis of the Great Transformation, and his influence o…
The East German revolution of 1989
Until 1989, Communist rule in East Germany seemed perdurable, buttressed by a Wall which SED leader Erich Honecker promised would still be standing a century later. Popular revolt seemed doomed to fail. From June 1953—the date of a workers' uprising—until 1989, the German Democratic Republic (GDR) suffered a dearth of collective protest. For decades ordinary East Germans had been denied any say in public life, any influence on political power. Fr…
Karl Polanyi: A Life on the Left
Reconstructing Karl Polanyi: Excavation and Critique
In search of Karl Polanyi’s International Relations theory
Karl Polanyi is principally known as an economic historian and a theorist of international political economy. His theses are commonly encountered in debates concerning globalisation, regionalism, regulation and deregulation, and neoliberalism. But the standard depiction of his ideas is based upon a highly restricted corpus of his work: essentially, his published writings, in English, from the 1940s and 1950s. Drawing upon a broader range of Polan…
Introduction to Special Issue on The Politics of East European Area Studies: Disputing Contemporary Identifications
The Journal of Contemporary Central and Eastern Europe (formerly titled Debatte) is an organ devoted to the study of Central and Eastern Europe; it is in disciplinary terms an “Area Studies” journa
Karl Polanyi in Vienna
In this article I discuss Polanyi’s intellectual formation in early twentieth-century Budapest and in 1920s Vienna, focusing in particular upon his relationship to Guild Socialist and Marxist theory and to Austrian Social Democracy. It was a period in which Marxism was evolving rapidly, and Polanyi was too. In his twenties, he reacted forcefully against what he saw as the evolutionary and deterministic traits of Marxist philosophy. In his thirtie…
Marketless Trading in Hammurabi’s Time’: A Re-appraisal
In this article I revisit Karl Polanyi’s writings on ancient Mesopotamia. I begin by situating them in the context of his general approach to trade, markets and money in the ancient world. Next, I reconstruct his major theses on Mesopotamia, drawing upon his published works as well as unpublished documents in the Karl Polanyi and Michael Polanyi archives. Finally, I provide a critical assessment of the merits and demerits of his contribution, wit…
Commentary
Adam Smith's Green Thumb and Malthus's Three Horsemen: Cautionary Tales from Classical Political Economy
This essay identifies a contradiction between the flourishing interest in the environmental economics of the classical period and a lack of critical parsing of the works of its leading representatives. Its focus is the work of Adam Smith and Thomas Malthus. It offers a critical analysis of their contribution to environmental thought and surveys the work of their contemporary devotees. It scrutinizes Smith’s contribution to what Karl Polanyi terme…
Critiques of Growth in Classical Political Economy: Mill's Stationary State and a Marxian Response
In recent political-economic theories of ‘nature’, Mill and Marx/Engels form important reference points. Ecological economists see Mill's ‘stationary state’ as seminal, while Marxists have ‘brought capitalism back in’ to debates on growth and climate change, sparking a Marxological renaissance that has overturned our understanding of Marx/Engels' opus. This article explores aspects of Mill's and Marx/Engels' work and contemporary reception. It id…
Double movements and pendular forces: Polanyian perspectives on the neoliberal age
In the neoliberal era, Karl Polanyi's notion of the 'double movement' has been widely deployed by social scientists as a critique of the prevailing order and a predictor of its demise. This article presents the double movement theorem, drawing upon Polanyi's published and unpublished writings. It explores parallels between his explanation of the advent of the 19th-century free-market regime in Britain and recent Polanyian accounts of the rise of …
Double movements and pendular forces: Polanyian perspectives on the neoliberal age
In the neoliberal era, Karl Polanyi's notion of the 'double movement' has been widely deployed by social scientists as a critique of the prevailing order and a predictor of its demise. This article presents the double movement theorem, drawing upon Polanyi's published and unpublished writings. It explores parallels between his explanation of the advent of the 19th-century free-market regime in Britain and recent Polanyian accounts of the rise of …
Social Democracy, Embeddedness and Decommodification: On the Conceptual Innovations and Intellectual Affiliations of Karl Polanyi
Of the several debates that revolve around the work of the economic historian and political economist Karl Polanyi, one that continues to exercise minds concerns his analysis of, and political attitudes toward, post-war capitalism and the welfare state. Simplified a little, it is a debate with two sides. To borrow Iván Szelényi's terms, one side constructs a 'hard' Karl Polanyi, the other a 'soft' one. The former advocated a socialist mixed econo…
Lineages of Embeddedness: On the Antecedents and Successors of a Polanyian Concept
Since the 1980s, much debate has revolved around Karl Polanyi's concept of the "dis/embedded economy," generating some light and not a little heat. This paper looks at three reasons that account for part of the "heat." It begins by tracing the sources upon which Polanyi drew. They include Karl Marx, Ferdinand Tönnies, and Max Weber, along with anthropology of the inter-war period, and German and American Institutionalist economics. After explorin…
Karl Polanyi'sThe Great Transformation: Perverse effects, protectionism andGemeinschaft
This article revisits Karl Polanyi's The Great Transformation (1944), focusing on its key arguments, its continuing relevance and some of its weaknesses. Polanyi's critique of market fundamentalism remains highly pertinent, but his account of pre-capitalist societies and the historical dynamic of market expansion is problematic. His concept of the 'double movement' - whereby societal counter-movements arise to protect themselves from the disembed…
An Account of the Principal Customs and Habits of the Natives Inhabiting the Bondei Country, Compiled Mainly for the Use of European Missionaries in the Country
Rule of nature or rule of capital? Physiocracy, ecological economics, and ideology
This century has not been kind to mainstream economics. It has failed to notice the planet is afire. Anti-ecological, it ignores natural limits. Its ‘peak prometheanism’ arrived in the 1980s, but how far back does the rot go? Some ecological economists locate the wrong turn in the nineteenth century. Before that was physiocracy (meaning ‘rule of nature’). The physiocrats were the first to call themselves ‘economists,’ and to formalise political e…
Our world was made by nature’: Constructions of spontaneous order
This article explores the concepts of spontaneity and spontaneous order, in particular their deployment by Friedrich Hayek and Karl Polanyi. Although in many respects these thinkers were poles apart, the article identifies a point of convergence. They both mobilize the concept of spontaneity in a manner that naturalizes a particular social process: for Hayek, the market economy, for Polanyi, society’s protective movement that arises in reaction a…
Critiques of Growth in Classical Political Economy: Mill's Stationary State and a Marxian Response
In recent political-economic theories of ‘nature’, Mill and Marx/Engels form important reference points. Ecological economists see Mill's ‘stationary state’ as seminal, while Marxists have ‘brought capitalism back in’ to debates on growth and climate change, sparking a Marxological renaissance that has overturned our understanding of Marx/Engels' opus. This article explores aspects of Mill's and Marx/Engels' work and contemporary reception. It id…
Karl Polanyi in Vienna
In this article I discuss Polanyi’s intellectual formation in early twentieth-century Budapest and in 1920s Vienna, focusing in particular upon his relationship to Guild Socialist and Marxist theory and to Austrian Social Democracy. It was a period in which Marxism was evolving rapidly, and Polanyi was too. In his twenties, he reacted forcefully against what he saw as the evolutionary and deterministic traits of Marxist philosophy. In his thirtie…
Protest Waves in Western Europe: A Critique of "New Social Movement" Theory
A paradigmatic account of the recent development of social movements has become prominent in European sociology. Labor movements are said to be in decline, and new social movements to be taking their place at the center of contemporary protest and social transformation efforts. These changes are attributed to shifts in the underlying structures of modern society. This article challenges this view, questioning the underlying theoretical assumption…
Justificatory Fables of Ordoliberalism: Laissez-faire and the 'Third Way
This article critically examines two conceptualisations of ordoliberalism. In one, it is defined, together with neoliberalism, against 19th-century liberalism (in its social liberal and laissez-faire variants). This reading was common among ordoliberals themselves, and early neoliberals such as Friedrich von Hayek, as well as among critics, notably Michel Foucault. In another, ordoliberalism is contrasted to neoliberalism, with the latter presume…
Merging Rivulets of Opposition: Perspectives of the Anti-Capitalist Movement
Varieties of capitalism or variegated state capitalism? East Germany and Yugoslavia in comparative perspective
This essay is a contribution to comparative capitalism studies. We begin with a critique of the ‘Varieties of Capitalism’ school, before presenting the ‘variegated’ alternative. We note difficulties of both schools in characterising statist challengers to the dominant market order. The rise of China has made this a pressing issue, one that raises questions: Is China capitalist, and since when? And how should one analyse the communist world, which…
In search of Karl Polanyi’s International Relations theory
Karl Polanyi is principally known as an economic historian and a theorist of international political economy. His theses are commonly encountered in debates concerning globalisation, regionalism, regulation and deregulation, and neoliberalism. But the standard depiction of his ideas is based upon a highly restricted corpus of his work: essentially, his published writings, in English, from the 1940s and 1950s. Drawing upon a broader range of Polan…
Commentary
Positivism and ‘Functional Theory’ in the Thought of Karl Polanyi, 1907–1922
Karl Polanyi is the author of a modern social science classic, The Great Transformation , as well as a number of well‐known and widely debated essays collected in Trade and Market in the Early Empires and Primitive, Archaic and Modern Economies . These texts were researched and written either during his second exile in 1930s Britain or in wartime or post‐war North America. Not so well known, however, are his Hungarian writings from the 1910s. Unt…
Heimat, “Ostalgie” and the Stasi: The GDR in German Cinema, 1999–2006
German cinema is experiencing something of a renaissance, with an assortment of remarkable films having appeared in recent years. Some, such as Gegen die Wand (‘Against the Wall’), focus on the experience of immigrants. Others are set in the German Democratic Republic (GDR). Of the latter, Das Leben der Anderen (The Lives of Others) and Good Bye Lenin! are the best known, both domestically and abroad, although Sonnenallee also received a mass aud…
A Very Orderly Retreat”: Democratic Transition in East Germany, 1989–90
East Germany's 1989-90 democratisation is among the best known of East European transitions, but does not lend itself to comparative analysis, due to the singular way in which political reform and democratic consolidation were subsumed by Germany's unification process. Yet aspects of East Germany's democratisation have proved amenable to comparative approaches. This article reviews the comparative literature that refers to East Germany, and finds…
An Account of the Principal Customs and Habits of the Natives Inhabiting the Bondei Country, Compiled Mainly for the Use of European Missionaries in the Country
Dissolution: The Crisis of Communism and the End of East Germany
Protest Waves in Western Europe: A Critique of "New Social Movement" Theory
A paradigmatic account of the recent development of social movements has become prominent in European sociology. Labor movements are said to be in decline, and new social movements to be taking their place at the center of contemporary protest and social transformation efforts. These changes are attributed to shifts in the underlying structures of modern society. This article challenges this view, questioning the underlying theoretical assumption…
Merging Rivulets of Opposition: Perspectives of the Anti-Capitalist Movement
Globalisation, Microelectronics, and the Demise of the GDR
(2002). Globalisation, Microelectronics, and the Demise of the GDR. Debatte: Journal of Contemporary Central and Eastern Europe: Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 73-91
More shock than therapy: Why there has been no “miracle” in Eastern Germany
More Shock than Therapy: Why there has been no miracle in eastern Germany?, Socialism and Democracy (Summer). DraftOver the last few years a change of mood has affected German politics with regard to the country's ̳eastern problem'. 1Until recently it was generally addressed by politicians with bluff confidence, expressing a sanguine faith that the combination of marketisation and state subsidies would rapidly modernise the region.But to an incre…
The East German rising of June 1953
Before the archives of the East German state were opened in the early 1990s the rising of June 1953 had already been well documented, largely on the basis of eyewitness reports and the East German press. It was thought that up to 372,000 workers took strike action, and that many of these participated, along with several hundred thousand others, in marches, rallies, occupations and other forms of direct action. Much was known about the sequence of…
A Very Orderly Retreat”: Democratic Transition in East Germany, 1989–90
East Germany's 1989-90 democratisation is among the best known of East European transitions, but does not lend itself to comparative analysis, due to the singular way in which political reform and democratic consolidation were subsumed by Germany's unification process. Yet aspects of East Germany's democratisation have proved amenable to comparative approaches. This article reviews the comparative literature that refers to East Germany, and finds…
Heimat, “Ostalgie” and the Stasi: The GDR in German Cinema, 1999–2006
German cinema is experiencing something of a renaissance, with an assortment of remarkable films having appeared in recent years. Some, such as Gegen die Wand (‘Against the Wall’), focus on the experience of immigrants. Others are set in the German Democratic Republic (GDR). Of the latter, Das Leben der Anderen (The Lives of Others) and Good Bye Lenin! are the best known, both domestically and abroad, although Sonnenallee also received a mass aud…
Momente deutsch-deutscher Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte 1945 bis 1990: Eine Analyse auf gleicher Augenhöhe - Jörg Roesler
Karl Polanyi'sThe Great Transformation: Perverse effects, protectionism andGemeinschaft
This article revisits Karl Polanyi's The Great Transformation (1944), focusing on its key arguments, its continuing relevance and some of its weaknesses. Polanyi's critique of market fundamentalism remains highly pertinent, but his account of pre-capitalist societies and the historical dynamic of market expansion is problematic. His concept of the 'double movement' - whereby societal counter-movements arise to protect themselves from the disembed…
Of “Raisins” and “Yeast”: Mobilisation and Framing in the East German Revolution of 1989
There is no shortage of literature on the social movements that arose in East Germany in 1989. Numerous studies have shed light upon the nature, scale and dynamics of the uprising of that year. But on certain issues questions remain. No consensus exists, for example, on the relationship between the “civic groups” (New Forum, Democratic Awakening, etc.) and the street protests of the autumn of 1989. Were these simply two facets of a single movemen…
Karl Polanyi in Budapest: On his Political and Intellectual Formation
A major thinker and inspiring teacher, Karl Polanyi's contributions have long been influential in a variety of disciplines, notably economic sociology and economic history. Two of his innovations, substantivist economic anthropology and the "double movement thesis," are recognized as seminal. All of the works for which he is known, however, were written late in life, when in exile, and very little is known of his Hungarian writings, virtually non…
Dieter Segert, Das 41. Jahr. Eine andere Geschichte der DDR
Dieter SEGERT, Das 41. Jahr. Eine andere Geschichte der DDR , Wien-Koln-Weimar: Bohlau Verlag, 2008, pp. 284, ISBN 978-3205781547; €24.90 In 1989–90 I conducted several dozen interviews with indivi
Polanyian meditations on economy and society: A review of ‘Market Society: The Great Transformation Today’
Andrew Port, Conflict and Stability in the German Democratic Republic
July 01 2010 Andrew Port, Conflict and Stability in the German Democratic Republic Gareth Dale Gareth Dale Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Author and Article Information Gareth Dale Online ISSN: 1531-3298 Print ISSN: 1520-3972 © 2010 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology2010 Journal of Cold War Studies (2010) 12 (3): 147–149. https://doi.org/10.1162/JCWS_r_…
Social Democracy, Embeddedness and Decommodification: On the Conceptual Innovations and Intellectual Affiliations of Karl Polanyi
Of the several debates that revolve around the work of the economic historian and political economist Karl Polanyi, one that continues to exercise minds concerns his analysis of, and political attitudes toward, post-war capitalism and the welfare state. Simplified a little, it is a debate with two sides. To borrow Iván Szelényi's terms, one side constructs a 'hard' Karl Polanyi, the other a 'soft' one. The former advocated a socialist mixed econo…
Who were 'the people'? Classes and movements in East Germany, 1989
There is no shortage of literature on the East German revolution of 1989, but class analyses have been few and far between. In this paper, I survey a number of interpretations of the class composition of the 1989 movements-namely, that they comprised 'the people' or the intelligentsia-and find them wanting. I also subject Linda Fuller's thesis on the non-participation of the working class to detailed examination. Against Fuller, I show that worke…
Positivism and ‘Functional Theory’ in the Thought of Karl Polanyi, 1907–1922
Karl Polanyi is the author of a modern social science classic, The Great Transformation , as well as a number of well‐known and widely debated essays collected in Trade and Market in the Early Empires and Primitive, Archaic and Modern Economies . These texts were researched and written either during his second exile in 1930s Britain or in wartime or post‐war North America. Not so well known, however, are his Hungarian writings from the 1910s. Unt…
Lineages of Embeddedness: On the Antecedents and Successors of a Polanyian Concept
Since the 1980s, much debate has revolved around Karl Polanyi's concept of the "dis/embedded economy," generating some light and not a little heat. This paper looks at three reasons that account for part of the "heat." It begins by tracing the sources upon which Polanyi drew. They include Karl Marx, Ferdinand Tönnies, and Max Weber, along with anthropology of the inter-war period, and German and American Institutionalist economics. After explorin…
Adam Smith's Green Thumb and Malthus's Three Horsemen: Cautionary Tales from Classical Political Economy
This essay identifies a contradiction between the flourishing interest in the environmental economics of the classical period and a lack of critical parsing of the works of its leading representatives. Its focus is the work of Adam Smith and Thomas Malthus. It offers a critical analysis of their contribution to environmental thought and surveys the work of their contemporary devotees. It scrutinizes Smith’s contribution to what Karl Polanyi terme…
Critiques of Growth in Classical Political Economy: Mill's Stationary State and a Marxian Response
In recent political-economic theories of ‘nature’, Mill and Marx/Engels form important reference points. Ecological economists see Mill's ‘stationary state’ as seminal, while Marxists have ‘brought capitalism back in’ to debates on growth and climate change, sparking a Marxological renaissance that has overturned our understanding of Marx/Engels' opus. This article explores aspects of Mill's and Marx/Engels' work and contemporary reception. It id…
Double movements and pendular forces: Polanyian perspectives on the neoliberal age
In the neoliberal era, Karl Polanyi's notion of the 'double movement' has been widely deployed by social scientists as a critique of the prevailing order and a predictor of its demise. This article presents the double movement theorem, drawing upon Polanyi's published and unpublished writings. It explores parallels between his explanation of the advent of the 19th-century free-market regime in Britain and recent Polanyian accounts of the rise of …
Marketless Trading in Hammurabi’s Time’: A Re-appraisal
In this article I revisit Karl Polanyi’s writings on ancient Mesopotamia. I begin by situating them in the context of his general approach to trade, markets and money in the ancient world. Next, I reconstruct his major theses on Mesopotamia, drawing upon his published works as well as unpublished documents in the Karl Polanyi and Michael Polanyi archives. Finally, I provide a critical assessment of the merits and demerits of his contribution, wit…
Commentary
Political science (31 works) · Law (27 works) · Sociology (25 works) · Politics (22 works) · Law (18 works) · Economics (17 works) · History (17 works) · Philosophy (16 works) · Epistemology (12 works) · Political economy (12 works)