Matthew Ponting
Biographic Data
| ID | 214146 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Matthew Ponting |
| GIVEN NAMES | Matthew |
| FAMILY NAME | Ponting |
| SIGNATURE | PONTING M |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Liverpool |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-0343-6224 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 25 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 97 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 25 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1992 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 5 |
Aegean-anatolian metals in the Hellenistic Southern Levant: New insights from the copper-alloy assemblage of Khirbet el-‘Eika
This study presents the results of an archaeometallurgical investigation of copper-based objects from Khirbet el-‘Eika, a fortified rural estate in the Hellenistic Galilee. Compositional analysis of 27 objects reveals that the site’s metal stock primarily consisted of tin-bronze, and leaded bronze alloys, supplemented with unalloyed copper and a single gunmetal ring. Lead isotope analysis demonstrates that the majority of copper-based objects con…
Quality from Kent: Preliminary results from the analysis of fifth‐ to seventh‐century silver alloys
This paper explores early results from the chemical and lead isotope analysis of 30 silver‐alloy objects from southeast England dating between the fifth and seventh centuries CE, presenting limited aspects of the three main analyses that were conducted. First, a comparison of the results gained from surface x‐ray fluorescence (pXRF) values and drilled samples subjected to microwave‐plasma atomic emission spectrometry (MP‐AES) will be explored for…
From Land's End to the Levant: Did Britain's tin sources transform the Bronze Age in Europe and the Mediterranean
Bronze Age–Early Iron Age tin ingots recovered from four Mediterranean shipwrecks off the coasts of Israel and southern France can now be provenanced to tin ores in south-west Britain. These exceptionally rich and accessible ores played a fundamental role in the transition from copper to full tin-bronze metallurgy across Europe and the Mediterranean during the second millennium BC. The authors’ application of a novel combination of three independ…
Response to comment of Albarède and colleagues
Our purpose is to better understand the actions and behaviours of people in the past, often with a focus on ancient economies, and we are willing to use tools from any discipline that allow us to explore these issues. This is why it is so important that the limitations of techniques applied to archaeology are presented as explicitly as their utility
Mints not Mines: A macroscale investigation of Roman silver coinage
Although silver coins have been investigated through the lens of geological provenance to locate argentiferous ore deposits exploited in their production, we consider that this avenue of research may be a cul-de-sac, especially for studies that rely heavily on deciphering lead and silver isotope signatures that may have been altered by the addition of lead and copper (and their associated impurities) during silver refining and debasement, and by …
Crisis? What crisis? Recycling of silver for Roman Republican coinage
Dated measurements of lead pollution in deep Greenland ice have become a useful proxy to monitor historical events because interruptions in lead-silver production result in fluctuations in lead emissions. However, the application of the lead emission record has not perhaps received the attention it deserves because of the difficulty in connecting macroscale events, such as wars and plagues, to their economic repercussions. For instance, although …
Pretia Victoriae or Just an Occasional Bonus? Analysis of Iron Age Lead Artefacts from the Somerset Lake Villages
This paper looks at the evidence for the extraction of silver from lead ores in Iron Age and Roman Britain. Analysis shows that many of the lead objects from the Somerset Lake Villages were made from Mendip lead, but their chemical composition suggests that they were not produced from lead that had been de‐silvered, but from smelted galena with variable silver content. Furthermore, analysis of a Roman lead pig, made from Charterhouse lead ores, s…
The Metallurgy of Roman Silver Coinage: From the Reform of Nero to the Reform of Trajan
The fineness of Roman imperial and provincial coinage has been regarded as an indicator of the broader fiscal health of the Roman Empire, with the apparent gradual decline of the silver content being treated as evidence for worsening deficits and the contraction of the supply of natural resources from which the coins were made. This book explores the composition of Roman silver coinage of the first century AD, re-examining traditional interpretat…
Metallurgy of Roman Silver Coinage: From the Reform of Nero to the Reform of Trajan
The Wirral Brooch: The Form, Distribution and Role of a Regional Romano-British Brooch Type
The Wirral brooch is a distinctive and easily recognizable type of Romano-British brooch with a distribution primarily focused on rural sites around the Wirral peninsula in the north-west of England. The article provides a brief catalogue of the type, investigates whether it is a truly regional form, and establishes its relationship with other contemporary brooches. The accepted dating of this brooch type to the second century AD is discussed as …
Mints, minting
Minting is the term used for the process/es by which coins were and are manufactured. The place where these processes are conducted is called a mint.
Artefact studies in Late Iron Age and Roman Britain: A Blast From the Past
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
The Silver Coinage of Roman Syria Under the Julio-Claudian Emperors
Analyses of 71 Roman provincial silver coins of the Julio-Claudian emperors (27 BC–AD 68) minted at Caesarea in Cappadocia and Antioch and Tyre in Syria are discussed in this paper. The finenesses of the alloys are presented and it is proposed that there was a logical relationship between the standards used for Caesarea and Antioch. Trace element profiles and selected lead isotope analyses help to characterize the products of the different mints,…
Temporal Patterns in Ceramic Production in the Berbati Valley, Greece
This research explores temporal patterns in the procurement of raw materials for ceramic production, based mainly on material recovered in regional survey. The underlying premise is that potters indifferent cultural phases will preferentially exploit the same geological landscape for the most suitable raw materials, but different materials may be preferred depending upon the potters' technological traditions. A program of petrographic and chemica…
The Roman Denarius Under the Julio‐claudian Emperors: Mints, Metallurgy and Technology
The results of the chemical analysis of 78 silver denarii issued by the Julio‐Claudian emperors are presented and interpreted against the available numismatic, archaeological and historical information. Earlier surface analyses are found to be incorrect, especially for the coinage of Nero, and the reasons for this are investigated. The new elemental data are augmented by a subset of coins being subjected to lead isotope analysis and the results o…
Fingerprinting of Roman Mints Using Laser‐ablation Mc–icp–ms Lead Isotope Analysis
In this paper we present data to demonstrate the applicability of laser‐ablation MC–ICP–MS isotope analysis to archaeological artefacts, in this case Roman silver coins. The technique requires no chemical preparation, does minimal damage to the sample and yields external reproducibility that is better than conventional TIMS analysis; 207 Pb/ 206 Pb =±0.015% 2σ in comparison with 207 Pb/ 206 Pb =±0.04% 2σ, respectively. We show that Pb isotope com…
Roman military copper‐alloy artefacts from Israel: Questions of organization and ethnicity
The published analyses of Roman military copper‐alloy metalwork from Masada are complimented by additional ICP‐AES analyses of material from Gamla enabling further discussion of alloying trends and presenting new insights into the organization of the Roman military and the cultural specificity of brass technology
Roman military copper-alloy artefacts from Israel: Questions of organization and ethnicity
The origins of Byzantine glass from Maroni Petrera, Cyprus
Nineteen glasses from Maroni Petrera, Cyprus, dating to the sixth–seventh centuries ad, have been analysed by energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis in the scanning electron microscope for major and minor elements. A subset of 15 glasses was also analysed for trace elements, using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Two groups are identified. The majority is made of glass produced in the coastal region of Syria–Palestine. The smaller group is…
ICP-AES analysis of some Mycenaean vases from the cemetery at Pylona, Rhodes
This paper presents the results of the chemical analyses by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) of a selection of vases from the recent excavations of Mycenaean tombs at Pylona, Rhodes. The data are used to support and confirm the stylistic attributions of the vases as either local Rhodian products or mainland imports. It is suggested that the majority of the imports are from the Argolid, but that at least one other …
The Minoan thalassocracy reconsidered: Provenance studies of LH II A/LM I B pottery from Phylakopi, Ay. Irini and Athens
Chemical analysis by ICP at the Fitch Laboratory (British School at Athens) is used to see if the imported LB II pottery at Phylakopi on Melos is Minoan or Mycenaean. The possibility of a Minoan thalassocracy and of Minoan colonies in the Cyclades is reconsidered in the light of this new evidence, trade routes to the Cyclades are examined, the nature of the Mycenaean presence in the Cyclades is briefly discussed and the evidence for a LM I B hori…
East Meets West in Post-Classical Bet She'an: The Archaeometallurgy of Culture Change
Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy Analyses of Roman Military Copper‐alloy Artefacts From the Excavations at Masada, Israel
A selection of Roman military fittings and associated copper‐alloy artefacts was analysed by inductively coupled plasma‐atomic emission spectroscopy. The method used was a variant on those previously published and gives very good precision and accuracy. The Roman metalwork analysed conforms extremely well to similar artefacts analysed from, contemporaneous European sites and suggests, despite the strongly ‘local’ nature of the Judaean legions, a …
Rome and the East. Production of Roman Provincial Silver Coinage for Caesarea in Cappadocia Under Vespasian, Ad 69–79
During the first three centuries AD several eastern provinces of the Roman empire produced silver coinages of specifically local denominations and types. It has been claimed that at certain periods the mint of Rome was employed to strike some of these coinages, rather than the provincial mints to which the coins are traditionally attributed. This claim is based mainly on stylistic observations, but because style is regarded as subjective, some ot…
The Fenny Stratford Hoard
Towards the end of summer 1990, during the course of roadworks at Galley Lane, Fenny Stratford (Roman Magiovinium), just south of Milton Keynes, a local metal 'detectorist' discovered what appeared to be the 'raw materials' for the production of unofficial Roman coins. The find comprised three ceramic vessels containing three groups of material and two iron dies for striking the coins
The origins of Byzantine glass from Maroni Petrera, Cyprus
Nineteen glasses from Maroni Petrera, Cyprus, dating to the sixth–seventh centuries ad, have been analysed by energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis in the scanning electron microscope for major and minor elements. A subset of 15 glasses was also analysed for trace elements, using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Two groups are identified. The majority is made of glass produced in the coastal region of Syria–Palestine. The smaller group is…
East Meets West in Post-Classical Bet She'an: The Archaeometallurgy of Culture Change
Fingerprinting of Roman Mints Using Laser‐ablation Mc–icp–ms Lead Isotope Analysis
In this paper we present data to demonstrate the applicability of laser‐ablation MC–ICP–MS isotope analysis to archaeological artefacts, in this case Roman silver coins. The technique requires no chemical preparation, does minimal damage to the sample and yields external reproducibility that is better than conventional TIMS analysis; 207 Pb/ 206 Pb =±0.015% 2σ in comparison with 207 Pb/ 206 Pb =±0.04% 2σ, respectively. We show that Pb isotope com…
Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy Analyses of Roman Military Copper‐alloy Artefacts From the Excavations at Masada, Israel
A selection of Roman military fittings and associated copper‐alloy artefacts was analysed by inductively coupled plasma‐atomic emission spectroscopy. The method used was a variant on those previously published and gives very good precision and accuracy. The Roman metalwork analysed conforms extremely well to similar artefacts analysed from, contemporaneous European sites and suggests, despite the strongly ‘local’ nature of the Judaean legions, a …
The Roman Denarius Under the Julio‐claudian Emperors: Mints, Metallurgy and Technology
The results of the chemical analysis of 78 silver denarii issued by the Julio‐Claudian emperors are presented and interpreted against the available numismatic, archaeological and historical information. Earlier surface analyses are found to be incorrect, especially for the coinage of Nero, and the reasons for this are investigated. The new elemental data are augmented by a subset of coins being subjected to lead isotope analysis and the results o…
Roman military copper-alloy artefacts from Israel: Questions of organization and ethnicity
Mints not Mines: A macroscale investigation of Roman silver coinage
Although silver coins have been investigated through the lens of geological provenance to locate argentiferous ore deposits exploited in their production, we consider that this avenue of research may be a cul-de-sac, especially for studies that rely heavily on deciphering lead and silver isotope signatures that may have been altered by the addition of lead and copper (and their associated impurities) during silver refining and debasement, and by …
Rome and the East. Production of Roman Provincial Silver Coinage for Caesarea in Cappadocia Under Vespasian, Ad 69–79
During the first three centuries AD several eastern provinces of the Roman empire produced silver coinages of specifically local denominations and types. It has been claimed that at certain periods the mint of Rome was employed to strike some of these coinages, rather than the provincial mints to which the coins are traditionally attributed. This claim is based mainly on stylistic observations, but because style is regarded as subjective, some ot…
Temporal Patterns in Ceramic Production in the Berbati Valley, Greece
This research explores temporal patterns in the procurement of raw materials for ceramic production, based mainly on material recovered in regional survey. The underlying premise is that potters indifferent cultural phases will preferentially exploit the same geological landscape for the most suitable raw materials, but different materials may be preferred depending upon the potters' technological traditions. A program of petrographic and chemica…
The Minoan thalassocracy reconsidered: Provenance studies of LH II A/LM I B pottery from Phylakopi, Ay. Irini and Athens
Chemical analysis by ICP at the Fitch Laboratory (British School at Athens) is used to see if the imported LB II pottery at Phylakopi on Melos is Minoan or Mycenaean. The possibility of a Minoan thalassocracy and of Minoan colonies in the Cyclades is reconsidered in the light of this new evidence, trade routes to the Cyclades are examined, the nature of the Mycenaean presence in the Cyclades is briefly discussed and the evidence for a LM I B hori…
From Land's End to the Levant: Did Britain's tin sources transform the Bronze Age in Europe and the Mediterranean
Bronze Age–Early Iron Age tin ingots recovered from four Mediterranean shipwrecks off the coasts of Israel and southern France can now be provenanced to tin ores in south-west Britain. These exceptionally rich and accessible ores played a fundamental role in the transition from copper to full tin-bronze metallurgy across Europe and the Mediterranean during the second millennium BC. The authors’ application of a novel combination of three independ…
Pretia Victoriae or Just an Occasional Bonus? Analysis of Iron Age Lead Artefacts from the Somerset Lake Villages
This paper looks at the evidence for the extraction of silver from lead ores in Iron Age and Roman Britain. Analysis shows that many of the lead objects from the Somerset Lake Villages were made from Mendip lead, but their chemical composition suggests that they were not produced from lead that had been de‐silvered, but from smelted galena with variable silver content. Furthermore, analysis of a Roman lead pig, made from Charterhouse lead ores, s…
The Wirral Brooch: The Form, Distribution and Role of a Regional Romano-British Brooch Type
The Wirral brooch is a distinctive and easily recognizable type of Romano-British brooch with a distribution primarily focused on rural sites around the Wirral peninsula in the north-west of England. The article provides a brief catalogue of the type, investigates whether it is a truly regional form, and establishes its relationship with other contemporary brooches. The accepted dating of this brooch type to the second century AD is discussed as …
ICP-AES analysis of some Mycenaean vases from the cemetery at Pylona, Rhodes
This paper presents the results of the chemical analyses by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) of a selection of vases from the recent excavations of Mycenaean tombs at Pylona, Rhodes. The data are used to support and confirm the stylistic attributions of the vases as either local Rhodian products or mainland imports. It is suggested that the majority of the imports are from the Argolid, but that at least one other …
The Fenny Stratford Hoard
Towards the end of summer 1990, during the course of roadworks at Galley Lane, Fenny Stratford (Roman Magiovinium), just south of Milton Keynes, a local metal 'detectorist' discovered what appeared to be the 'raw materials' for the production of unofficial Roman coins. The find comprised three ceramic vessels containing three groups of material and two iron dies for striking the coins
Rome and the East. Production of Roman Provincial Silver Coinage for Caesarea in Cappadocia Under Vespasian, Ad 69–79
During the first three centuries AD several eastern provinces of the Roman empire produced silver coinages of specifically local denominations and types. It has been claimed that at certain periods the mint of Rome was employed to strike some of these coinages, rather than the provincial mints to which the coins are traditionally attributed. This claim is based mainly on stylistic observations, but because style is regarded as subjective, some ot…
Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy Analyses of Roman Military Copper‐alloy Artefacts From the Excavations at Masada, Israel
A selection of Roman military fittings and associated copper‐alloy artefacts was analysed by inductively coupled plasma‐atomic emission spectroscopy. The method used was a variant on those previously published and gives very good precision and accuracy. The Roman metalwork analysed conforms extremely well to similar artefacts analysed from, contemporaneous European sites and suggests, despite the strongly ‘local’ nature of the Judaean legions, a …
East Meets West in Post-Classical Bet She'an: The Archaeometallurgy of Culture Change
ICP-AES analysis of some Mycenaean vases from the cemetery at Pylona, Rhodes
This paper presents the results of the chemical analyses by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) of a selection of vases from the recent excavations of Mycenaean tombs at Pylona, Rhodes. The data are used to support and confirm the stylistic attributions of the vases as either local Rhodian products or mainland imports. It is suggested that the majority of the imports are from the Argolid, but that at least one other …
The Minoan thalassocracy reconsidered: Provenance studies of LH II A/LM I B pottery from Phylakopi, Ay. Irini and Athens
Chemical analysis by ICP at the Fitch Laboratory (British School at Athens) is used to see if the imported LB II pottery at Phylakopi on Melos is Minoan or Mycenaean. The possibility of a Minoan thalassocracy and of Minoan colonies in the Cyclades is reconsidered in the light of this new evidence, trade routes to the Cyclades are examined, the nature of the Mycenaean presence in the Cyclades is briefly discussed and the evidence for a LM I B hori…
Roman military copper‐alloy artefacts from Israel: Questions of organization and ethnicity
The published analyses of Roman military copper‐alloy metalwork from Masada are complimented by additional ICP‐AES analyses of material from Gamla enabling further discussion of alloying trends and presenting new insights into the organization of the Roman military and the cultural specificity of brass technology
Roman military copper-alloy artefacts from Israel: Questions of organization and ethnicity
The origins of Byzantine glass from Maroni Petrera, Cyprus
Nineteen glasses from Maroni Petrera, Cyprus, dating to the sixth–seventh centuries ad, have been analysed by energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis in the scanning electron microscope for major and minor elements. A subset of 15 glasses was also analysed for trace elements, using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Two groups are identified. The majority is made of glass produced in the coastal region of Syria–Palestine. The smaller group is…
Fingerprinting of Roman Mints Using Laser‐ablation Mc–icp–ms Lead Isotope Analysis
In this paper we present data to demonstrate the applicability of laser‐ablation MC–ICP–MS isotope analysis to archaeological artefacts, in this case Roman silver coins. The technique requires no chemical preparation, does minimal damage to the sample and yields external reproducibility that is better than conventional TIMS analysis; 207 Pb/ 206 Pb =±0.015% 2σ in comparison with 207 Pb/ 206 Pb =±0.04% 2σ, respectively. We show that Pb isotope com…
The Roman Denarius Under the Julio‐claudian Emperors: Mints, Metallurgy and Technology
The results of the chemical analysis of 78 silver denarii issued by the Julio‐Claudian emperors are presented and interpreted against the available numismatic, archaeological and historical information. Earlier surface analyses are found to be incorrect, especially for the coinage of Nero, and the reasons for this are investigated. The new elemental data are augmented by a subset of coins being subjected to lead isotope analysis and the results o…
Temporal Patterns in Ceramic Production in the Berbati Valley, Greece
This research explores temporal patterns in the procurement of raw materials for ceramic production, based mainly on material recovered in regional survey. The underlying premise is that potters indifferent cultural phases will preferentially exploit the same geological landscape for the most suitable raw materials, but different materials may be preferred depending upon the potters' technological traditions. A program of petrographic and chemica…
The Silver Coinage of Roman Syria Under the Julio-Claudian Emperors
Analyses of 71 Roman provincial silver coins of the Julio-Claudian emperors (27 BC–AD 68) minted at Caesarea in Cappadocia and Antioch and Tyre in Syria are discussed in this paper. The finenesses of the alloys are presented and it is proposed that there was a logical relationship between the standards used for Caesarea and Antioch. Trace element profiles and selected lead isotope analyses help to characterize the products of the different mints,…
Mints, minting
Minting is the term used for the process/es by which coins were and are manufactured. The place where these processes are conducted is called a mint.
Artefact studies in Late Iron Age and Roman Britain: A Blast From the Past
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
The Wirral Brooch: The Form, Distribution and Role of a Regional Romano-British Brooch Type
The Wirral brooch is a distinctive and easily recognizable type of Romano-British brooch with a distribution primarily focused on rural sites around the Wirral peninsula in the north-west of England. The article provides a brief catalogue of the type, investigates whether it is a truly regional form, and establishes its relationship with other contemporary brooches. The accepted dating of this brooch type to the second century AD is discussed as …
The Metallurgy of Roman Silver Coinage: From the Reform of Nero to the Reform of Trajan
The fineness of Roman imperial and provincial coinage has been regarded as an indicator of the broader fiscal health of the Roman Empire, with the apparent gradual decline of the silver content being treated as evidence for worsening deficits and the contraction of the supply of natural resources from which the coins were made. This book explores the composition of Roman silver coinage of the first century AD, re-examining traditional interpretat…
Metallurgy of Roman Silver Coinage: From the Reform of Nero to the Reform of Trajan
Pretia Victoriae or Just an Occasional Bonus? Analysis of Iron Age Lead Artefacts from the Somerset Lake Villages
This paper looks at the evidence for the extraction of silver from lead ores in Iron Age and Roman Britain. Analysis shows that many of the lead objects from the Somerset Lake Villages were made from Mendip lead, but their chemical composition suggests that they were not produced from lead that had been de‐silvered, but from smelted galena with variable silver content. Furthermore, analysis of a Roman lead pig, made from Charterhouse lead ores, s…
Response to comment of Albarède and colleagues
Our purpose is to better understand the actions and behaviours of people in the past, often with a focus on ancient economies, and we are willing to use tools from any discipline that allow us to explore these issues. This is why it is so important that the limitations of techniques applied to archaeology are presented as explicitly as their utility
Mints not Mines: A macroscale investigation of Roman silver coinage
Although silver coins have been investigated through the lens of geological provenance to locate argentiferous ore deposits exploited in their production, we consider that this avenue of research may be a cul-de-sac, especially for studies that rely heavily on deciphering lead and silver isotope signatures that may have been altered by the addition of lead and copper (and their associated impurities) during silver refining and debasement, and by …
Crisis? What crisis? Recycling of silver for Roman Republican coinage
Dated measurements of lead pollution in deep Greenland ice have become a useful proxy to monitor historical events because interruptions in lead-silver production result in fluctuations in lead emissions. However, the application of the lead emission record has not perhaps received the attention it deserves because of the difficulty in connecting macroscale events, such as wars and plagues, to their economic repercussions. For instance, although …
Quality from Kent: Preliminary results from the analysis of fifth‐ to seventh‐century silver alloys
This paper explores early results from the chemical and lead isotope analysis of 30 silver‐alloy objects from southeast England dating between the fifth and seventh centuries CE, presenting limited aspects of the three main analyses that were conducted. First, a comparison of the results gained from surface x‐ray fluorescence (pXRF) values and drilled samples subjected to microwave‐plasma atomic emission spectrometry (MP‐AES) will be explored for…
From Land's End to the Levant: Did Britain's tin sources transform the Bronze Age in Europe and the Mediterranean
Bronze Age–Early Iron Age tin ingots recovered from four Mediterranean shipwrecks off the coasts of Israel and southern France can now be provenanced to tin ores in south-west Britain. These exceptionally rich and accessible ores played a fundamental role in the transition from copper to full tin-bronze metallurgy across Europe and the Mediterranean during the second millennium BC. The authors’ application of a novel combination of three independ…
Aegean-anatolian metals in the Hellenistic Southern Levant: New insights from the copper-alloy assemblage of Khirbet el-‘Eika
This study presents the results of an archaeometallurgical investigation of copper-based objects from Khirbet el-‘Eika, a fortified rural estate in the Hellenistic Galilee. Compositional analysis of 27 objects reveals that the site’s metal stock primarily consisted of tin-bronze, and leaded bronze alloys, supplemented with unalloyed copper and a single gunmetal ring. Lead isotope analysis demonstrates that the majority of copper-based objects con…
History (20 works) · Archaeology (19 works) · Ancient history (16 works) · Archaeology and ancient environmental studies (15 works) · Cultural Heritage Materials Analysis (11 works) · History (10 works) · Materials Science (10 works) · Geography (9 works) · Geology (9 works) · Metallurgy (9 works)