Hank Rothgerber
Biographic Data
| ID | 217053 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Hank Rothgerber |
| GIVEN NAMES | Hank |
| FAMILY NAME | Rothgerber |
| SIGNATURE | ROTHGERBER H |
| AFFILIATIONS | Bellarmine University |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-1692-0157 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 24 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 469 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 24 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1997 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2024 |
| H-INDEX | 10 |
Development of the passive and active meat-animal dissociation scale (mads)
Many individuals like eating meat but condemn causing harm to animals. Dissociating meat from its animal origins is one way to avoid the cognitive dissonance this ‘meat paradox’ elicits. While the significance of meat-animal dissociation for meat consumption is well-established, a recent literature review suggested that it consists of two distinct tendencies. First, people may differ in the degree to which they passively disassociate meat from it…
Universities should lead on the plant-based dietary transition
As the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change1Shukla PR Skea J Calvo Buendia E et al.Climate change and land: an IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems.https://www.ipcc.ch/srccl/Date accessed: April 7, 2023Google Scholar and the EAT–Lancet Commission2Willett W Rockström J Loken B et al.Food in the Anthropocene: the…
When meat-eaters expect vegan food to taste bad: Veganism as a symbolic threat
People who eat meat generally expect vegan food to taste bad. We theorize that this expectation stems in part from the perception that veganism is symbolically threatening; devaluing vegan food may enable meat-eaters to defend in-group values and defuse symbolic threat. We conducted four studies (total N = 1,563) on meat-eaters residing in the US. In Studies 1a and 1b, participants who most strongly endorsed carnism—the ideology that humans have …
The psychology of eating animals and veg*nism
Psychological Science in the Wake of Covid-19: Social, Methodological, and Metascientific Considerations
The COVID-19 pandemic has extensively changed the state of psychological science from what research questions psychologists can ask to which methodologies psychologists can use to investigate them. In this article, we offer a perspective on how to optimize new research in the pandemic’s wake. Because this pandemic is inherently a social phenomenon—an event that hinges on human-to-human contact—we focus on socially relevant subfields of psychology…
Motivated Moral Outrage Among Meat-Eaters
Many meat-eaters experience cognitive dissonance when aware that their eating behaviors contradict their moral values, such as desires to protect the environment or animals from harm. One way in which people morally disengage from their behaviors—and thus avoid dissonance—is to displace responsibility onto others. Aligning with this notion, results of three studies (total N = 1,501) suggest that expressing moral outrage at third-party transgresso…
Mostly Vegetarian, But Flexible About It: Investigating How Meat-Reducers Express Social Identity Around Their Diets
Beyond indicating that one does not eat meat, the decision to identify as vegetarian signals social identity. Yet many people limit their meat intake without giving up meat entirely: These people are called flexitarians (a term combining the words, “flexible” and “vegetarian”). Some flexitarians, despite eating meat, consider themselves to be vegetarian. Through a preregistered study ( N = 837), we investigated how flexitarians express social ide…
Is a Reasonable Woman Different from a Reasonable Person? Gender Differences in Perceived Sexual Harassment
Meat-related cognitive dissonance: A conceptual framework for understanding how meat eaters reduce negative arousal from eating animals
But I Don’t Eat that Much Meat”
As arguments become more pronounced that meat consumption harms the environment, public health, and nonhuman animals, meat-eaters should experience increased pressure to justify their behavior. The present research further tested the notion that women employ indirect meat-eating justification strategies relative to men, specifically the claim that as a form of self-justification, women would underreport meat consumption when the context called in…
Can you have your meat and eat it too? Conscientious omnivores, vegetarians, and adherence to diet
Underlying differences between conscientious omnivores and vegetarians in the evaluation of meat and animals
Efforts to overcome vegetarian-induced dissonance among meat eaters
A comparison of attitudes toward meat and animals among strict and semi-vegetarians
Childhood pet ownership, attachment to pets, and subsequent meat avoidance. The mediating role of empathy toward animals
Evaluation of Ingroup Disloyalty Within a MultiGroup Context
The present research sought to determine if group vulnerability to ingroup norm violations moderated evaluations of these disloyal acts. Specifically, it tested the notion that smaller groups, groups organized around a moral cause, and groups demanding relatively high sacrifice from members would most harshly evaluate instances of ingroup disloyalty because such actions may be more likely to dissolve the group, undermine its message, or tempt oth…
Carnivorous Cats, Vegetarian Dogs, and the Resolution of the Vegetarian's Dilemma
The present research sought to further clarify the vegetarian's dilemma, the conflict that pits feeding one's pet an animal-based diet that may be perceived as best promoting their well-being with concerns over animal welfare and environmental degradation threatened by such diets. It specifically examined whether non-meat eaters would distinguish between pet dogs and cats in the percentage of their diet derived from animal products, guilt experie…
A naturalistic study of stereotype threat in young female chess players
The present research sought to determine whether young female chess players would demonstrate stereotype threat susceptibility in a naturalistic environment. Data from 12 scholastic chess tournaments indicated that females performed worse than expected when playing against a male opponent, achieving 83% of the expected success based on their own and their opponent’s prerating. These effects were strongest for the youngest players in lower element…
A meaty matter. Pet diet and the vegetarian’s dilemma
Real men don’t eat (vegetable) quiche: Masculinity and the justification of meat consumption
As arguments become more pronounced that meat consumption harms the environment, public health, and animals, meat eaters should experience increased pressure to justify their behavior. Results of a first study showed that male undergraduates used direct strategies to justify eating meat, including endorsing pro-meat attitudes, denying animal suffering, believing that animals are lower in a hierarchy than humans and that it is human fate to eat an…
Social Norms and Identity Relevance: A Motivational Approach to Normative Behavior
Two studies demonstrated that greater identification with a group was associated with more positive emotions for members who conformed with versus violated the group's norms. These effects were found with injunctive norms, which specify what members should do or what they ideally would do, but emerged less consistently with descriptive norms, which specify what members typically do. Descriptive norms affected emotional responses when they acquire…
External intergroup threat as an antecedent to perceptions in in-group and out-group homogeneity
Conformity to sex-typed norms, affect, and the self-concept
The self-concept plays an important role in conformity to sex-typed social norms. Normative beliefs that men are powerful, dominant, and self-assertive and that women are caring, intimate with others, and emotionally expressive represent possible standards for whom people ought to be and whom they ideally would like to be. In the present research, to the extent that sex role norms were personally relevant for participants, norm-congruent experien…
The view from below: Intergroup relations from the perspective of the disadvantaged group
This study examined how disadvantaged group members perceive and respond to members of a disadvantaged out-group and an advantaged out-group. Three experiments revealed that a disadvantaged out-group was harmed more and seen as more homogeneous when its own performance was similar to or better than the in-group, and when it was in the presence of an advantaged out-group that performed similar to or better than the in-group. Conversely, an advanta…
Real men don’t eat (vegetable) quiche: Masculinity and the justification of meat consumption
As arguments become more pronounced that meat consumption harms the environment, public health, and animals, meat eaters should experience increased pressure to justify their behavior. Results of a first study showed that male undergraduates used direct strategies to justify eating meat, including endorsing pro-meat attitudes, denying animal suffering, believing that animals are lower in a hierarchy than humans and that it is human fate to eat an…
Meat-related cognitive dissonance: A conceptual framework for understanding how meat eaters reduce negative arousal from eating animals
Efforts to overcome vegetarian-induced dissonance among meat eaters
External intergroup threat as an antecedent to perceptions in in-group and out-group homogeneity
A comparison of attitudes toward meat and animals among strict and semi-vegetarians
Can you have your meat and eat it too? Conscientious omnivores, vegetarians, and adherence to diet
Conformity to sex-typed norms, affect, and the self-concept
The self-concept plays an important role in conformity to sex-typed social norms. Normative beliefs that men are powerful, dominant, and self-assertive and that women are caring, intimate with others, and emotionally expressive represent possible standards for whom people ought to be and whom they ideally would like to be. In the present research, to the extent that sex role norms were personally relevant for participants, norm-congruent experien…
Underlying differences between conscientious omnivores and vegetarians in the evaluation of meat and animals
Childhood pet ownership, attachment to pets, and subsequent meat avoidance. The mediating role of empathy toward animals
A meaty matter. Pet diet and the vegetarian’s dilemma
The view from below: Intergroup relations from the perspective of the disadvantaged group
This study examined how disadvantaged group members perceive and respond to members of a disadvantaged out-group and an advantaged out-group. Three experiments revealed that a disadvantaged out-group was harmed more and seen as more homogeneous when its own performance was similar to or better than the in-group, and when it was in the presence of an advantaged out-group that performed similar to or better than the in-group. Conversely, an advanta…
But I Don’t Eat that Much Meat”
As arguments become more pronounced that meat consumption harms the environment, public health, and nonhuman animals, meat-eaters should experience increased pressure to justify their behavior. The present research further tested the notion that women employ indirect meat-eating justification strategies relative to men, specifically the claim that as a form of self-justification, women would underreport meat consumption when the context called in…
Evaluation of Ingroup Disloyalty Within a MultiGroup Context
The present research sought to determine if group vulnerability to ingroup norm violations moderated evaluations of these disloyal acts. Specifically, it tested the notion that smaller groups, groups organized around a moral cause, and groups demanding relatively high sacrifice from members would most harshly evaluate instances of ingroup disloyalty because such actions may be more likely to dissolve the group, undermine its message, or tempt oth…
Is a Reasonable Woman Different from a Reasonable Person? Gender Differences in Perceived Sexual Harassment
The psychology of eating animals and veg*nism
When meat-eaters expect vegan food to taste bad: Veganism as a symbolic threat
People who eat meat generally expect vegan food to taste bad. We theorize that this expectation stems in part from the perception that veganism is symbolically threatening; devaluing vegan food may enable meat-eaters to defend in-group values and defuse symbolic threat. We conducted four studies (total N = 1,563) on meat-eaters residing in the US. In Studies 1a and 1b, participants who most strongly endorsed carnism—the ideology that humans have …
Carnivorous Cats, Vegetarian Dogs, and the Resolution of the Vegetarian's Dilemma
The present research sought to further clarify the vegetarian's dilemma, the conflict that pits feeding one's pet an animal-based diet that may be perceived as best promoting their well-being with concerns over animal welfare and environmental degradation threatened by such diets. It specifically examined whether non-meat eaters would distinguish between pet dogs and cats in the percentage of their diet derived from animal products, guilt experie…
A naturalistic study of stereotype threat in young female chess players
The present research sought to determine whether young female chess players would demonstrate stereotype threat susceptibility in a naturalistic environment. Data from 12 scholastic chess tournaments indicated that females performed worse than expected when playing against a male opponent, achieving 83% of the expected success based on their own and their opponent’s prerating. These effects were strongest for the youngest players in lower element…
External intergroup threat as an antecedent to perceptions in in-group and out-group homogeneity
Conformity to sex-typed norms, affect, and the self-concept
The self-concept plays an important role in conformity to sex-typed social norms. Normative beliefs that men are powerful, dominant, and self-assertive and that women are caring, intimate with others, and emotionally expressive represent possible standards for whom people ought to be and whom they ideally would like to be. In the present research, to the extent that sex role norms were personally relevant for participants, norm-congruent experien…
The view from below: Intergroup relations from the perspective of the disadvantaged group
This study examined how disadvantaged group members perceive and respond to members of a disadvantaged out-group and an advantaged out-group. Three experiments revealed that a disadvantaged out-group was harmed more and seen as more homogeneous when its own performance was similar to or better than the in-group, and when it was in the presence of an advantaged out-group that performed similar to or better than the in-group. Conversely, an advanta…
Social Norms and Identity Relevance: A Motivational Approach to Normative Behavior
Two studies demonstrated that greater identification with a group was associated with more positive emotions for members who conformed with versus violated the group's norms. These effects were found with injunctive norms, which specify what members should do or what they ideally would do, but emerged less consistently with descriptive norms, which specify what members typically do. Descriptive norms affected emotional responses when they acquire…
Real men don’t eat (vegetable) quiche: Masculinity and the justification of meat consumption
As arguments become more pronounced that meat consumption harms the environment, public health, and animals, meat eaters should experience increased pressure to justify their behavior. Results of a first study showed that male undergraduates used direct strategies to justify eating meat, including endorsing pro-meat attitudes, denying animal suffering, believing that animals are lower in a hierarchy than humans and that it is human fate to eat an…
A naturalistic study of stereotype threat in young female chess players
The present research sought to determine whether young female chess players would demonstrate stereotype threat susceptibility in a naturalistic environment. Data from 12 scholastic chess tournaments indicated that females performed worse than expected when playing against a male opponent, achieving 83% of the expected success based on their own and their opponent’s prerating. These effects were strongest for the youngest players in lower element…
A meaty matter. Pet diet and the vegetarian’s dilemma
Efforts to overcome vegetarian-induced dissonance among meat eaters
A comparison of attitudes toward meat and animals among strict and semi-vegetarians
Childhood pet ownership, attachment to pets, and subsequent meat avoidance. The mediating role of empathy toward animals
Evaluation of Ingroup Disloyalty Within a MultiGroup Context
The present research sought to determine if group vulnerability to ingroup norm violations moderated evaluations of these disloyal acts. Specifically, it tested the notion that smaller groups, groups organized around a moral cause, and groups demanding relatively high sacrifice from members would most harshly evaluate instances of ingroup disloyalty because such actions may be more likely to dissolve the group, undermine its message, or tempt oth…
Carnivorous Cats, Vegetarian Dogs, and the Resolution of the Vegetarian's Dilemma
The present research sought to further clarify the vegetarian's dilemma, the conflict that pits feeding one's pet an animal-based diet that may be perceived as best promoting their well-being with concerns over animal welfare and environmental degradation threatened by such diets. It specifically examined whether non-meat eaters would distinguish between pet dogs and cats in the percentage of their diet derived from animal products, guilt experie…
Can you have your meat and eat it too? Conscientious omnivores, vegetarians, and adherence to diet
Underlying differences between conscientious omnivores and vegetarians in the evaluation of meat and animals
But I Don’t Eat that Much Meat”
As arguments become more pronounced that meat consumption harms the environment, public health, and nonhuman animals, meat-eaters should experience increased pressure to justify their behavior. The present research further tested the notion that women employ indirect meat-eating justification strategies relative to men, specifically the claim that as a form of self-justification, women would underreport meat consumption when the context called in…
Mostly Vegetarian, But Flexible About It: Investigating How Meat-Reducers Express Social Identity Around Their Diets
Beyond indicating that one does not eat meat, the decision to identify as vegetarian signals social identity. Yet many people limit their meat intake without giving up meat entirely: These people are called flexitarians (a term combining the words, “flexible” and “vegetarian”). Some flexitarians, despite eating meat, consider themselves to be vegetarian. Through a preregistered study ( N = 837), we investigated how flexitarians express social ide…
Is a Reasonable Woman Different from a Reasonable Person? Gender Differences in Perceived Sexual Harassment
Meat-related cognitive dissonance: A conceptual framework for understanding how meat eaters reduce negative arousal from eating animals
Psychological Science in the Wake of Covid-19: Social, Methodological, and Metascientific Considerations
The COVID-19 pandemic has extensively changed the state of psychological science from what research questions psychologists can ask to which methodologies psychologists can use to investigate them. In this article, we offer a perspective on how to optimize new research in the pandemic’s wake. Because this pandemic is inherently a social phenomenon—an event that hinges on human-to-human contact—we focus on socially relevant subfields of psychology…
Motivated Moral Outrage Among Meat-Eaters
Many meat-eaters experience cognitive dissonance when aware that their eating behaviors contradict their moral values, such as desires to protect the environment or animals from harm. One way in which people morally disengage from their behaviors—and thus avoid dissonance—is to displace responsibility onto others. Aligning with this notion, results of three studies (total N = 1,501) suggest that expressing moral outrage at third-party transgresso…
Universities should lead on the plant-based dietary transition
As the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change1Shukla PR Skea J Calvo Buendia E et al.Climate change and land: an IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems.https://www.ipcc.ch/srccl/Date accessed: April 7, 2023Google Scholar and the EAT–Lancet Commission2Willett W Rockström J Loken B et al.Food in the Anthropocene: the…
When meat-eaters expect vegan food to taste bad: Veganism as a symbolic threat
People who eat meat generally expect vegan food to taste bad. We theorize that this expectation stems in part from the perception that veganism is symbolically threatening; devaluing vegan food may enable meat-eaters to defend in-group values and defuse symbolic threat. We conducted four studies (total N = 1,563) on meat-eaters residing in the US. In Studies 1a and 1b, participants who most strongly endorsed carnism—the ideology that humans have …
The psychology of eating animals and veg*nism
Development of the passive and active meat-animal dissociation scale (mads)
Many individuals like eating meat but condemn causing harm to animals. Dissociating meat from its animal origins is one way to avoid the cognitive dissonance this ‘meat paradox’ elicits. While the significance of meat-animal dissociation for meat consumption is well-established, a recent literature review suggested that it consists of two distinct tendencies. First, people may differ in the degree to which they passively disassociate meat from it…
Psychology (22 works) · Social Psychology (19 works) · Psychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment (13 works) · Agriculture Sustainability and Environmental Impact (11 works) · Biology (10 works) · Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies (8 works) · Food Science (8 works) · Social and Intergroup Psychology (8 works) · Social Psychology (7 works) · Ecology (6 works)