Timothy J Strauman
Biographic Data
| ID | 2101938 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Timothy J Strauman |
| GIVEN NAMES | Timothy J |
| FAMILY NAME | Strauman |
| SIGNATURE | STRAUMAN T J |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Wisconsin–Madison |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-0310-4505 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 22 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 87 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 22 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1985 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2021 |
| H-INDEX | 5 |
Regulatory Focus and Substance Use in Adolescents: Protective Effects of Prevention Orientation
Background: Substance use is a major risk factor for negative health and functioning outcomes among middle schoolers. The purpose of this study was to assess whether individual differences in the adolescents’ goal orientation are associated with elevated or attenuated risk for substance use. Regulatory focus theory stipulates that individuals vary in their strength of orientation toward promotion goals (“making good things happen”) and prevention…
The enhanced examination for professional practice in psychology: A viable approach
Health disciplines have increasingly required competency-based evaluations as a licensure prerequisite. In keeping with this trend, the Association of State and Provincial Psychology Boards (ASPPB) has begun to develop a second part to the Examination for Professional Practice in Psychology (EPPP). The resulting 2-part examination is collectively referred to as the Enhanced EPPP. Part 1 of the Enhanced EPPP, which consists of the current exam, is…
Self-discrepancy theory as a transdiagnostic framework: A meta-analysis of self-discrepancy and psychopathology
Self‐Regulation and Mechanisms of Action in Psychotherapy: A Theory‐Based Translational Perspective
Psychotherapy is a complex, multilayered process with the potential to bring about changes at multiple levels of functioning, from the neurobiology of the brain to the individual's role in the social world. Although studies of the mechanisms by which psychotherapy leads to change continue to appear, there remains much to be learned about how psychological interventions work. To guide explorations of how and for whom particular treatment approache…
The Development of Children's Ideal and Ought Self‐Guides: Parenting, Temperament, and Individual Differences in Guide Strength
Regulatory focus theory (RFT; Higgins, 1997 ) predicts that individual differences in the strength of promotion (ideal) and prevention (ought) orientations emerge from patterns of parent/child interactions that emphasize making good things happen versus keeping bad things from happening. This article examines the development of individual differences in the strength of children's promotion and prevention goals and presents selected findings from …
Social Support and Coronary Heart Disease: Epidemiologic Evidence and Implications for Treatment
Objective: The present paper reviews theories of social support and evidence for the role of social support in the development and progression of coronary heart disease (CHD). Methods: Articles for the primary review of social support as a risk factor were identified with MEDLINE (1966–2004) and PsychINFO (1872–2004). Reviews of bibliographies also were used to identify relevant articles. Results: In general, evidence suggests that low social sup…
Depression as a Risk Factor for Coronary Artery Disease: Evidence, Mechanisms, and Treatment
OBJECTIVE: The present paper reviews the evidence that depression is a risk factor for the development and progression of coronary artery disease (CAD). METHODS: MEDLINE searches and reviews of bibliographies were used to identify relevant articles. Articles were clustered by theme: depression as a risk factor, biobehavioral mechanisms, and treatment outcome studies. RESULTS: Depression confers a relative risk between 1.5 and 2.0 for the onset of…
Self-Regulation and Depression
This article describes an emerging perspective on depression as a disorder of selfregulation. It is proposed that the concept of brain/behavior system, though insufficient for explaining depression, can be reformulated as self/brain/behavior system to address both psychological and neurophysiological aspects of depression. A set of hypotheses conceptualizing depression (in self/brain/behavior system terms) as a disorder of self-regulation is offe…
Using imagination and personalized suggestion to change people: A commentary
Temperament, recalled parenting styles, and self-regulation: Testing the developmental postulates of self-discrepancy theory
Self-discrepancy theory (SDT) postulates that self-regulatory systems corresponding to the ideal and ought self-domains emerge from the influences of temperament (e.g., sensitivity to stimuli for positive vs. negative outcomes) and socialization (e.g., parenting behaviors and interpersonal outcome contingencies). This article reports 2 studies testing the developmental postulates of SDT concurrently and retrospectively. Study 1 showed that self-r…
Stability within the self: A longitudinal study of the structural implications of self-discrepancy theory
Introduction: Social Cognition, Psychodynamic Psychology, and the Representation and Processing of Emotionally Significant Information
This special issue examines two perspectives on how people comprehend and respond to significant features of their lives: psychoanalytic psychology and social cognition. The articles included present new empirical findings relevant to die overlap of psychoanalysis and social‐cognitive psychology, as well as commentaries from each perspective. This introduction summarizes important conceptual and methodological challenges in the integration of two…
Jeffrey S. Tanaka 1958-1992
Effects of motivationally significant stimuli on the regulation of dominant responses
In 4 experiments, Ss responded as quickly as possible to indicate whether character strings consisted of letters or numbers. Following a warning stimulus that was or was not designed to trigger a motivational-emotional response in particular subgroups (viz., those with high anxiety, discrepant self-concepts, and eating disorders), strings were presented in a central (dominant) location on 75% of the trials or in 1 of 4 peripheral (nondominant) lo…
Self-discrepancy and natural killer cell activity: Immunological consequences of negative self-evaluation
The study tested whether self-discrepancy theory could account for changes in natural killer (NK) cell activity after exposure to self-referential stimuli. Anxious, dysphoric, and control Ss were pretested and 1 month later covertly exposed to their own self-guides as well as those of another S. Blood samples were drawn for analysis of NK cytotoxicity and cortisol. The dysphoric Ss manifested the greatest actual:ideal discrepancy, whereas the anx…
The Factor Structure of SCL-90 and MCMI Scale Scores: Within-Measure and Interbattery Analyses
This article reports scale-level factor analyses for two widely used self-report measures of psychopathology - the Symptom Checklist-90-R (Derogatis, 1983) and the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (Millon, 1983) - and compares the obtained factor structures with findings reported in the literature to determine whether each instrument possesses a reliable, meaningful dimensional structure underlying its scale scores. The sample was a heterogen…
Self-discrepancies and vulnerability to body dissatisfaction and disordered eating
Two studies explored the relevance of self-discrepancies for body dissatisfaction and disordered eating. In Study 1, actual:ideal self-discrepancies of female undergraduates correlated with body shape dissatisfaction independent of Ss' body mass and number of appearance-related self-beliefs; actual:ought discrepancy was discriminantly associated with anorexic-related attitudes and behaviors. In Study 2 (using a mixed-gender sample), bulimic-relat…
Self-guides and emotionally significant childhood memories: A study of retrieval efficiency and incidental negative emotional content
Self‐Discrepancies as Predictors of Vulnerability to Distinct Syndromes of Chronic Emotional Distress
Two types of self‐discrepancy differing in both domain and standpoint of self‐guide were examined as predictors of vulnerability to chronic emotional syndromes Study 1 assessed discrepancy between the actual/own self‐state and the ideal/own self‐guide and between the actual/own self‐state and the ought/other self‐guide in predicting syndromes of dejection and agitation as well as different types of anger Actual/own ideal/own discrepancy (AI) was …
Automatic activation of self-discrepancies and emotional syndromes: When cognitive structures influence affect
Self-discrepancies and emotional vulnerability: How magnitude, accessibility, and type of discrepancy influence affect
Two studies examined whether the type of emotional change experienced by individuals is influenced by the magnitude and accessibility of the different types of self-discrepancies they possess. In both studies, subjects filled out a measure of self-discrepancy a few weeks prior to the experimental session. Subjects were asked to list up to 10 attributes each for different self-states--their actual self, their ideal self (their own or others' hopes…
Self-Concept Discrepancy Theory: A Psychological Model for Distinguishing among Different Aspects of Depression and Anxiety
This study tested whether self-concept discrepancy theory (Higgins, 1983) provides a psychological model for distinguishing among different aspects of depression and anxiety. Nondepressed, slightly depressed, and moderately depressed undergraduates filled out a variety of standard questionnaires—the Beck Depression Inventory, Blatt Depressive Experiences Questionnaire, Emotions Questionnaire (measuring chronic rather than momentary affect), and H…
Self-discrepancies and emotional vulnerability: How magnitude, accessibility, and type of discrepancy influence affect
Two studies examined whether the type of emotional change experienced by individuals is influenced by the magnitude and accessibility of the different types of self-discrepancies they possess. In both studies, subjects filled out a measure of self-discrepancy a few weeks prior to the experimental session. Subjects were asked to list up to 10 attributes each for different self-states--their actual self, their ideal self (their own or others' hopes…
Automatic activation of self-discrepancies and emotional syndromes: When cognitive structures influence affect
Self-discrepancies and vulnerability to body dissatisfaction and disordered eating
Two studies explored the relevance of self-discrepancies for body dissatisfaction and disordered eating. In Study 1, actual:ideal self-discrepancies of female undergraduates correlated with body shape dissatisfaction independent of Ss' body mass and number of appearance-related self-beliefs; actual:ought discrepancy was discriminantly associated with anorexic-related attitudes and behaviors. In Study 2 (using a mixed-gender sample), bulimic-relat…
Self-guides and emotionally significant childhood memories: A study of retrieval efficiency and incidental negative emotional content
Temperament, recalled parenting styles, and self-regulation: Testing the developmental postulates of self-discrepancy theory
Self-discrepancy theory (SDT) postulates that self-regulatory systems corresponding to the ideal and ought self-domains emerge from the influences of temperament (e.g., sensitivity to stimuli for positive vs. negative outcomes) and socialization (e.g., parenting behaviors and interpersonal outcome contingencies). This article reports 2 studies testing the developmental postulates of SDT concurrently and retrospectively. Study 1 showed that self-r…
Self-discrepancy and natural killer cell activity: Immunological consequences of negative self-evaluation
The study tested whether self-discrepancy theory could account for changes in natural killer (NK) cell activity after exposure to self-referential stimuli. Anxious, dysphoric, and control Ss were pretested and 1 month later covertly exposed to their own self-guides as well as those of another S. Blood samples were drawn for analysis of NK cytotoxicity and cortisol. The dysphoric Ss manifested the greatest actual:ideal discrepancy, whereas the anx…
Stability within the self: A longitudinal study of the structural implications of self-discrepancy theory
Effects of motivationally significant stimuli on the regulation of dominant responses
In 4 experiments, Ss responded as quickly as possible to indicate whether character strings consisted of letters or numbers. Following a warning stimulus that was or was not designed to trigger a motivational-emotional response in particular subgroups (viz., those with high anxiety, discrepant self-concepts, and eating disorders), strings were presented in a central (dominant) location on 75% of the trials or in 1 of 4 peripheral (nondominant) lo…
Self-Concept Discrepancy Theory: A Psychological Model for Distinguishing among Different Aspects of Depression and Anxiety
This study tested whether self-concept discrepancy theory (Higgins, 1983) provides a psychological model for distinguishing among different aspects of depression and anxiety. Nondepressed, slightly depressed, and moderately depressed undergraduates filled out a variety of standard questionnaires—the Beck Depression Inventory, Blatt Depressive Experiences Questionnaire, Emotions Questionnaire (measuring chronic rather than momentary affect), and H…
Self-discrepancies and emotional vulnerability: How magnitude, accessibility, and type of discrepancy influence affect
Two studies examined whether the type of emotional change experienced by individuals is influenced by the magnitude and accessibility of the different types of self-discrepancies they possess. In both studies, subjects filled out a measure of self-discrepancy a few weeks prior to the experimental session. Subjects were asked to list up to 10 attributes each for different self-states--their actual self, their ideal self (their own or others' hopes…
Automatic activation of self-discrepancies and emotional syndromes: When cognitive structures influence affect
Self‐Discrepancies as Predictors of Vulnerability to Distinct Syndromes of Chronic Emotional Distress
Two types of self‐discrepancy differing in both domain and standpoint of self‐guide were examined as predictors of vulnerability to chronic emotional syndromes Study 1 assessed discrepancy between the actual/own self‐state and the ideal/own self‐guide and between the actual/own self‐state and the ought/other self‐guide in predicting syndromes of dejection and agitation as well as different types of anger Actual/own ideal/own discrepancy (AI) was …
Self-guides and emotionally significant childhood memories: A study of retrieval efficiency and incidental negative emotional content
Self-discrepancies and vulnerability to body dissatisfaction and disordered eating
Two studies explored the relevance of self-discrepancies for body dissatisfaction and disordered eating. In Study 1, actual:ideal self-discrepancies of female undergraduates correlated with body shape dissatisfaction independent of Ss' body mass and number of appearance-related self-beliefs; actual:ought discrepancy was discriminantly associated with anorexic-related attitudes and behaviors. In Study 2 (using a mixed-gender sample), bulimic-relat…
The Factor Structure of SCL-90 and MCMI Scale Scores: Within-Measure and Interbattery Analyses
This article reports scale-level factor analyses for two widely used self-report measures of psychopathology - the Symptom Checklist-90-R (Derogatis, 1983) and the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (Millon, 1983) - and compares the obtained factor structures with findings reported in the literature to determine whether each instrument possesses a reliable, meaningful dimensional structure underlying its scale scores. The sample was a heterogen…
Jeffrey S. Tanaka 1958-1992
Effects of motivationally significant stimuli on the regulation of dominant responses
In 4 experiments, Ss responded as quickly as possible to indicate whether character strings consisted of letters or numbers. Following a warning stimulus that was or was not designed to trigger a motivational-emotional response in particular subgroups (viz., those with high anxiety, discrepant self-concepts, and eating disorders), strings were presented in a central (dominant) location on 75% of the trials or in 1 of 4 peripheral (nondominant) lo…
Self-discrepancy and natural killer cell activity: Immunological consequences of negative self-evaluation
The study tested whether self-discrepancy theory could account for changes in natural killer (NK) cell activity after exposure to self-referential stimuli. Anxious, dysphoric, and control Ss were pretested and 1 month later covertly exposed to their own self-guides as well as those of another S. Blood samples were drawn for analysis of NK cytotoxicity and cortisol. The dysphoric Ss manifested the greatest actual:ideal discrepancy, whereas the anx…
Introduction: Social Cognition, Psychodynamic Psychology, and the Representation and Processing of Emotionally Significant Information
This special issue examines two perspectives on how people comprehend and respond to significant features of their lives: psychoanalytic psychology and social cognition. The articles included present new empirical findings relevant to die overlap of psychoanalysis and social‐cognitive psychology, as well as commentaries from each perspective. This introduction summarizes important conceptual and methodological challenges in the integration of two…
Stability within the self: A longitudinal study of the structural implications of self-discrepancy theory
Using imagination and personalized suggestion to change people: A commentary
Temperament, recalled parenting styles, and self-regulation: Testing the developmental postulates of self-discrepancy theory
Self-discrepancy theory (SDT) postulates that self-regulatory systems corresponding to the ideal and ought self-domains emerge from the influences of temperament (e.g., sensitivity to stimuli for positive vs. negative outcomes) and socialization (e.g., parenting behaviors and interpersonal outcome contingencies). This article reports 2 studies testing the developmental postulates of SDT concurrently and retrospectively. Study 1 showed that self-r…
Self-Regulation and Depression
This article describes an emerging perspective on depression as a disorder of selfregulation. It is proposed that the concept of brain/behavior system, though insufficient for explaining depression, can be reformulated as self/brain/behavior system to address both psychological and neurophysiological aspects of depression. A set of hypotheses conceptualizing depression (in self/brain/behavior system terms) as a disorder of self-regulation is offe…
Depression as a Risk Factor for Coronary Artery Disease: Evidence, Mechanisms, and Treatment
OBJECTIVE: The present paper reviews the evidence that depression is a risk factor for the development and progression of coronary artery disease (CAD). METHODS: MEDLINE searches and reviews of bibliographies were used to identify relevant articles. Articles were clustered by theme: depression as a risk factor, biobehavioral mechanisms, and treatment outcome studies. RESULTS: Depression confers a relative risk between 1.5 and 2.0 for the onset of…
Social Support and Coronary Heart Disease: Epidemiologic Evidence and Implications for Treatment
Objective: The present paper reviews theories of social support and evidence for the role of social support in the development and progression of coronary heart disease (CHD). Methods: Articles for the primary review of social support as a risk factor were identified with MEDLINE (1966–2004) and PsychINFO (1872–2004). Reviews of bibliographies also were used to identify relevant articles. Results: In general, evidence suggests that low social sup…
The Development of Children's Ideal and Ought Self‐Guides: Parenting, Temperament, and Individual Differences in Guide Strength
Regulatory focus theory (RFT; Higgins, 1997 ) predicts that individual differences in the strength of promotion (ideal) and prevention (ought) orientations emerge from patterns of parent/child interactions that emphasize making good things happen versus keeping bad things from happening. This article examines the development of individual differences in the strength of children's promotion and prevention goals and presents selected findings from …
Self‐Regulation and Mechanisms of Action in Psychotherapy: A Theory‐Based Translational Perspective
Psychotherapy is a complex, multilayered process with the potential to bring about changes at multiple levels of functioning, from the neurobiology of the brain to the individual's role in the social world. Although studies of the mechanisms by which psychotherapy leads to change continue to appear, there remains much to be learned about how psychological interventions work. To guide explorations of how and for whom particular treatment approache…
Self-discrepancy theory as a transdiagnostic framework: A meta-analysis of self-discrepancy and psychopathology
The enhanced examination for professional practice in psychology: A viable approach
Health disciplines have increasingly required competency-based evaluations as a licensure prerequisite. In keeping with this trend, the Association of State and Provincial Psychology Boards (ASPPB) has begun to develop a second part to the Examination for Professional Practice in Psychology (EPPP). The resulting 2-part examination is collectively referred to as the Enhanced EPPP. Part 1 of the Enhanced EPPP, which consists of the current exam, is…
Regulatory Focus and Substance Use in Adolescents: Protective Effects of Prevention Orientation
Background: Substance use is a major risk factor for negative health and functioning outcomes among middle schoolers. The purpose of this study was to assess whether individual differences in the adolescents’ goal orientation are associated with elevated or attenuated risk for substance use. Regulatory focus theory stipulates that individuals vary in their strength of orientation toward promotion goals (“making good things happen”) and prevention…
Psychology (20 works) · Developmental psychology (14 works) · Social Psychology (14 works) · Behavioral Health and Interventions (8 works) · Mental Health Research Topics (7 works) · Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development (6 works) · Psychiatry (6 works) · Social Psychology (6 works) · Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes (5 works) · Clinical Psychology (5 works)