Eloise Dunlap
Biographic Data
| ID | 210979 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Eloise Dunlap |
| GIVEN NAMES | Eloise |
| FAMILY NAME | Dunlap |
| SIGNATURE | DUNLAP E |
| AFFILIATIONS | National Development and Research Institutes |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 43 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 129 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 43 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1992 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2018 |
| H-INDEX | 5 |
The long tail of a demon drug: The ‘bath salts’ risk environment
Recollections of sexual socialisation among marginalised heterosexual black men
This paper describes the sexual socialisation process of marginalised, drug-using heterosexual black men, focusing primarily on the sources and content of sexual information. Analysing qualitative interview data, we discovered that the men in our sample both learn about sex and become sexually active at an early age. They most often learn about sex from the media and least often learn about sex from family members. The content of sexual informati…
Cohabitation Duration and Transient Domesticity
Research finds that many impoverished urban Black adults engage in a pattern of partnering and family formation involving a succession of short cohabitations yielding children, a paradigm referred to as transient domesticity. Researchers have identified socioeconomic status, cultural adaptations, and urbanicity as explanations for aspects of this pattern. We used longitudinal data from the 2001 Survey of Income and Program Participation to analyz…
The Contribution of Game Genre and Other Use Patterns to Problem Video Game Play among Adult Video Gamers
Surviving Oppression under the Rock: The Intersection of New York's Drug, Welfare, and Educational Polices in the Lived Experiences of Low-Income African Americans
Drawing on standpoint and intersectionality theories, this study explores the degree to which interactions among New York State's Rockefeller Drug Laws and educational and welfare policies have contributed to the maintenance of a culture of surveillance in which the lives of impoverished African Americans are overseen and influenced by oppressive policies and governmental institutions. Qualitative secondary analysis of longitudinal ethnographic d…
Off the street and into “the cut”: Deterrence and displacement in NYC's quality of life marijuana policing
Stages of drug market change during disaster: Hurricane Katrina and reformulation of the New Orleans drug market
Towards Improving Surveys of Living Arrangements among Poor African Americans
This paper examines a mismatch between the surveys used to study U.S. household composition and the dynamics of living arrangements prevailing among many lowincome African Americans. Mounting survey findings suggest that many low-income African Americans engage in a series of short cohabitations resulting in children with a succession of partners. Ethnographic data suggest these behaviors may be based within a relationship paradigm that needs to …
Playing Video Games While Using or Feeling the Effects of Substances: Associations with Substance Use Problems
This study tested the hypothesis that playing video games while using or feeling the effects of a substance--referred to herein as "concurrent use"-is related to substance use problems after controlling for substance use frequency, video gaming as an enthusiastic hobby, and demographic factors. Data were drawn from a nationally representative online survey of adult video gamers conducted by Knowledge Networks, valid n = 2,885. Problem video game …
Patterns of and Motivations for Concurrent Use of Video Games and Substances
Behavioral addictions" share biological mechanisms with substance dependence, and "drug interactions" have been observed between certain substances and self-reinforcing behaviors. This study examines correlates of patterns of and motivations for playing video games while using or feeling the effects of a substance (concurrent use). Data were drawn from a nationally-representative survey of adult Americans who "regularly" or "occasionally" played …
Drug markets during the Katrina disaster
PURPOSE: The purpose of this paper is to examine the experiences of poor drug users and sellers who remained in New Orleans during Hurricane Katrina in 2005 to identify their special needs and the unique challenges they present to disaster management. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: Semi-structured, open-ended interviews were conducted with 119 poor, predominantly African-American, drug users and sellers. Their stories in their own words provide a m…
Dimensions of Oppression in the Lives of Impoverished Black Women Who Use Drugs
Oppression against Black women continues to be a significant problem in the United States. The purpose of this study is to use grounded theory to identify multiple dimensions of oppression experienced by impoverished Black women who use drugs by examining several settings in which participants experience oppression. Three case studies of drug using, impoverished Black women were randomly selected from two large scale consecutive ethnographic stud…
What is Substance Use About? Assumptions in New York's Drug Policies and the Perceptions of African Americans Who are Low-Income and Using Drugs
The current article uses intersectionality and standpoint theories to examine the social impact of solely relying on Eurocentric worldviews when developing drug policies that affect low-income African American communities. It is argued that low-income African Americans share a unique cultural and historical background that must be taken into account in the development and implementation of policies and interventions that effect this population. A…
Macro-Level Social Forces and Micro-Level Consequences: Poverty, Alternate Occupations, and Drug Dealing
This article is an empirical examination of the ways in which macro-level social forces have had micro-level consequences in the New Orleans drug market. The article illustrates a clear connection between poverty and entrance into the drug market, as mitigated by race, lack of societal opportunity, lack of social capital, distressed families, and closed neighborhoods. Specifically, the research illustrates the mechanisms by which macro-level soci…
Drug Use and Conflict in Inner-City African-Anterican Relationships in the 2000s
Inner-city relationships face numerous challenges including illegal drug use and its consequences. The nature of this challenge, however, has changed dramatically with a shift from the crack subculture of the 1980s and early 1990s to the subsequent marijuana/blunts subculture. This study presents data concerning 95 inner-city relationships where illegal drug use was present from people who were interviewed in 2004-2006 and reinterviewed in 2008. …
Challenging Controlling Images, Oppression, Poverty, and Other Structural Constraints: Survival Strategies Among African–American Women in Distressed Households
Normalization of Violence: Experiences of Childhood Abuse by Inner-City Crack Users
An increasing literature mostly based on retrospective surveys has been consistently documenting a correlation between physical abuse in childhood (CPA) and substance abuse in adulthood (ASA). This article uses ethnographic data to reveal the processes behind and context of this linkage for one population-poor, inner-city New York residents who became crack users. Life in the inner city is qualitatively different than in more fortunate circumstan…
Making Connections: New Orleans Evacuees' Experiences in Obtaining Drugs
Between August 29 and September 7, 2005, almost all New Orleans residents were evacuated from the area in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina. News reports indicate that almost 130,000 New Orleans Evacuees (NOEs) were evacuated to Houston, Texas, the largest recipient of the civilian population from New Orleans. Some of these NOEs were active participants in the illicit drug market in New Orleans prior to the hurricane. The period between the floo…
Inner-City African-American Women’s Adolescence as Stressful Life Events: Understanding Substance Abusing Behavior
B.K.’s Story: His Path to Becoming an Inner-City Custodial Father
The Race/Ethnicity Disparity in Misdemeanor Marijuana Arrests in New York City
RESEARCH SUMMARY: This article examines the growth in marijuana misdemeanor arrests in New York City (NYC) from 1980 to 2003 and its differential impact on blacks and Hispanics. Since 1980, the New York City Police Department (NYPD) expanded its use of arrest and detention for minor offenses under its quality-of-life (QOL) policing initiative. Arrest data indicate that during the 1990s the primary focus of QOL policing became smoking marijuana in…
Pills, Thrills and Bellyaches: Case Studies of Prescription Pill Use and Misuse among Marijuana/Blunt Smoking Middle Class Young Women
Recent survey research has documented important increases during the 2000s in the misuse and abuse of several prescription drugs (Vicodin, Percocet, Codeine, Dilaudid, Xanax, Klonopin, Valium, Ativan, Adderall, Ritalin, among others). This article focuses upon the patterns of pill use and misuse among young women who are middle-class white and college-educated, and they are also experienced marijuana users who report recreational consumption of o…
The Growth in Marijuana Use Among American Youths During the 1990s and the Extent of Blunt Smoking
Marijuana use among American youths and young adults increased substantially during the 1990s. This paper reviews that trend using data collected 1979-2003 by the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH). The data suggest that the increase in marijuana use started first among persons age 12-20. Among 18-20 year-olds, the increase started earlier among whites and blacks than Hispanics, among males before females, and surprisingly in areas th…
The Elusive Romance of Motherhood: Drugs, Gender, and Reproduction in Inner-City Distressed Households
This paper explores the social contexts of reproductive decision making among poor African-American women in inner-city distressed households by focusing on women's narratives of their reproductive and maternal experiences. We explore the hidden agendas and motivations that underpin women's reproductive decisions and perceived choices within the turmoil of poverty, domestic instability, economic uncertainty, and addiction. The political economy o…
Cigars-for-Blunts: Choice of Tobacco Products by Blunt Smokers
An important part of blunt (marijuana in a cigar shell) smoking is the ritual of the preparation process and the selection of tobacco product for the blunt. This article explores reasons for selection from the different tobacco products available in the legal commercial market. Based upon three years of ethnographic research with 92 focal subjects, the analysis focuses upon the practical, subcultural, and symbolic reasons that blunt smokers give …
The Race/Ethnicity Disparity in Misdemeanor Marijuana Arrests in New York City
RESEARCH SUMMARY: This article examines the growth in marijuana misdemeanor arrests in New York City (NYC) from 1980 to 2003 and its differential impact on blacks and Hispanics. Since 1980, the New York City Police Department (NYPD) expanded its use of arrest and detention for minor offenses under its quality-of-life (QOL) policing initiative. Arrest data indicate that during the 1990s the primary focus of QOL policing became smoking marijuana in…
The Stigmatized Image of the ''Crack Head: A sociocultural exploration of a barrier to cocaine smoking among a cohort of youth in New York City
Using ethnographic methods and sociological theory, this article explores some reasons why a cohort of young adults have apparently eschewed the use of cocaine in an environment that would usually put them at risk for drug abuse. The diffusion of the idea ''crack head'' into drug subcultures and the stigmatized status attached to it appears to have protected some young adults from using cocaine. It is assumed that this cohort of adolescents took …
Personal Safety in Dangerous Places
Personal safety during fieldwork is seldom addressed directly in the literature. Drawing from many prior years of ethnographic research and from field experience while studying crack distributors in New York City, the authors provide a variety of strategies by which ethnographic research can be safely conducted in dangerous settings. By projecting an appropriate demeanor, ethnographers can seek others for protector and locator roles, routinely cr…
A successful female crack dealer: Case study of a deviant career
This paper traces the career of a successful female crack dealer in Harlem. "Rachel" is a deviant among deviants: a female in a male‐dominated profession who caters to the "hidden" crack user rather than the stereotypical addict, uses techniques common among middle‐class dealers rather than those more typical of her inner‐city location, and is herself a crack addict who manages to avoid both arrest and dereliction. The paper describes how Rachel'…
Marijuana Argot As Subculture Threads
Marijuana-related argot provides socially constructed ways of talking, thinking, expressing, communicating and interacting among marijuana users and distributors. Such argot also provides the verbal threads by which the marijuana subculture integrates use practices among diverse individuals, groups and regions. An ethnographic study of blunt and marijuana users in New York City identified 180 argot words that are commonly used to maintain the sub…
Intergenerational Transmission of Conduct Norms for Drugs, Sexual Exploitation and Violence: A Case Study
This paper examines growing up in severely‐distressed households typical of many in inner‐city New York where drug abuse, sexual exploitation, and violence are the norm. The continual assault on young girls often leads to mortification of self, characterized by acceptance of their situation and socialization to these behaviors in adulthood. A case study of four generations of women show that they often recapitulate the prevailing conduct norms an…
The Severely-Distressed African American Family in the Crack Era: Empowerment is not Enough
Numerous African American families have struggled for generations with persistent poverty, especially in the inner city. These conditions were further strained during the 1980s and 1990s by the widespread use of crack cocaine. For many, crack use became an obsession, dominated their lives, and superseded family responsibilities. This behavior placed additional pressure on already stressed kin support networks. This paper explores the processes pr…
Transient male-female relationships and the violence they bring to girls in the inner city
Cohabitation Duration and Transient Domesticity
Research finds that many impoverished urban Black adults engage in a pattern of partnering and family formation involving a succession of short cohabitations yielding children, a paradigm referred to as transient domesticity. Researchers have identified socioeconomic status, cultural adaptations, and urbanicity as explanations for aspects of this pattern. We used longitudinal data from the 2001 Survey of Income and Program Participation to analyz…
Towards Improving Surveys of Living Arrangements among Poor African Americans
This paper examines a mismatch between the surveys used to study U.S. household composition and the dynamics of living arrangements prevailing among many lowincome African Americans. Mounting survey findings suggest that many low-income African Americans engage in a series of short cohabitations resulting in children with a succession of partners. Ethnographic data suggest these behaviors may be based within a relationship paradigm that needs to …
Challenging Controlling Images, Oppression, Poverty, and Other Structural Constraints: Survival Strategies Among African–American Women in Distressed Households
Pills, Thrills and Bellyaches: Case Studies of Prescription Pill Use and Misuse among Marijuana/Blunt Smoking Middle Class Young Women
Recent survey research has documented important increases during the 2000s in the misuse and abuse of several prescription drugs (Vicodin, Percocet, Codeine, Dilaudid, Xanax, Klonopin, Valium, Ativan, Adderall, Ritalin, among others). This article focuses upon the patterns of pill use and misuse among young women who are middle-class white and college-educated, and they are also experienced marijuana users who report recreational consumption of o…
Dead tired and bone weary: Grandmothers as caregivers in drug affected inner city households☆
The Lived Experience of Welfare Reform in Drug-Using Welfare-Needy Households in Inner-City New York
Welfare reform has transformed a needs-based family income support into temporary assistance for persons entering the workforce. This paper uses observations from an ethnographic study covering the period from 1995-2001 to examine the impact on drug-using welfare-needy households in inner-city New York. The analysis suggests that studies may underestimate the extent to which substance use is associated with welfare problems. Nearly all of these a…
Qualitative data analysis with hypertext: A case of New York City crack dealers
Studying Crack Abusers: Strategies for Recruiting the Right Tail of an Ill-defined Population
This study attempts to better understand a limited segment of the drug-abusing population, especially individuals who repeatedly use crack and other drugs. This article addresses the methodological strategies and underlying paradigms informing the recruitment of hard-to-reach and ill-defined subpopulations of crack abusers and noncrack drug abusers. Subjects were recruited from diverse social contexts: streets or communities where most drug users…
The Setting for the Crack Era: Macro Forces, Micro Consequences (1960–1992)
This article provides an overview of the social history leading up to the crack era, especially 1960 to the present. The central theme holds that several major macro social forces (e.g., economic decline, job loss, ghettoization, housing abandonment, homelessness) have disproportionately impacted on the inner-city economy. These forces have created micro consequences that have impacted directly on many inner-city residents and have increased leve…
Personal Safety in Dangerous Places
Personal safety during fieldwork is seldom addressed directly in the literature. Drawing from many prior years of ethnographic research and from field experience while studying crack distributors in New York City, the authors provide a variety of strategies by which ethnographic research can be safely conducted in dangerous settings. By projecting an appropriate demeanor, ethnographers can seek others for protector and locator roles, routinely cr…
Women and Crack-Cocaine
(1993). Women and Crack-Cocaine. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs: Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 347-349
Qualitative data analysis with hypertext: A case of New York City crack dealers
A successful female crack dealer: Case study of a deviant career
This paper traces the career of a successful female crack dealer in Harlem. "Rachel" is a deviant among deviants: a female in a male‐dominated profession who caters to the "hidden" crack user rather than the stereotypical addict, uses techniques common among middle‐class dealers rather than those more typical of her inner‐city location, and is herself a crack addict who manages to avoid both arrest and dereliction. The paper describes how Rachel'…
Female Crack Sellers in New York City: Who They Are and What They Do
This paper presents a descriptive analysis of female crack dealers in New York City. It focuses on the various roles women perform and the ways women have been incorporated into existing roles within drug distribution networks. The paper examines the niches some women have carved out for themselves in the crack economy exhibiting broader patterns and relationships among supply, demand, and consumption. The need to finance consumption by female cr…
The Stigmatized Image of the ''Crack Head: A sociocultural exploration of a barrier to cocaine smoking among a cohort of youth in New York City
Using ethnographic methods and sociological theory, this article explores some reasons why a cohort of young adults have apparently eschewed the use of cocaine in an environment that would usually put them at risk for drug abuse. The diffusion of the idea ''crack head'' into drug subcultures and the stigmatized status attached to it appears to have protected some young adults from using cocaine. It is assumed that this cohort of adolescents took …
Dead tired and bone weary: Grandmothers as caregivers in drug affected inner city households☆
Intergenerational Transmission of Conduct Norms for Drugs, Sexual Exploitation and Violence: A Case Study
This paper examines growing up in severely‐distressed households typical of many in inner‐city New York where drug abuse, sexual exploitation, and violence are the norm. The continual assault on young girls often leads to mortification of self, characterized by acceptance of their situation and socialization to these behaviors in adulthood. A case study of four generations of women show that they often recapitulate the prevailing conduct norms an…
Transient male-female relationships and the violence they bring to girls in the inner city
The Lived Experience of Welfare Reform in Drug-Using Welfare-Needy Households in Inner-City New York
Welfare reform has transformed a needs-based family income support into temporary assistance for persons entering the workforce. This paper uses observations from an ethnographic study covering the period from 1995-2001 to examine the impact on drug-using welfare-needy households in inner-city New York. The analysis suggests that studies may underestimate the extent to which substance use is associated with welfare problems. Nearly all of these a…
Mothers and Daughters: The Intergenerational Reproduction of Violence and Drug Use in Home and Street Life
In many inner-city households, children are simultaneously exposed to substance use, violence, and sexual exploitation. Sadly, these youths often seek solace and escape in the inner-city street subculture, only to find the same problems there. As young adults, these persons typically reproduce the household norms and the street subculture they experienced in their own childhoods. This paper illustrates the processes behind these interconnected ph…
Subcultural evolution and illicit drug use
This article articulates a subcultural basis to the evolving popularity for different illicit drugs primarily based on empirical research in the United States, especially among inner-city populations. From this perspective, drug use emerges from a dialectic between drug subcultures with individual identity development. The prevailing culture and subcultures affect drugs' popularity by imparting significance to their use. Innovations, historical e…
The Growth in Marijuana Use Among American Youths During the 1990s and the Extent of Blunt Smoking
Marijuana use among American youths and young adults increased substantially during the 1990s. This paper reviews that trend using data collected 1979-2003 by the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH). The data suggest that the increase in marijuana use started first among persons age 12-20. Among 18-20 year-olds, the increase started earlier among whites and blacks than Hispanics, among males before females, and surprisingly in areas th…
The Elusive Romance of Motherhood: Drugs, Gender, and Reproduction in Inner-City Distressed Households
This paper explores the social contexts of reproductive decision making among poor African-American women in inner-city distressed households by focusing on women's narratives of their reproductive and maternal experiences. We explore the hidden agendas and motivations that underpin women's reproductive decisions and perceived choices within the turmoil of poverty, domestic instability, economic uncertainty, and addiction. The political economy o…
Cigars-for-Blunts: Choice of Tobacco Products by Blunt Smokers
An important part of blunt (marijuana in a cigar shell) smoking is the ritual of the preparation process and the selection of tobacco product for the blunt. This article explores reasons for selection from the different tobacco products available in the legal commercial market. Based upon three years of ethnographic research with 92 focal subjects, the analysis focuses upon the practical, subcultural, and symbolic reasons that blunt smokers give …
Sessions, Cyphers, and Parties: Settings for Informal Social Controls of Blunt Smoking
The importance of settings for marijuana use has been widely noted, but the way that informal social controls are organized to moderate the amounts consumed have not been well documented. A major ethnographic study of blunts/marijuana use in New York City observed several hundred marijuana users in group locations and conducted intensive interviews with 92 focal subjects. The vast majority of blunt smokers preferred to consume in a group setting.…
Social constructions of dependency by blunts smokers: Qualitative reports
The Severely-Distressed African American Family in the Crack Era: Empowerment is not Enough
Numerous African American families have struggled for generations with persistent poverty, especially in the inner city. These conditions were further strained during the 1980s and 1990s by the widespread use of crack cocaine. For many, crack use became an obsession, dominated their lives, and superseded family responsibilities. This behavior placed additional pressure on already stressed kin support networks. This paper explores the processes pr…
Marijuana Argot As Subculture Threads
Marijuana-related argot provides socially constructed ways of talking, thinking, expressing, communicating and interacting among marijuana users and distributors. Such argot also provides the verbal threads by which the marijuana subculture integrates use practices among diverse individuals, groups and regions. An ethnographic study of blunt and marijuana users in New York City identified 180 argot words that are commonly used to maintain the sub…
The Race/Ethnicity Disparity in Misdemeanor Marijuana Arrests in New York City
RESEARCH SUMMARY: This article examines the growth in marijuana misdemeanor arrests in New York City (NYC) from 1980 to 2003 and its differential impact on blacks and Hispanics. Since 1980, the New York City Police Department (NYPD) expanded its use of arrest and detention for minor offenses under its quality-of-life (QOL) policing initiative. Arrest data indicate that during the 1990s the primary focus of QOL policing became smoking marijuana in…
Pills, Thrills and Bellyaches: Case Studies of Prescription Pill Use and Misuse among Marijuana/Blunt Smoking Middle Class Young Women
Recent survey research has documented important increases during the 2000s in the misuse and abuse of several prescription drugs (Vicodin, Percocet, Codeine, Dilaudid, Xanax, Klonopin, Valium, Ativan, Adderall, Ritalin, among others). This article focuses upon the patterns of pill use and misuse among young women who are middle-class white and college-educated, and they are also experienced marijuana users who report recreational consumption of o…
B.K.’s Story: His Path to Becoming an Inner-City Custodial Father
Normalization of Violence: Experiences of Childhood Abuse by Inner-City Crack Users
An increasing literature mostly based on retrospective surveys has been consistently documenting a correlation between physical abuse in childhood (CPA) and substance abuse in adulthood (ASA). This article uses ethnographic data to reveal the processes behind and context of this linkage for one population-poor, inner-city New York residents who became crack users. Life in the inner city is qualitatively different than in more fortunate circumstan…
Psychology (33 works) · Sociology (28 works) · Political science (21 works) · Criminology (20 works) · Homelessness and Social Issues (18 works) · Medicine (16 works) · Psychiatry (16 works) · Social Psychology (15 works) · Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes (14 works) · Economics (12 works)