Gabriel Mugny
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 210478 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Gabriel Mugny |
| NOMBRES | Gabriel |
| APELLIDO | Mugny |
| FIRMA | MUGNY G |
| AFILIACIONES | University of Geneva |
| VERIFICADO | No |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 55 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 232 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 55 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1975 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2020 |
| ÍNDICE H | 8 |
Teaching as Social Influence
Teachers carry out a number of roles in the educational system. Their primary role is to help all students develop knowledge and skills, but, most of the time, they take on the role of gatekeepers: They evaluate students and exercise selection on the basis of performance. We analyze the roles of teachers through the lens of the literature on social influence and put forward the proposal that teaching is a form of social influence. We review exist…
The Conflict Elaboration Theory of Social Influence
Social influence phenomena have provided the basis for a great variety of theoretical, experimental, and applied studies. Conflict elaboration theory is an attempt to integrate research on social influence phenomena in order to lead to new insights about the various processes confounded under the generic notion of "social influence." Social influence is understood as the modification of what the person or the group would have done in a different …
Motivation to Maintain a Nonprejudiced Identity
In the context of nationals’ attitudes toward immigrants, three studies investigated the moderating role of normative context and justification for prejudice on licensing effects. Justification for prejudice was either assessed (Studies 1 and 2) or experimentally induced (Study 3). The normative context (egalitarian vs. discriminatory) and the possibility to obtain (or not) credentials as a nonprejudiced person were manipulated in all studies. A …
Minority Influence
The aim of the present chapter is to explain the processes through which minority points of view may, or may not, diffuse in society at large. The first section presents the rise in the 1970s of a new stream of research, that of minority influence, and summarizes early conceptions and the initial experimental works that allowed differentiating minority from majority influence. The second part reviews the subsequent criticism to early minority inf…
The side effect of egalitarian norms
In the context of sexual prejudice, in which group distinctiveness motivation is particularly strong for men, three studies tested the hypothesis that egalitarian norms can intensify reactive distinctiveness motives, and then paradoxically increase intergroup differentiation and prejudice. Depending on the studies, the egalitarian norm was experimentally manipulated or induced and kept constant. Group distinctiveness was manipulated through scien…
Antismoking norm and smokers' antismoking attitudes
Scientific discoveries about the dangers of smoking and antismoking actions carried out in Western countries over recent decades have progressively helped create an antismoking social norm. Nevertheless, many smokers still refuse to quit. We conducted two studies to investigate smokers' resistance to this norm as a function of their personal self‐esteem (PSE) and group‐based self‐esteem (GBSE). An initial correlational study assessed smokers' per…
Threatening Intergroup Relationships
Five experiments investigated among nonsmokers with initial antismoking attitudes conformity to a norm of intergroup tolerance and nondiscrimination (i.e., a counterattitudinal norm) as a function of the personal versus categorical referent used in intergroup comparisons (self-categorization level), the motivation to respond without prejudice, and the perceived ingroup threat. Results showed that conformity (i.e., a reduction of support for antis…
Deflecting Stereotype Threat Through Downward Comparison
A regulatory fit perspective in majority versus minority support to attitudes toward homosexuals
Three studies examined the attitude toward homosexuals as a function of regulatory focus and social support for non-discrimination. Regulatory orientation toward non-discrimination was measured by differentiating promotion and prevention emotions when anticipating a non-discriminatory (studies 1 and 2) and a discriminatory interaction with homosexuals (study 2). Study 3 assessed attitude toward non-discrimination through a social dominance orient…
Cultural Diversity in the Classroom and its Effects on Academic Performance
Drawing on data from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development's Program for International Student Assessment (OECD/PISA), we examined the relationship between the percentage of immigrant students and the reading and mathematics performances of native and immigrant students across nations. In line with research on cultural diversity, results indicated performance benefits as the percentage of immigrant students increased across na…
“I'm not gay. . . . I'm a real man!”
Five studies examined the hypothesis that heterosexual men, but not heterosexual women, endorse negative attitudes toward homosexuality (i.e., sexual prejudice) in order to maintain a positive gender-related identity that is unambiguously different from a homosexual identity. Studies 1 and 2 showed that men's (but not women's) gender self-esteem (but not personal self-esteem) was positively related to sexual prejudice: The more positive heterosex…
Group motives in threatening contexts
The influence of pro‐ versus anti‐discrimination ingroup norms on Swiss nationals' attitudes towards foreigners was investigated as a function of national identification and perceived material ingroup threat. As predicted, results revealed a significant interaction between identification and threat: High identifiers showed a more negative attitude than low identifiers mainly when perceived threat was high. In other words, high identifiers conform…
Social influence and threat in confrontations between competent peers
Five studies investigated social influence processes in confrontations between competent peers and showed a default absence of influence of a competent source on an equally competent target. This default lack of influence is attributed to the representation that competent targets give to the influence encounter, in which different answers from competent peers are incompatible, the error of the source thus being the sine qua non condition of targe…
Consistency and Rigidity of Minorities
Starting from the theoretical contribution of the last few years on the subject of ininority influence, an experiment carried out by MUGNY in 1975 has been reanalysed. This dealt with the influence of concordant or discordant discourses with the attitudes of the subjects, according to which the source showed a consistent or inconsistent behavioral style.In this new analysis, the variable concordance/discordance has been expressed in terms of majo…
"Psychological reactance" and social order
Vous &es en train de marcher dans la rue quand vous &es arret par des gens qui vous proposent de prendre connaissance d'une ptition. Celle-ci vous concerne directement car elle revendique un controle immdiat des prix; elle est donc en faveur du consommateur que vous &es. Avant que vous signiez, car vous avez avantage a signer cette ptition, on vous demande cependant de prendre connaissance de l'avis d'une personne, constitu par exemple par un art…
Motivations underlying attitudes
Drawing on regulatory focus theory, the present work examined the motivations underlying intergroup attitudes expressed under conditions of majority versus minority support. In two studies, participants expressed their attitudes towards equality and non‐discrimination of foreigners and were informed that the equality and non‐discrimination principle was supported by either a majority or a minority. Regulatory focus was assessed as the extent to w…
Performance boosts in the classroom
Conflits et apprentissage. Régulation des conflits sociocognitifs et apprentissage
Les recherches sur le conflit sociocognitif (confrontation de points de vue entre partenaires) peuvent être utiles pour comprendre l’apprentissage dans les contextes collectifs. Cette synthèse présente les conditions qui rendent les conflits constructifs, inefficaces ou délétères pour l’apprentissage, à partir de travaux empiriques qui se sont souvent développés en parallèle : des travaux relatifs aux décisions collectives, à l’apprentissage coop…
Influence normative, menace intergroupe et adaptabilité perçue des immigrés
On étudie l’influence d’une norme égalitaire ou discriminatoire sur l’attitude intergroupe (mesurée en fonction de l’intergroupe et de l’attitude défavorable à la présence d’immigrés) dans un contexte rendant ou non saillante une menace intergroupe chez des sujets plus ou moins convaincus de l’adaptabilité des immigrés. Alors qu’aucune dynamique d’influence n’apparaît chez les participants qui en sont convaincus, une attitude plus négative envers…
Perceived in‐group threat as a factor moderating the influence of in‐group norms on discrimination against foreigners
Within the framework of an intergroup relations paradigm, three studies analysed the role of in‐group threat in intergroup discrimination and the influence of in‐group norms on intergroup discrimination. The first study showed that perceived socio‐economic threat underlies Swiss nationals' prejudice and discrimination toward foreigners in Switzerland. The second and third studies experimentally tested the hypotheses, first, that variations in per…
Conflict Elaboration and Cognitive Outcomes
This article presents advice for teachers about using sociocognitive conflicts to promote academic learning. In doing so, the conditions under which sociocognitive conflicts are constructive or disruptive are examined and the relevant research is reviewed on social development, cooperative learning, and social influence. Two types of conflict elaboration—epistemic and relational—are identified. Epistemic elaborations focus students on task resolu…
Persuasive constraint and expert versus non‐expert influence in intention to quit smoking
In a 2 × 2 design, after listing important personal reasons for smoking, 70 smokers were randomly told either that they had sufficient reasons for smoking (low internal constraint to change) or that they did not have sufficient reasons (high internal constraint to change) and were exposed to an anti‐smoking message from a source with either expert (high external constraint to change) or non‐expert (low external constraint to change) status. The m…
Social Influence Dynamics in Aptitude Tasks
Zeitgeist’and minority influence—where is the causality
Does the mood of the time (Zeitgeist) facilitate the influence minorities are able to exercise, or is it itself direct product of minority influence? It is argued, from a social psychological definition of the minority–majority relation, that the former interpretation fails to explain many of the observed effects and in particular the conversion effect. A model is offered that is consistent with the second interpretation
Influences sociales
Bien des conceptualisations partent du préjugé que le conflit est néfaste pour la société, les groupes ou les individus. La théorie développée dans cet ouvrage prend le contrepied de cette idée, et soutient que le conflit est aussi le principal moteur du changement et de l ́innovation. Du conformisme à la conversion, les influences sociales relèvent toutes d ́une divergence d ́opinion, de jugement ou de comportement, introduite par quelque indivi…
Negotiations, image of the other and the process of minority influence
The new theoretical presuppositions used by Moscovici to explain social influence phenomena led him to show that the consistency of behavior can account for the influence of a minority. Experimental data confirm this idea. However, some counter‐examples, showing that consistency sometimes induces subjects to refuse compromises, are problematical. To clear up this apparent contradiction, a distinction is made between behavioral style (in the face …
Socio‐cognitive conflict and structure of individual and collective performances
A previous experiment (Doise, Mugny and Perret‐Clermont, 1975) has shown that pairs of subjects perform better on a spatial representation task than subjects alone. As a conclusion the hypothesis was put forward that conflicts of cognitive centrations, embedded in a social situation, lead children to coordinate their centrations. The present research was planned to verify several predictions following from this general hypothesis. Results show th…
Perceived in‐group threat as a factor moderating the influence of in‐group norms on discrimination against foreigners
Within the framework of an intergroup relations paradigm, three studies analysed the role of in‐group threat in intergroup discrimination and the influence of in‐group norms on intergroup discrimination. The first study showed that perceived socio‐economic threat underlies Swiss nationals' prejudice and discrimination toward foreigners in Switzerland. The second and third studies experimentally tested the hypotheses, first, that variations in per…
Social interaction and the development of cognitive operations
This paper presents two experiments to support the general hypothesis that the coordination of actions between individuals promotes the acquisition of cognitive coordinations. The first experiment shows that two children, working together, can successfully perform a task involving spatial coordinations; children of the same age, working alone, are not capable of performing the task. The second experiment shows that subjects who did not possess ce…
Individual and collective conflicts of centrations in cognitive development
Paradoxical effects of categorization in minority influence
In a 2 × 2 factorial design, 165 high school girls gave their opinions about abortion (direct influence) and about contraception (indirect ifluence) after reading a message advocating abortion said to have been written by either an ingroup (same sex) or an outgroup (opposite sex) minority and explicitly opposed by the majority opinion of either the ingroup or the outgroup. Results show that there is less direct influence when the ingroup majority…
The side effect of egalitarian norms
In the context of sexual prejudice, in which group distinctiveness motivation is particularly strong for men, three studies tested the hypothesis that egalitarian norms can intensify reactive distinctiveness motives, and then paradoxically increase intergroup differentiation and prejudice. Depending on the studies, the egalitarian norm was experimentally manipulated or induced and kept constant. Group distinctiveness was manipulated through scien…
Group motives in threatening contexts
The influence of pro‐ versus anti‐discrimination ingroup norms on Swiss nationals' attitudes towards foreigners was investigated as a function of national identification and perceived material ingroup threat. As predicted, results revealed a significant interaction between identification and threat: High identifiers showed a more negative attitude than low identifiers mainly when perceived threat was high. In other words, high identifiers conform…
Conflict Elaboration and Cognitive Outcomes
This article presents advice for teachers about using sociocognitive conflicts to promote academic learning. In doing so, the conditions under which sociocognitive conflicts are constructive or disruptive are examined and the relevant research is reviewed on social development, cooperative learning, and social influence. Two types of conflict elaboration—epistemic and relational—are identified. Epistemic elaborations focus students on task resolu…
Social Influence Dynamics in Aptitude Tasks
When rigidity does not fail
Studied the impact of individualization and psychologization of minorities upon their influence. In Experiment I, 72 Swiss male and female 15‐year‐old students read a text on pollution prepared in a 2 × 2 ANOVA‐design (one/ two sources, rigid/flexible style) and reported their impression of the content. As below, attitude was measured before and after reading. In Experiment II, 24 second‐year Swiss psychology students judged the presumed author o…
Teaching as Social Influence
Teachers carry out a number of roles in the educational system. Their primary role is to help all students develop knowledge and skills, but, most of the time, they take on the role of gatekeepers: They evaluate students and exercise selection on the basis of performance. We analyze the roles of teachers through the lens of the literature on social influence and put forward the proposal that teaching is a form of social influence. We review exist…
Performance boosts in the classroom
Conflict between incompetences and influence of a low‐expertise source in hypothesis testing
In a 2–4–4–like reasoning task, 69 subjects tested hypotheses following exposure to a low‐expertise source proposing an alternative hypothesis. Subjects compared self‐ and source's competence either independently or interdependently. Results show that interdependence leads subjects to assert self‐validity and the source's invalidity, and to test hypotheses through confirmation. Independence produces a conflict between incompetences, i.e. doubt co…
Majority and minority influence in inductive reasoning
Ninety‐three students were exposed to majority and minority influence in an inductive reasoning task. The former induced convergent thinking processes, though its effects were not reducible to mere compliance. The latter activated more divergent constructive processes, supporting the predictions of Conversion Theory
Persuasive constraint and expert versus non‐expert influence in intention to quit smoking
In a 2 × 2 design, after listing important personal reasons for smoking, 70 smokers were randomly told either that they had sufficient reasons for smoking (low internal constraint to change) or that they did not have sufficient reasons (high internal constraint to change) and were exposed to an anti‐smoking message from a source with either expert (high external constraint to change) or non‐expert (low external constraint to change) status. The m…
Indirect majority and minority influence
In a 2 × 2 design, 85 subjects were asked to estimate the size of angles (direct influence) that were either 90 or 85°, after being confronted with incorrect judgements of a majority (88 per cent) or a minority (12 per cent) of people estimating the angles at 50°. Additionally, pre‐ and post‐test measures were used to establish indirect influence on subjects' judgements pertaining to acute angles (i.e. on the estimation of the length of lines con…
Minority influence and psycho‐social identity
Social influence mechanisms are considered as also relevant to intergroup dynamics. In a social influence situation, approaching or retreating from the source's position also involves accepting or rejecting psycho‐social identification with the source, implicating self‐attribution of the set of characteristics stereotypical of the category or categories to which the source belongs. This conception allows one to account for some of the difficultie…
Social interaction and cognitive development
A regulatory fit perspective in majority versus minority support to attitudes toward homosexuals
Three studies examined the attitude toward homosexuals as a function of regulatory focus and social support for non-discrimination. Regulatory orientation toward non-discrimination was measured by differentiating promotion and prevention emotions when anticipating a non-discriminatory (studies 1 and 2) and a discriminatory interaction with homosexuals (study 2). Study 3 assessed attitude toward non-discrimination through a social dominance orient…
Independence and interdependence of group judgments
A first experiment examined the effects of two methods of dividing resources between Swiss nationals and foreign residents in a study involving 118 subjects. Subjects gave judgments involving either interdependent allocation (resources allocated to the outgroup cannot be allocated to the ingroup) or independent allocation. The results indicated that the socio‐cognitive functioning preferred by subjects varies as a function of their view of outsid…
Compliance, conversion and the Asch paradigm
120 subjects took part in an Asch type experiment, using a material which was suitable for the measurement of indirect influence. The subjects were given the consistent incorrect response of a source which was either a majority (the response given by 88 per cent of a parent population of college students) or a minority (12 per cent). Part of the subjects were told that the experiment was investigating perceptual illusions and an example of such i…
Pour une nouvelle approche de l'influence minoritaire
Mugny Gabriel,Papastamou Stamos. Pour une nouvelle approche de l'influence minoritaire : les déterminants psychosociaux des stratégies d'influence minoritaires. In: Bulletin de psychologie, tome 30 n°328, 1977. pp. 573-579
Conflits et apprentissage. Régulation des conflits sociocognitifs et apprentissage
Les recherches sur le conflit sociocognitif (confrontation de points de vue entre partenaires) peuvent être utiles pour comprendre l’apprentissage dans les contextes collectifs. Cette synthèse présente les conditions qui rendent les conflits constructifs, inefficaces ou délétères pour l’apprentissage, à partir de travaux empiriques qui se sont souvent développés en parallèle : des travaux relatifs aux décisions collectives, à l’apprentissage coop…
Internalization of conflict and attitude change
In a 2 × 2 × 2 design, eighty smokers were exposed to an anti‐smoking appeal attributed either to an expert source (superior status) or a minority source (inferior status). Subjects were either allowed or not to smoke during the experiment. In addition subjects had to memorize part of the appeal and a recall task either followed after reading the appeal (completed task) or not (uncompleted task). The results show that the expert source produces m…
Social interaction and the development of cognitive operations
This paper presents two experiments to support the general hypothesis that the coordination of actions between individuals promotes the acquisition of cognitive coordinations. The first experiment shows that two children, working together, can successfully perform a task involving spatial coordinations; children of the same age, working alone, are not capable of performing the task. The second experiment shows that subjects who did not possess ce…
Negotiations, image of the other and the process of minority influence
The new theoretical presuppositions used by Moscovici to explain social influence phenomena led him to show that the consistency of behavior can account for the influence of a minority. Experimental data confirm this idea. However, some counter‐examples, showing that consistency sometimes induces subjects to refuse compromises, are problematical. To clear up this apparent contradiction, a distinction is made between behavioral style (in the face …
Social interaction and cognitive development
Pour une nouvelle approche de l'influence minoritaire
Mugny Gabriel,Papastamou Stamos. Pour une nouvelle approche de l'influence minoritaire : les déterminants psychosociaux des stratégies d'influence minoritaires. In: Bulletin de psychologie, tome 30 n°328, 1977. pp. 573-579
Socio‐cognitive conflict and structure of individual and collective performances
A previous experiment (Doise, Mugny and Perret‐Clermont, 1975) has shown that pairs of subjects perform better on a spatial representation task than subjects alone. As a conclusion the hypothesis was put forward that conflicts of cognitive centrations, embedded in a social situation, lead children to coordinate their centrations. The present research was planned to verify several predictions following from this general hypothesis. Results show th…
A rejoinder to Paicheler
Individual and collective conflicts of centrations in cognitive development
Conflit de centrations et progrès cognitif, II
Mugny Gabriel,Giroud Jean-Charles,Doise Willem. Conflit de centrations et progrès cognitif, II : nouvelles illustrations expérimentales. In: Bulletin de psychologie, tome 32 n°342, 1979. pp. 979-985
Niveaux d'analyse dans l'étude expérimentale des processus d'influence sociale
When rigidity does not fail
Studied the impact of individualization and psychologization of minorities upon their influence. In Experiment I, 72 Swiss male and female 15‐year‐old students read a text on pollution prepared in a 2 × 2 ANOVA‐design (one/ two sources, rigid/flexible style) and reported their impression of the content. As below, attitude was measured before and after reading. In Experiment II, 24 second‐year Swiss psychology students judged the presumed author o…
Psychologie sociale expérimentale
Minority influence and psycho‐social identity
Social influence mechanisms are considered as also relevant to intergroup dynamics. In a social influence situation, approaching or retreating from the source's position also involves accepting or rejecting psycho‐social identification with the source, implicating self‐attribution of the set of characteristics stereotypical of the category or categories to which the source belongs. This conception allows one to account for some of the difficultie…
Una teoría psicosociológica de la influencia de las minorías
Compliance, conversion and the Asch paradigm
120 subjects took part in an Asch type experiment, using a material which was suitable for the measurement of indirect influence. The subjects were given the consistent incorrect response of a source which was either a majority (the response given by 88 per cent of a parent population of college students) or a minority (12 per cent). Part of the subjects were told that the experiment was investigating perceptual illusions and an example of such i…
Direct and indirect influence in the Asch paradigm
In an experiment using the Asch paradigm, a source whose response was ‘denied’ (source younger than subjects, in an experiment context implying the development of visual acuity) was found to have less direct influence than a ‘validated’ source (older or same age as subjects), tending to specialize in a pattern of influence similar to the so‐called conversion phenomenon (i.e. direct influence only)
Perspectives on Minority Influence
Paradoxical effects of categorization in minority influence
In a 2 × 2 factorial design, 165 high school girls gave their opinions about abortion (direct influence) and about contraception (indirect ifluence) after reading a message advocating abortion said to have been written by either an ingroup (same sex) or an outgroup (opposite sex) minority and explicitly opposed by the majority opinion of either the ingroup or the outgroup. Results show that there is less direct influence when the ingroup majority…
Comparaisons entre groupes de statut social différent
When a compliance without pressure strategy fails due to a minority dissenter
While a strategy of compliance without pressure (Joule, 1987) had the effect of inducing almost all of a group of smoking subjects to stop smoking first for 18 hours then for 3 days, simply observing someone (an accomplice) break his or her own initial agreement to abstain from smoking for 18 hours was enough to bring about a substantial reduction in the willingness of other subjects to later abstain for 3 days. However, subjects did not follow t…
L'influence sociale comme processus de changement
This paper relies on social psychology to explain the nature of social cryptomnesia. Cryptomnesia means that, despite selectivity and social resistance to innovation, minority views can induce transformations in perceptions, without being credited with having done so. The proposed analytic model calls for three sets of notions. 1. Accounting for such phenomena as discrimination against - and open resistance to - minority views, the process of soc…
Synchronic consistency and psychologization in minority influence
The importance of synchronic consistency as a factor facilitating minority influence had not previously been the object of a systematic study. We carried out a 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 experiment aimed at studying the consequences of a) ideological similarity or dissimilarity of two minority sources belonging to b) a single minority or two different ones, on subjects c) ideologically both close and distant from positions defended by the influence sources, d…
Social Representations of Intelligence
Behavioural conversion in a compliance paradigm
While a compliance strategy induced almost all subjects to agree to forego first a lunch and then a dinner and the following breakfast, simply observing an accomplice break his commitment to forego lunch was enough to produce a significant reduction in subjects' commitment to forego two meals, even though the effect was not immediate. This pattern of influence, similar to a ‘behavioural conversion’, appeared if the accomplice had first agreed to …
Majority and minority influence in inductive reasoning
Ninety‐three students were exposed to majority and minority influence in an inductive reasoning task. The former induced convergent thinking processes, though its effects were not reducible to mere compliance. The latter activated more divergent constructive processes, supporting the predictions of Conversion Theory
Independence and interdependence of group judgments
A first experiment examined the effects of two methods of dividing resources between Swiss nationals and foreign residents in a study involving 118 subjects. Subjects gave judgments involving either interdependent allocation (resources allocated to the outgroup cannot be allocated to the ingroup) or independent allocation. The results indicated that the socio‐cognitive functioning preferred by subjects varies as a function of their view of outsid…
Psychology (46 obras) · Social Psychology (38 obras) · Social and Intergroup Psychology (31 obras) · Political science (20 obras) · Cultural Differences and Values (17 obras) · Sociology (17 obras) · Developmental psychology (12 obras) · Social Psychology (11 obras) · Philosophy (10 obras) · Cognitive psychology (9 obras)