Paul Ekman
Biographic Data
| ID | 210540 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Paul Ekman |
| GIVEN NAMES | Paul |
| FAMILY NAME | Ekman |
| SIGNATURE | EKMAN P |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of California, San Francisco |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-9849-0201 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 70 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 1562 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 70 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1963 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2021 |
| H-INDEX | 17 |
The rise of affectivism
Facial Action Coding System
Meditation and the startle response: A case study
The effects of two kinds of meditation (open presence and focused) on the facial and physiological aspects of the defensive response to an aversive startle stimulus were studied in a Buddhist monk with approximately 40 years of meditation experience. The participant was exposed to a 115-db, 100-ms acoustic startle stimulus under the 2 meditation conditions, a distraction condition (to control for cognitive and attentional load) and an unanticipat…
What is Meant by Calling Emotions Basic
Emotions are discrete, automatic responses to universally shared, culture-specific and individual-specific events. The emotion terms, such as anger, fear, etcetera, denote a family of related states sharing at least 12 characteristics, which distinguish one emotion family from another, as well as from other affective states. These affective responses are preprogrammed and involuntary, but are also shaped by life experiences.
Contemplative/emotion training reduces negative emotional behavior and promotes prosocial responses
Contemplative practices are believed to alleviate psychological problems, cultivate prosocial behavior and promote self-awareness. In addition, psychological science has developed tools and models for understanding the mind and promoting well-being. Additional effort is needed to combine frameworks and techniques from these traditions to improve emotional experience and socioemotional behavior. An 8-week intensive (42 hr) meditation/emotion regul…
A Linguagem das Emocoes
Cross-cultural recognition of basic emotions through nonverbal emotional vocalizations
Emotional signals are crucial for sharing important information, with conspecifics, for example, to warn humans of danger. Humans use a range of different cues to communicate to others how they feel, including facial, vocal, and gestural signals. We examined the recognition of nonverbal emotional vocalizations, such as screams and laughs, across two dramatically different cultural groups. Western participants were compared to individuals from rem…
Gefühle lesen
Appearing truthful generalizes across different deception situations
The authors investigated whether the ability to appear truthful is specific to deception situations. Male participants were interrogated after they took part in 2 high-stake deception situations, one involving a mock crime and another involving a false opinion. The videotaped interrogations from each situation were shown to independent groups of undergraduate observers. The proportion of observers who judged each participant as truthful in one si…
The Relationship Among Expressions, Labels, and Descriptions of Contempt
This article reports 4 studies that demonstrate that the contempt expression is reliably associated with situations that elicit contempt and that the inability to label the contempt expression reflects a problem with its label or concept and not with the relationship between its expression and emotion. In Study I, the labeling of contempt in fixed-choice judgment tasks did not occur because of a process of elimination. In Studies 2 and 3, the con…
Richard Stanley Lazarus (1922-2002)
Linkages between facial expressions of anger and transient myocardial ischemia in men with coronary artery disease
The authors examined whether facial expressions of emotion would predict changes in heart function. One hundred fifteen male patients with coronary artery disease underwent the Type A Structured Interview, during which time measures of transient myocardial ischemia (wall motion abnormality and left ventricular ejection fraction) were obtained. Facial behavior exhibited during the ischemia measurement period was videotaped and later coded by using…
Linkages between facial expressions of anger and transient myocardial ischemia in men with coronary artery disease
Basic Emotions
This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction The Characteristics That Distinguish Basic Emotions Does Any One Characteristic Distinguish the Basic Emotions?
Should we call it expression or communication
Two issues are addressed. First is the matter of just what type of information can be derived from observing a facial expression of emotion. Seven different emotion domains are described. Then problems inherent in the terms expression and communication are described as they apply to facial behaviour. In this context the argument that the face just signals about interactive not emotional phenomena is shown to be a false and misleading dichotomy
The ability to detect deceit generalizes across different types of high-stake lies
The authors investigated whether accuracy in identifying deception from demeanor in high-stake lies is specific to those lies or generalizes to other high-stake lies. In Experiment 1, 48 observers judged whether 2 different groups of men were telling lies about a mock theft (crime scenario) or about their opinion (opinion scenario). The authors found that observers' accuracy in judging deception in the crime scenario was positively correlated wit…
Strong evidence for universals in facial expressions: A reply to Russell's mistaken critique
Strong evidence for universals in facial expressions: A reply to Russell's mistaken critique
J. A. Russell (1994) misrepresents what universality means, misinterprets the evidence from past studies, and fails to consider or report findings that disagree with his position. New data are introduced that decisively answer the central question that Russell raises about the use of a forced-choice format in many of the past studies. This article also shows that his many other qualms about other aspects of the design of the studies of literate c…
Who is misleading whom? A reply to Nickerson and Hammond
Who is misleading whom? A reply to Nickerson and Hammond
Not all smiles are created equal: The differences between enjoyment and nonenjoyment smiles
Facial expression and emotion
Cross-cultural research on facial expression and the developments of methods to measure facial expression are briefly summarized. What has been learned about emotion from this work on the face is then elucidated. Four questions about facial expression and emotion are discussed. What information does an expression typically convey? Can there be emotion without facial expression? Can there be a facial expression of emotion without emotion? How do i…
Behavioral markers and recognizability of the smile of enjoyment
Ekman and Friesen (1982) predicted that smiles that express enjoyment would be marked by smoother zygomatic major actions of more consistent duration than the zygomatic major actions of nonenjoyment smiles. Study 1 measured the duration and smoothness of smiles shown by female subjects in response to positive emotion films while alone and in a social interaction. Enjoyment smiles in both situations were of more consistent duration and smoother th…
Facial Expressions of Emotion: New Findings, New Questions
The evidence on universals in facial expression of emotion, renewed controversy about that evidence, and new findings on cultural differences are reviewed. New findings on the capability for voluntarily made facial expressions to generate changes in both autonomic and central nervous system activity are discussed, and possible mechanisms by which this could occur are outlined. Finally, new work which has identified how to distinguish the smile of…
Are there basic emotions?
Ortony and Turner's (1990) arguments against those who adopt the view that there are basic emotions are challenged. The evidence on universals in expression and in physiology strongly suggests that there is a biological basis to the emotions that have been studied. Ortony and Turner's reviews of this literature are faulted, and their alternative theoretical explanations do not fit the evidence. The utility of the basic emotions approach is also s…
An argument for basic emotions
Emotions are viewed as having evolved through their adaptive value in dealing with fundamental life-tasks. Each emotion has unique features: signal, physiology, and antecedent events. Each emotion also has characteristics in common with other emotions: rapid onset, short duration, unbidden occurrence, automatic appraisal, and coherence among responses. These shared and unique characteristics are the product of our evolution, and distinguish emoti…
The Repertoire of Nonverbal Behavior: Categories, Origins, Usage, and Coding
Facial expression and emotion
Cross-cultural research on facial expression and the developments of methods to measure facial expression are briefly summarized. What has been learned about emotion from this work on the face is then elucidated. Four questions about facial expression and emotion are discussed. What information does an expression typically convey? Can there be emotion without facial expression? Can there be a facial expression of emotion without emotion? How do i…
Constants across cultures in the face and emotion
This study addresses the question of whether any facial expressions of emotion are universal. Recent studies showing that members of literate cultures associated the same emotion concepts with the same facial behaviors could not demonstrate that at least some facial expressions of emotion are universal; the cultures compared had all been exposed to some of the same mass media presentations of facial expression, and these may have taught the peopl…
The Duchenne smile: Emotional expression and brain physiology: II
Facial expression, EEG, and self-report of subjective emotional experience were recorded while subjects individually watched both pleasant and unpleasant films. Smiling in which the muscle that orbits the eye is active in addition to the muscle that pulls the lip corners up (the Duchenne smile) was compared with other smiling in which the muscle orbiting the eye was not active. As predicted, the Duchenne smile was related to enjoyment in terms of…
Public Opinion and the War in Vietnam
Foreign policy seems to command more public attention than domestic policy and yet-insofar as it has been, researched-public opinion on foreign policy seems to have less impact on governmental decisions than does opinion in most other issue areas. There are at least two reasons, one normative and one empirical, why public opinion can be regarded as pertinent to some foreign policy questions-especially those associated with "life and death." Norma…
Facial Expressions of Emotion
A revolution in the science of emotion has emerged in recent decades, with the potential to create a paradigm shift in decision theories. The research reveals that emotions constitute potent, pervasive, predictable, sometimes harmful and sometimes ...Read More
Universals and cultural differences in the judgments of facial expressions of emotion
Detecting deception from the body or face
Approach-withdrawal and cerebral asymmetry: Emotional expression and brain physiology: I
In this experiment, we combined the measurement of observable facial behavior with simultaneous measures of brain electrical activity to assess patterns of hemispheric activation in different regions during the experience of happiness and disgust. Disgust was found to be associated with right-sided activation in the frontal and anterior temporal regions compared with the happy condition. Happiness was accompanied by left-sided activation in the a…
Smiles when lying
Subtle differences among forms of smiling distinguished when subjects were truthful and when they lied about experiencing pleasant feelings. Expressions that included muscular activity around the eyes in addition to the smiling lips occurred more often when people were actually enjoying themselves as compared with when enjoyment was feigned to conceal negative emotions. Smiles that included traces of muscular actions associated with disgust, fear…
Behavioral markers and recognizability of the smile of enjoyment
Ekman and Friesen (1982) predicted that smiles that express enjoyment would be marked by smoother zygomatic major actions of more consistent duration than the zygomatic major actions of nonenjoyment smiles. Study 1 measured the duration and smoothness of smiles shown by female subjects in response to positive emotion films while alone and in a social interaction. Enjoyment smiles in both situations were of more consistent duration and smoother th…
Emotion and autonomic nervous system activity in the Minangkabau of West Sumatra
Body Movement and Voice Pitch in Deceptive Interaction
Audiovisually recorded 16 student nurses during 2 interviews, in one of which they attempted to deceive as to the nature of a film previously viewed. Voice pitch and the following hand movements were measured: "illustrators" (illustrative gestures), "shrugs" (rotations of the hand, conveying uncertainty), and "adaptors" (contact of the hand with another body part). During deception, illustrators decreased while voice pitch increased. Observers sa…
The ability to detect deceit generalizes across different types of high-stake lies
The authors investigated whether accuracy in identifying deception from demeanor in high-stake lies is specific to those lies or generalizes to other high-stake lies. In Experiment 1, 48 observers judged whether 2 different groups of men were telling lies about a mock theft (crime scenario) or about their opinion (opinion scenario). The authors found that observers' accuracy in judging deception in the crime scenario was positively correlated wit…
The Face of Man: Expressions of Universal Emotions in a New Guinea Village
Facial signs of emotional experience
Spontaneous facial expressions were found to provide accurate information about more specific aspects of emotional experience than just the pleasant versus unpleasant distinction. Videotape records were gathered while subjects viewed motion picture films and then reported on their subjective experience. A new technique for measuring facial movement isolated a particular type of smile that was related to differences in reported happiness between t…
Not all smiles are created equal: The differences between enjoyment and nonenjoyment smiles
Facial Affect Scoring Technique: A First Validity Study
A Research Film Program in the Study of Changing Man [and Comments and Replies]
In dealing with human culture, researchers must often work with phenomena to which they cannot return because the passage of time irrevocably changes their makeup and because ethical and human considerations make it impossible to manipulate their subject in the laboratory under experimental conditions. Many believe that the loss of such information about the development and responses of man in many now disappearing diverse environmental and cultu…
The Relationship Among Expressions, Labels, and Descriptions of Contempt
This article reports 4 studies that demonstrate that the contempt expression is reliably associated with situations that elicit contempt and that the inability to label the contempt expression reflects a problem with its label or concept and not with the relationship between its expression and emotion. In Study I, the labeling of contempt in fixed-choice judgment tasks did not occur because of a process of elimination. In Studies 2 and 3, the con…
What you say and how you say it: The contribution of speech content and voice quality to judgments of others
In three studies, judgments based on separated channels (speech content, voice quality, face alone and body alone) were correlated with judgments based on combined channels (speech, face + speech, and face + body + speech). The judges observed spontaneous behavior in two different types of interview situations and rated various aspects of the behavior. Correlations between separated and combined channels varied significantly depending on the kind…
Relative importance of face, body, and speech in judgments of personality and affect
Three experiments correlated judgments made from observing single channels (face, body, or speech) with multiple channel judgments (face, body, and speech together; or face and speech together). Judges observed the spontaneous behavior of videotaped student nurses in 2 types of interview situations, "deceptive" and "honest," and rated the nurses on 14 bipolar adjective scales (e.g., awkward–natural). The single channel judgments that correlated m…
The rise of affectivism
Differential communication of affect by head and body cues
Interaction of set and awareness as determinants of response to verbal conditioning
Body position, facial expression, and verbal behavior during interviews
Differential communication of affect by head and body cues
Coping with Cuba: Divergent Policy Preferences of State Political Leaders1
La opinión pública en Estados Unidos de América sobre la guerra de Vietnam
A Research Film Program in the Study of Changing Man [and Comments and Replies]
In dealing with human culture, researchers must often work with phenomena to which they cannot return because the passage of time irrevocably changes their makeup and because ethical and human considerations make it impossible to manipulate their subject in the laboratory under experimental conditions. Many believe that the loss of such information about the development and responses of man in many now disappearing diverse environmental and cultu…
Public Opinion and the War in Vietnam
Foreign policy seems to command more public attention than domestic policy and yet-insofar as it has been, researched-public opinion on foreign policy seems to have less impact on governmental decisions than does opinion in most other issue areas. There are at least two reasons, one normative and one empirical, why public opinion can be regarded as pertinent to some foreign policy questions-especially those associated with "life and death." Norma…
Nonverbal Leakage and Clues to Deception †
Research relevant to psychotherapy regarding facial expression and body movement, has shown that the kind of information which can be gleaned from the patients words - information about affects, attitudes, interpersonal styles, psychodynamics - can also be derived from his concomitant nonverbal behavior. The study explores the interaction situation, and considers how within deception interactions differences in neuroanatomy and cultural influence…
Pan-Cultural Elements in Facial Displays of Emotion
Observers in both literate and preliterate cultures chose the predicted emotion for photographs of the face, although agreement was higher in the literate samples. These findings suggest that the pan-cultural element in facial displays of emotion is the association between facial muscular movements and discrete primary emotions, although cultures may still differ in what evokes an emotion, in rules for controlling the display of emotion, and in b…
A tool for the analysis of motion picture film or video tape
The Repertoire of Nonverbal Behavior: Categories, Origins, Usage, and Coding
Constants across cultures in the face and emotion
This study addresses the question of whether any facial expressions of emotion are universal. Recent studies showing that members of literate cultures associated the same emotion concepts with the same facial behaviors could not demonstrate that at least some facial expressions of emotion are universal; the cultures compared had all been exposed to some of the same mass media presentations of facial expression, and these may have taught the peopl…
Facial Affect Scoring Technique: A First Validity Study
Hand Movements
A revision of our theoretically based classification of nonverbal behavior is presented, as it relates to the interpretation and measurement of hand movements. On the basis of the origins, usage and coding of the behavior distinctions are drawn and hypotheses offered about three classes of behavior: emblems, illustrators and adaptors. Findings from our own cross-cultural studies, our studies of psychiatric patients, and our studies of deceptive i…
Detecting deception from the body or face
Facial Areas and Emotional Information
Communicative Body Movements: American Emblems
Measuring facial movement
Movements with Precise Meanings
Journal Article Movements with Precise Meanings Get access Paul Ekman Paul Ekman 1Paul Ekman is Professor of Psychology of the Human Interaction Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, and is co-author of Unmasking the Face (Prentice-Hall, 1975) Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of Communication, Volume 26, Issue 3, September 1976, Pages 14–26, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1976.tb…
Tv's Last Frontier: South Africa
Journal Article Tv's Last Frontier: South Africa Get access Randall Harrison, Randall Harrison 1Randall Harrison is Professor of Communication at Michigan State University and a research professor at the University of California, San Francisco Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Paul Ekman Paul Ekman 2Paul Ekman is Professor of Medical Psychology and Director of the Human Interaction Laboratory, University of …
Body Movement and Voice Pitch in Deceptive Interaction
Audiovisually recorded 16 student nurses during 2 interviews, in one of which they attempted to deceive as to the nature of a film previously viewed. Voice pitch and the following hand movements were measured: "illustrators" (illustrative gestures), "shrugs" (rotations of the hand, conveying uncertainty), and "adaptors" (contact of the hand with another body part). During deception, illustrators decreased while voice pitch increased. Observers sa…
Facial Expressions of Emotion
A revolution in the science of emotion has emerged in recent decades, with the potential to create a paradigm shift in decision theories. The research reveals that emotions constitute potent, pervasive, predictable, sometimes harmful and sometimes ...Read More
Facial signs of emotional experience
Spontaneous facial expressions were found to provide accurate information about more specific aspects of emotional experience than just the pleasant versus unpleasant distinction. Videotape records were gathered while subjects viewed motion picture films and then reported on their subjective experience. A new technique for measuring facial movement isolated a particular type of smile that was related to differences in reported happiness between t…
Relative importance of face, body, and speech in judgments of personality and affect
Three experiments correlated judgments made from observing single channels (face, body, or speech) with multiple channel judgments (face, body, and speech together; or face and speech together). Judges observed the spontaneous behavior of videotaped student nurses in 2 types of interview situations, "deceptive" and "honest," and rated the nurses on 14 bipolar adjective scales (e.g., awkward–natural). The single channel judgments that correlated m…
Methodological problems in Tourangeau and Ellsworth's study of facial expression and experience of emotion
Psychology (61 works) · Social Psychology (36 works) · Cognitive psychology (34 works) · Communication (27 works) · Developmental psychology (21 works) · Face Recognition and Perception (21 works) · Facial expression (21 works) · Linguistics (14 works) · Computer Science (13 works) · Emotions and Moral Behavior (13 works)