R K Mckinley
Biographic Data
| ID | 2165111 |
|---|---|
| NAME | R K Mckinley |
| GIVEN NAMES | R K |
| FAMILY NAME | Mckinley |
| SIGNATURE | MCKINLEY R K |
| AFFILIATIONS | Keele University |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-3684-3435 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 17 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 36 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 17 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1971 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 3 |
Determining the influence of video-based benchmarking (VBB) on examiner variability in objective structured clinical exams (OSCE)
Introduction Reducing examiner variability in Objective Structured Clinical Exams (OSCEs) is a priority within clinical performance assessment. In contrast to typical OSCE examiner training, video-based benchmarking (VBB) involves examiners scoring videos a/from their specific station b/shortly before the OSCE and then reflecting on and discussing scores/justifications agreed by an expert panel. Whilst realist evaluation has described mechanisms …
A realist evaluation of how, why and when objective structured clinical exams (OSCEs) are experienced as an authentic assessment of clinical preparedness
INTRODUCTION: Whilst rarely researched, the authenticity with which Objective Structured Clinical Exams (OSCEs) simulate practice is arguably critical to making valid judgements about candidates' preparedness to progress in their training. We studied how and why an OSCE gave rise to different experiences of authenticity for different participants under different circumstances. METHODS: We used Realist evaluation, collecting data through interview…
Inter-school variations in the standard of examiners’ graduation-level OSCE judgements
INTRODUCTION: Ensuring equivalence in high-stakes performance exams is important for patient safety and candidate fairness. We compared inter-school examiner differences within a shared OSCE and resulting impact on students' pass/fail categorisation. METHODS: The same 6 station formative OSCE ran asynchronously in 4 medical schools, with 2 parallel circuits/school. We compared examiners' judgements using Video-based Examiner Score Comparison and …
How do medical schools influence their students’ career choices? A realist evaluation
Our initial theories about career decision-making were refined as follows: It involves a process of testing for fit of potential careers. This process is asymmetric with multiple experiences needed before deciding a career fits ('easing in') but sometimes only a single negative experience needed for a choice to be ruled out. Developing a preference for a speciality aligns with Person-Environment-Fit decision theories. Ruling out a potential caree…
Every doctor an educator
INTRODUCTION: The education of the future health care workforce is fundamental to ensuring safe, effective, and inclusive patient care. Despite this there has been chronic underinvestment in health care education and, even though there is an increased need for educators, the true number of medical educators has been in relative decline for over a decade. PURPOSE: In this paper, we focus on the role of doctors as medical educators. We reflect on t…
In Reply to Anto et al
We thank the authors for their comments on our article. We agree that the prospect of using video technology to remove the examiner from the room is an interesting proposition with the potential to reduce cueing of the candidate by the examiner. Gormley and colleagues 1 have described the theatrical nature of the triadic interaction, which can occur between the examiner, candidate, and simulated patient; we agree that removing the examiner could …
Determining influence, interaction and causality of contrast and sequence effects in objective structured clinical exams
Measuring the Effect of Examiner Variability in a Multiple-Circuit Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE)
PURPOSE: Ensuring that examiners in different parallel circuits of objective structured clinical examinations (OSCEs) judge to the same standard is critical to the chain of validity. Recent work suggests examiner-cohort (i.e., the particular group of examiners) could significantly alter outcomes for some candidates. Despite this, examiner-cohort effects are rarely examined since fully nested data (i.e., no crossover between the students judged by…
Understanding patient involvement in judging students’ communication skills in OSCEs
INTRODUCTION: Communication skills are assessed by medically-enculturated examiners using consensus frameworks which were developed with limited patient involvement. Assessments consequently risk rewarding performance which incompletely serves patients' authentic communication needs. Whilst regulators require patient involvement in assessment, little is known about how this can be achieved. We aimed to explore patients' perceptions of students' c…
Understanding and developing procedures for video-based assessment in medical education
INTRODUCTION: Novel uses of video aim to enhance assessment in health-professionals education. Whilst these uses presume equivalence between video and live scoring, some research suggests that poorly understood variations could challenge validity. We aimed to understand examiners' and students' interaction with video whilst developing procedures to promote its optimal use. METHODS: Using design-based research we developed theory and procedures fo…
Human and proud of it
This article is a reprint of McKinley, Robert. 1976. “Human and proud of it! A structural treatment of headhunting rites and the social definition of enemies.” In Studies in Borneo societies: Social process and anthropological explanation , edited by G. N. Appell, 92–126. DeKalb, IL: The Center for Southeast Asian Studies at Northern Illinois University. The appendix, containing reflections on a debate between J. van Baal and the author, was writ…
GPs' perceptions of the service needs of South Asian people with chronic pain
This qualitative study describes GPs' experiences of and needs for management of people from a South Asian community who have chronic pain. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 18 GPs from practices in two PCTs in Leicester. The data was analysed using grounded theory. The results indicate that managing patients from a South Asian community with chronic pain can be challenging due to differing pain expression and presentation. Emerging …
Central States Anthropological Society
Culture Meets Nature On the Six O'Clock News
The place of the symbol in the practice of anthropological reasoning
Marshall Sahlins. Culture and Practical Reason. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1976. xii + 252 pp. Figures, table, references, and index. $17.50
Why Do Crow and Omaha Kinship Terminologies Exist? A Sociology of Knowledge Interpretation
A Critique of the Reflectionist Theory of Kinship Terminology
Robert McKinley's article, "A Critique of the Reflectionist Theory of Kinship Terminology: The Crow/Omaha Case" (1971), challenges the prevailing reflectionist theory of kinship terminology, which posits a direct correlation between social structure and kinship terms. Focusing on the Crow and Omaha kinship systems, McKinley argues that the reflectionist approach, particularly as articulated by Louis Dumont, fails to adequately account for the com…
Why Do Crow and Omaha Kinship Terminologies Exist? A Sociology of Knowledge Interpretation
A Critique of the Reflectionist Theory of Kinship Terminology
Robert McKinley's article, "A Critique of the Reflectionist Theory of Kinship Terminology: The Crow/Omaha Case" (1971), challenges the prevailing reflectionist theory of kinship terminology, which posits a direct correlation between social structure and kinship terms. Focusing on the Crow and Omaha kinship systems, McKinley argues that the reflectionist approach, particularly as articulated by Louis Dumont, fails to adequately account for the com…
Human and proud of it
This article is a reprint of McKinley, Robert. 1976. “Human and proud of it! A structural treatment of headhunting rites and the social definition of enemies.” In Studies in Borneo societies: Social process and anthropological explanation , edited by G. N. Appell, 92–126. DeKalb, IL: The Center for Southeast Asian Studies at Northern Illinois University. The appendix, containing reflections on a debate between J. van Baal and the author, was writ…
GPs' perceptions of the service needs of South Asian people with chronic pain
This qualitative study describes GPs' experiences of and needs for management of people from a South Asian community who have chronic pain. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 18 GPs from practices in two PCTs in Leicester. The data was analysed using grounded theory. The results indicate that managing patients from a South Asian community with chronic pain can be challenging due to differing pain expression and presentation. Emerging …
Why Do Crow and Omaha Kinship Terminologies Exist? A Sociology of Knowledge Interpretation
A Critique of the Reflectionist Theory of Kinship Terminology
Robert McKinley's article, "A Critique of the Reflectionist Theory of Kinship Terminology: The Crow/Omaha Case" (1971), challenges the prevailing reflectionist theory of kinship terminology, which posits a direct correlation between social structure and kinship terms. Focusing on the Crow and Omaha kinship systems, McKinley argues that the reflectionist approach, particularly as articulated by Louis Dumont, fails to adequately account for the com…
The place of the symbol in the practice of anthropological reasoning
Marshall Sahlins. Culture and Practical Reason. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1976. xii + 252 pp. Figures, table, references, and index. $17.50
Culture Meets Nature On the Six O'Clock News
Central States Anthropological Society
GPs' perceptions of the service needs of South Asian people with chronic pain
This qualitative study describes GPs' experiences of and needs for management of people from a South Asian community who have chronic pain. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 18 GPs from practices in two PCTs in Leicester. The data was analysed using grounded theory. The results indicate that managing patients from a South Asian community with chronic pain can be challenging due to differing pain expression and presentation. Emerging …
Human and proud of it
This article is a reprint of McKinley, Robert. 1976. “Human and proud of it! A structural treatment of headhunting rites and the social definition of enemies.” In Studies in Borneo societies: Social process and anthropological explanation , edited by G. N. Appell, 92–126. DeKalb, IL: The Center for Southeast Asian Studies at Northern Illinois University. The appendix, containing reflections on a debate between J. van Baal and the author, was writ…
Understanding and developing procedures for video-based assessment in medical education
INTRODUCTION: Novel uses of video aim to enhance assessment in health-professionals education. Whilst these uses presume equivalence between video and live scoring, some research suggests that poorly understood variations could challenge validity. We aimed to understand examiners' and students' interaction with video whilst developing procedures to promote its optimal use. METHODS: Using design-based research we developed theory and procedures fo…
Measuring the Effect of Examiner Variability in a Multiple-Circuit Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE)
PURPOSE: Ensuring that examiners in different parallel circuits of objective structured clinical examinations (OSCEs) judge to the same standard is critical to the chain of validity. Recent work suggests examiner-cohort (i.e., the particular group of examiners) could significantly alter outcomes for some candidates. Despite this, examiner-cohort effects are rarely examined since fully nested data (i.e., no crossover between the students judged by…
Understanding patient involvement in judging students’ communication skills in OSCEs
INTRODUCTION: Communication skills are assessed by medically-enculturated examiners using consensus frameworks which were developed with limited patient involvement. Assessments consequently risk rewarding performance which incompletely serves patients' authentic communication needs. Whilst regulators require patient involvement in assessment, little is known about how this can be achieved. We aimed to explore patients' perceptions of students' c…
In Reply to Anto et al
We thank the authors for their comments on our article. We agree that the prospect of using video technology to remove the examiner from the room is an interesting proposition with the potential to reduce cueing of the candidate by the examiner. Gormley and colleagues 1 have described the theatrical nature of the triadic interaction, which can occur between the examiner, candidate, and simulated patient; we agree that removing the examiner could …
Determining influence, interaction and causality of contrast and sequence effects in objective structured clinical exams
Every doctor an educator
INTRODUCTION: The education of the future health care workforce is fundamental to ensuring safe, effective, and inclusive patient care. Despite this there has been chronic underinvestment in health care education and, even though there is an increased need for educators, the true number of medical educators has been in relative decline for over a decade. PURPOSE: In this paper, we focus on the role of doctors as medical educators. We reflect on t…
How do medical schools influence their students’ career choices? A realist evaluation
Our initial theories about career decision-making were refined as follows: It involves a process of testing for fit of potential careers. This process is asymmetric with multiple experiences needed before deciding a career fits ('easing in') but sometimes only a single negative experience needed for a choice to be ruled out. Developing a preference for a speciality aligns with Person-Environment-Fit decision theories. Ruling out a potential caree…
A realist evaluation of how, why and when objective structured clinical exams (OSCEs) are experienced as an authentic assessment of clinical preparedness
INTRODUCTION: Whilst rarely researched, the authenticity with which Objective Structured Clinical Exams (OSCEs) simulate practice is arguably critical to making valid judgements about candidates' preparedness to progress in their training. We studied how and why an OSCE gave rise to different experiences of authenticity for different participants under different circumstances. METHODS: We used Realist evaluation, collecting data through interview…
Inter-school variations in the standard of examiners’ graduation-level OSCE judgements
INTRODUCTION: Ensuring equivalence in high-stakes performance exams is important for patient safety and candidate fairness. We compared inter-school examiner differences within a shared OSCE and resulting impact on students' pass/fail categorisation. METHODS: The same 6 station formative OSCE ran asynchronously in 4 medical schools, with 2 parallel circuits/school. We compared examiners' judgements using Video-based Examiner Score Comparison and …
Determining the influence of video-based benchmarking (VBB) on examiner variability in objective structured clinical exams (OSCE)
Introduction Reducing examiner variability in Objective Structured Clinical Exams (OSCEs) is a priority within clinical performance assessment. In contrast to typical OSCE examiner training, video-based benchmarking (VBB) involves examiners scoring videos a/from their specific station b/shortly before the OSCE and then reflecting on and discussing scores/justifications agreed by an expert panel. Whilst realist evaluation has described mechanisms …
Innovations in Medical Education (9 works) · Medicine (9 works) · Psychology (9 works) · Medical education (8 works) · Sociology (5 works) · Computer Science (4 works) · Anthropology (3 works) · Clinical Reasoning and Diagnostic Skills (3 works) · History (3 works) · Medical Education and Admissions (3 works)