Jan Lammers
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 208780 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Jan Lammers |
| PRENOMES | Jan |
| SOBRENOME | Lammers |
| ASSINATURA | LAMMERS J |
| AFILIAÇÕES | University of Cologne |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-2647-121X |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 66 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 446 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 66 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1983 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 11 |
Understanding the Devaluation of Female Leaders
Women in leadership positions are often devalued. Complementing previous approaches, we provide a novel cognitive-ecological explanation for this phenomenon. We suggest that perceiving certain leaders as a subcategory of leaders, a tendency primarily observed for female leaders, focuses attention on their distinct attributes that differentiate them from the broader category of leaders. Since people have predominantly positive perceptions of leade…
When longing goes wrong
Nostalgia has many benefits for individuals; it can increase meaning, well‐being, and belongingness. In contrast, we show in six studies the harmful policy implications of nostalgia. We propose that nostalgia can lead people to appreciate negative aspects of the past and oppose modern measures to reduce them, with negative implications for health, safety, and well‐being. Four correlational studies ( N total = 3081) show that nostalgia proneness c…
A Cyclical Time Concept Increases the Perceived Predictability of the Future and Reduces the Perceived Risk of Unlikely, but not Likely Risks
Time can be perceived in linear terms, but also in cyclical terms. For example, people may think about the progress of time in terms of years, moving linearly from 2025 to 2026 and further onwards or they may think about time in cyclical terms, following the four seasons in an eternal cycle. We argue that when time is perceived as cyclical, similarities across time are more salient. For example, the four seasons always repeat themselves in the sa…
Temporal comparisons shape system justification processes
A central aspect of political conservatism is the notion that the system is fair. Political conservatives tend to defend the system more than do liberals. Here we test whether the link between political orientation and this system justification tendency depends on the comparisons people make across time. Across five studies, we found that the typically observed link between conservative (vs. liberal) political orientation and system justification…
Teaching simple heuristics can reduce the exponential growth bias in judging historic CO 2 emission growth
Across the last 150 years, global CO 2 emissions have grown at an increasing, exponential pace. Based on the well‐documented tendency to underestimate such exponential growth, we hypothesize and test in three studies (total N = 1796, including one nationally representative US sample) that people would fail to understand the historical, exponential growth of global CO 2 emissions. However, we also show that providing a simple rule of thumb can ser…
Political-Ideological Differences in Cultural Pessimism and Nostalgia Reflect People’s Evaluation of Their Nation’s Historical Developments
Western conservatives are more focused on the past than are liberals: They experience stronger cultural pessimism and nostalgically yearn back for past society. We test the hypothesis that this ideological difference reflects long-term national-historical developments, by comparing ideological differences in the United States and Türkiye. Using archival data, Study 1 confirms that whereas U.S. society over the last century moved in a liberal dire…
Highlighting the Old in the “New Normal”
During the COVID-19 pandemic, a wide ideological gap frustrated an effective response to the health crisis. Whereas most liberals supported protective measures, many conservatives opposed them. Five studies ( N total = 3,090) demonstrate that American and German conservatives’ opposition to COVID-19 measures arose partially from nostalgic emotions. We show that framing COVID-19 measures as a return to the past reduces conservatives’ opposition to…
Does framing climate change policies to fit with epistemic needs for predictability reduce conservatives’ opposition
A short‐term obstacle to united political action to fight climate change in various countries is opposition to pro‐environmental policies among conservatives. Three preregistered studies test the hypothesis that because conservatives have a higher need for closure than liberals (Hypothesis 1), framing pro‐environmental policies in a way that appeals to the need for closure, reduces conservatives’ opposition to these policies (Hypothesis 2). Study…
Relativity in Social Cognition
A key challenge for social psychology is to identify unifying principles that account for the complex dynamics of social behaviour. We propose psychological relativity and its core mechanism of comparison as one such unifying principle. To support our proposal, we review recent evidence investigating basic processes underlying and novel applications of social comparisons. Specifically, we clarify determinants of assimilation and contrast, evaluat…
Managerial stereotypes over time
Purpose A key obstacle to women’s advancement to managerial roles and leadership positions is the stereotype of the “good” manager, which is characterized by masculine traits. Although this gendered managerial stereotype has been very persistent over the past decades, Powell et al. (2021) recently showed that business students in the USA reported a decreased preference for masculine leadership traits and an increased preference for feminine leade…
Psychological power increases the desire for social distance but reduces the sense of social distance
Why People Hate Congress but Love Their Own Congressperson
Citizens in Western democracies often have negative attitudes toward political bodies, yet consistently re-elect their own representatives to these same political bodies. They hate Congress, but love their own congressperson. In contrast to resource-based explanations, we propose that this Paradox of Congressional Support is partly due to the wide availability of negative information about politicians in open societies combined with basic process…
Disentangling the factors behind shifting voting intentions
In today’s elections, abundantly available polls inform voters what parties lead and what parties trail. This allows voters to accurately predict the likely outcomes of elections before the final results are in. Voters may react to these ex-ante election outcomes by shifting their votes either toward leading parties, often termed the “bandwagon effect” or toward trailing parties, often termed the “underdog effect”. The published literature presen…
Stressing the Advantages of Female Leadership Can Place Women at a Disadvantage
An often-heard claim is that women will inevitably take over men’s dominant position in management due to superior female leadership skills. Lammers and Gast (2017) found that such claims paradoxically maintain gender inequality by undermining support for affirmative action. The original article was limited by comparing a single experimental and control text and exclusive reliance on American samples. We report a replication and extension among a…
Situational factors shape moral judgements in the trolley dilemma in Eastern, Southern and Western countries in a culturally diverse sample
How vertical elevation affects self-other integration as measured by the joint Simon effect
Earlier findings suggest that positions of power decrease self-other integration and increase psychological distance to others. Until now, however, evidence for this relation rests exclusively on subjective measures. The current research instead employed a vertical joint Simon task to measure self-other integration. This task assesses the extent to which people represent their own actions in reference to their co-actor's, also referred to as the …
A Chronic Lack of Perceived Personal Control Increases Women and Men’s Self-Reported Preference for High-Status Characteristics When Selecting Romantic Partners in Simulated Dating Situations
The question what people desire in their romantic partner has hitherto been dominated by a focus on gender. It has been repeatedly found that, when asked what they find important in selecting a partner, women indicate that they find status more important compared to men. Across five studies, we move beyond gender and base ourselves on general theories of control deprivation to test the effect of differences in perceived personal control on stated…
Kant be Compared
The current work tests whether the dispositional tendency to compare oneself to others—social comparison orientation (SCO)—impacts decisions in moral dilemmas. Past research offers two competing predictions for how SCO impacts moral decision making: (a) SCO increases deontological judgments because people high in SCO care especially about social norms versus (b) SCO decreases deontological judgments because people high in SCO are competitive and …
Leading and Working From Home in Times of Covid-19
Due to the COVID-19 crisis, managers and employees in many organizations suddenly are forced to work from home. Although working from home (WFH) is not a new phenomenon, it is new in its current scale and scope because of COVID-19. Against this background, we investigate the effect of WFH during the COVID-19 crisis on changes in leadership behaviors, and associated changes in perceived manager quality and productivity, at different hierarchical l…
Self-control failure increases a strategic preference for submission as means to avoid future failure
More threatening and more diagnostic
5,543) demonstrate how moral comparisons are a ubiquitous but fundamentally distinct form of social comparison with altered basic principles. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved)
Make America gracious again
Democracies across the globe are shaken by a new class of populist right‐wing politicians. A defining element of right‐wing populism is a preference for antagonistic rhetoric to describe opponents. Three studies connect support for right‐wing populist rhetoric to collective nostalgia for the past. Importantly, the results show that collective nostalgia can both increase and decrease support for right‐wing populist antagonistic rhetoric, depending…
Subjective status and perceived legitimacy across countries
The relationships between subjective status and perceived legitimacy are important for understanding the extent to which people with low status are complicit in their oppression. We use novel data from 66 samples and 30 countries ( N = 12,788) and find that people with higher status see the social system as more legitimate than those with lower status, but there is variation across people and countries. The association between subjective status a…
Paradoxical Effects of Power on Moral Thinking
The current research explores the role of power in moral decision-making. Some work suggests that power increases utilitarianism; other work suggests power increases deontological judgments. Conversely, we propose that power can both increase and decrease both deontological and utilitarian decisions by building on two recent insights in moral psychology. First, we utilize the moral orientation scale to assess four thinking styles that jointly pre…
Power increases the self‐serving bias in the attribution of collective successes and failures
Three studies test the effect of power on the self‐serving bias in attributing collective outcomes. The first two studies measure (Experiment 1) and manipulate (Experiment 2) power and then measure the internal (vs. external) attribution of past successes and failures. Consistently, those who feel powerful show a stronger self‐serving tendency to selectively attribute successes internally and failures externally than those who feel powerless. Exp…
Educational Homogamy in 65 Countries
n Contains fulltext :\n 140827.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access)\n
More or Less Educational Homogamy? A Test of Different Versions of Modernization Theory Using Cross-Temporal Evidence for 60 Countries
n Contains fulltext :\n 141279.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access)\n
Looking through the eyes of the powerful
Across four experiments, we test the idea that power decreases metastereotyping, and that this effect is mediated by reduced perspective taking. Metastereotypes refer to the beliefs that members of group A share about the stereotypes that members of specific outgroup B typically have about ingroup A. We propose that the dominant psychological orientation of the powerless is aimed at seeing how others see them. In an intergroup situation they are …
Successful female leaders empower women's behavior in leadership tasks
Power increases dehumanization
The current paper shows that the experience or possession of power increases dehumanization—the process of denying essential elements of “humanness” in other people and perceiving them as objects or animals. A position of power entails making difficult decisions for other people that may cause pain and suffering. Dehumanization helps to downplay this pain and suffering and thus to justify these decisions. Study 1 shows that powerful people dehuma…
Make America gracious again
Democracies across the globe are shaken by a new class of populist right‐wing politicians. A defining element of right‐wing populism is a preference for antagonistic rhetoric to describe opponents. Three studies connect support for right‐wing populist rhetoric to collective nostalgia for the past. Importantly, the results show that collective nostalgia can both increase and decrease support for right‐wing populist antagonistic rhetoric, depending…
Past-focused temporal communication overcomes conservatives’ resistance to liberal political ideas
Nine studies and a meta-analysis test the role of past-focused temporal communication in reducing conservatives' disagreement with liberal political ideas. We propose that conservatives are more prone to warm, affectionate, and nostalgic feelings for past society. Therefore, they are more likely to support political ideas-including those expressing liberal values-that can be linked to a desirable past state (past focus), rather than a desirable f…
Iron ladies, men of steel
Women remain a minority in politics. In nearly all countries, including parliamentary democracies, women are still underrepresented in national parliament and other representative institutions. Research has argued that there is a bias against women in elections. Here we study the process behind this phenomenon by investigating the effect of a candidate's gender and gender prototypicality on judgment of the suitability of this candidate in electio…
Subjective status and perceived legitimacy across countries
The relationships between subjective status and perceived legitimacy are important for understanding the extent to which people with low status are complicit in their oppression. We use novel data from 66 samples and 30 countries ( N = 12,788) and find that people with higher status see the social system as more legitimate than those with lower status, but there is variation across people and countries. The association between subjective status a…
Occupational Homogamy in Eight Countries of the European Union, 1975-89
Using data from the Eurobarometers, the association between the occupations of spouses is studied for eight EU countries at several points in time. Most of the association is due to a tendency towards occupational similarity between the spouses. The strength of this tendency differs somewhat between countries and decreases by about 16 per cent between 1975 and 1989, indicating that the social structure of the countries has become more open in thi…
Abstraction increases hypocrisy
How power influences moral thinking
The authors conducted 5 studies to test the idea that both thinking about and having power affects the way in which people resolve moral dilemmas. It is shown that high power increases the use of rule-based (deontological) moral thinking styles, whereas low power increases reliance on outcome-based (consequentialist) moral thinking. Stated differently, in determining whether an act is right or wrong, the powerful focus on whether rules and princi…
Religious Assortative Marriage in the Netherlands, 1938-1983
n Contains fulltext :\n 141076.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access)\n
Power gets the job
Leading and Working From Home in Times of Covid-19
Due to the COVID-19 crisis, managers and employees in many organizations suddenly are forced to work from home. Although working from home (WFH) is not a new phenomenon, it is new in its current scale and scope because of COVID-19. Against this background, we investigate the effect of WFH during the COVID-19 crisis on changes in leadership behaviors, and associated changes in perceived manager quality and productivity, at different hierarchical l…
Power and Attraction to the Counternormative Aspects of Infidelity
Previous research shows that powerful people are more likely than those lacking power to engage in infidelity. One possible explanation holds (a) that power psychologically releases people from the inhibiting effects of social norms and thus increases their appetite for counternormative forms of sexuality. Two alternative explanations are (b) that power increases appetite for any form of sexuality, normative or counternormative, and (c) that powe…
Writing autobiographical narratives increases political conservatism
You Can Leave Your Glasses on
Does wearing glasses hurt or help politicians in elections? Although some research shows that glasses signal unattractiveness, glasses also increase perceptions of competence. In eight studies, participants voted for politicians wearing (photoshopped) glasses or not. Wearing glasses increased politicians' electoral success in the US (Study 1), independent of their political orientation (Studies 2a and 2b). This positive effect was especially stro…
Not all rejections are alike; competence and warmth as a fundamental distinction in social rejection
Power and behavioral approach orientation in existing power relations and the mediating effect of income
A large number of authors have observed that the experience of power increases behavioral approach tendencies. There are however some important unresolved problems. Predominantly, the literature relies on lab manipulations, priming, and student populations. This has resulted in low face validity. Also, it is unclear what process underlies this effect. A large‐scale survey ( N = 3082) reliably measures power among real low‐ and high‐power employee…
Effects of Occupational Status Differences between Spouses on the Wife's Labor Force Participation and Occupational Achievement
Jeroen Smits, Wout Ultee, Jan Lammers, Effects of Occupational Status Differences between Spouses on the Wife's Labor Force Participation and Occupational Achievement: Findings from 12 European Countries, Journal of Marriage and Family, Vol. 58, No. 1 (Feb., 1996), pp. 101-115
More threatening and more diagnostic
5,543) demonstrate how moral comparisons are a ubiquitous but fundamentally distinct form of social comparison with altered basic principles. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved)
Empowering Mimicry
In two studies we investigated the behavioral process through which visible female leader role models empower women in leadership tasks. We proposed that women tend to mimic the powerful (open) body postures of successful female role models, thus leading to more empowered behavior and better performance on a challenging leadership task, a process we called empowering mimicry . In Study 1, we experimentally manipulated the body posture of the male…
The Discrepancy Between How Women See Themselves and Feminists Predicts Identification with Feminism
The powerful disregard social comparison information
Effects of midbrain central gray lesions on spontaneous and electrically induced aggression in the rat
Large electrolytic lesions were placed in the midbrain central gray of male rats. Their effects on hypothalamically induced aggression, switch-off behaviour, and locomotion were investigated. A number of these animals were also tested for territorial intermale aggression in order to compare electrically induced and spontaneous aggression. Large lesions resulted in an increase of the current threshold to induce aggression by hypo-thalamic stimulat…
Localism and Religiosity in the Netherlands
Item does not contain fulltext
Religious Assortative Marriage in the Netherlands, 1938-1983
n Contains fulltext :\n 141076.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access)\n
Community, commitment, and conservatism
Roof's localism theory implies that the associations observed frequently between religiosity and social conservatism are primarily an artefact of localism. Lehman, however, has argued that localism should not be treated as a unidimensional construct and that an analysis of both social and cultural localism raises doubts about Roof's interpretation. This paper addresses these issues using data from a 1985 national Dutch survey. The results tend to…
Church-Membership, Religion and Attitude Towards Abortion in the Netherlands
The empirical theological question whether and how the churches mediate and facilitate the functioning of Christian religion in our society is applied to the religious influence on the acceptance or rejection of abortion in this article. We depart from historic data concerning the teachings of the Dutch churches on abortion. These help to formulate the research problem of this study: does the role of religion differentiate between church-members …
Church-Membership, Reli Gion and Attitude Towards Abortion in the Netherlands
The empirical theological question whether and how the churches mediate and facilitate the functioning of Christian religion in our society is applied to the religious influence on the acceptance or rejection of abortion in this article. We depart from historic data concerning the teachings of the Dutch churches on abortion. These help to formulate the research problem of this study: does the role of religion differentiate between church-members …
Models for status inconsistency and mobility
Deconfessionalisation in the Netherlands, 1964–1992
Using data from 1098 national Dutch surveys, this paper explores trends in the influence of religious denomination on votes for confessional political parties in the Netherlands from 1964 to 1992. The broad question is whether confessional voting has declined over this 29‐year period; the narrow issue is whether the declines vary with religious denomination and time. Logit analysis of the overall effect allows a downward trend in the influence of…
Effects of Occupational Status Differences between Spouses on the Wife's Labor Force Participation and Occupational Achievement
Jeroen Smits, Wout Ultee, Jan Lammers, Effects of Occupational Status Differences between Spouses on the Wife's Labor Force Participation and Occupational Achievement: Findings from 12 European Countries, Journal of Marriage and Family, Vol. 58, No. 1 (Feb., 1996), pp. 101-115
Educational Homogamy in 65 Countries
n Contains fulltext :\n 140827.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access)\n
Occupational Homogamy in Eight Countries of the European Union, 1975-89
Using data from the Eurobarometers, the association between the occupations of spouses is studied for eight EU countries at several points in time. Most of the association is due to a tendency towards occupational similarity between the spouses. The strength of this tendency differs somewhat between countries and decreases by about 16 per cent between 1975 and 1989, indicating that the social structure of the countries has become more open in thi…
More or Less Educational Homogamy? A Test of Different Versions of Modernization Theory Using Cross-Temporal Evidence for 60 Countries
n Contains fulltext :\n 141279.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access)\n
Illegitimacy Moderates the Effects of Power on Approach
A wealth of research has found that power leads to behavioral approach and action. Four experiments demonstrate that this link between power and approach is broken when the power relationship is illegitimate. When power was primed to be legitimate or when power positions were assigned legitimately, the powerful demonstrated more approach than the powerless. However, when power was experienced as illegitimate, the powerless displayed as much appro…
Looking through the eyes of the powerful
Across four experiments, we test the idea that power decreases metastereotyping, and that this effect is mediated by reduced perspective taking. Metastereotypes refer to the beliefs that members of group A share about the stereotypes that members of specific outgroup B typically have about ingroup A. We propose that the dominant psychological orientation of the powerless is aimed at seeing how others see them. In an intergroup situation they are …
Iron ladies, men of steel
Women remain a minority in politics. In nearly all countries, including parliamentary democracies, women are still underrepresented in national parliament and other representative institutions. Research has argued that there is a bias against women in elections. Here we study the process behind this phenomenon by investigating the effect of a candidate's gender and gender prototypicality on judgment of the suitability of this candidate in electio…
How power influences moral thinking
The authors conducted 5 studies to test the idea that both thinking about and having power affects the way in which people resolve moral dilemmas. It is shown that high power increases the use of rule-based (deontological) moral thinking styles, whereas low power increases reliance on outcome-based (consequentialist) moral thinking. Stated differently, in determining whether an act is right or wrong, the powerful focus on whether rules and princi…
Power Increases Hypocrisy
In five studies, we explored whether power increases moral hypocrisy (i.e., imposing strict moral standards on other people but practicing less strict moral behavior oneself). In Experiment 1, compared with the powerless, the powerful condemned other people's cheating more, but also cheated more themselves. In Experiments 2 through 4, the powerful were more strict in judging other people's moral transgressions than in judging their own transgress…
Power increases dehumanization
The current paper shows that the experience or possession of power increases dehumanization—the process of denying essential elements of “humanness” in other people and perceiving them as objects or animals. A position of power entails making difficult decisions for other people that may cause pain and suffering. Dehumanization helps to downplay this pain and suffering and thus to justify these decisions. Study 1 shows that powerful people dehuma…
Power and behavioral approach orientation in existing power relations and the mediating effect of income
A large number of authors have observed that the experience of power increases behavioral approach tendencies. There are however some important unresolved problems. Predominantly, the literature relies on lab manipulations, priming, and student populations. This has resulted in low face validity. Also, it is unclear what process underlies this effect. A large‐scale survey ( N = 3082) reliably measures power among real low‐ and high‐power employee…
Retracted
Six studies investigate whether the effect of racist biases on judges' legal decisions on minority defendants is reduced by a “justice focus.” Given that people associate legal decision-making with the need to do so in a colorblind manner, a justice focus blocks the effect of racist biases on legal decisions. Experiment 1 shows that explicit instructions to adopt a justice goal decrease biases. Experiment 2 shows that a primed justice focus also …
The powerful disregard social comparison information
Abstraction increases hypocrisy
Political Diversity in Social and Personality Psychology
A lack of political diversity in psychology is said to lead to a number of pernicious outcomes, including biased research and active discrimination against conservatives. We surveyed a large number (combined N = 800) of social and personality psychologists and discovered several interesting facts. First, although only 6% described themselves as conservative “overall,” there was more diversity of political opinion on economic issues and foreign po…
Power Increases Social Distance
Five experiments investigated the effect of power on social distance. Although increased social distance has been suggested to be an underlying mechanism for a number of the effects of power, there is little empirical evidence directly supporting this claim. Our first three experiments found that power increases social distance toward others. In addition, these studies demonstrated that this effect is (a) mediated by self-sufficiency and (b) mode…
Power gets the job
Psychology (61 obras) · Social Psychology (50 obras) · Social and Intergroup Psychology (34 obras) · Political science (26 obras) · Social Psychology (24 obras) · Sociology (23 obras) · Law (17 obras) · Economics (16 obras) · Politics (16 obras) · Psychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment (14 obras)