Jaroslaw Kantorowicz
Biographic Data
| ID | 220275 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Jaroslaw Kantorowicz |
| GIVEN NAMES | Jaroslaw |
| FAMILY NAME | Kantorowicz |
| SIGNATURE | KANTOROWICZ J |
| AFFILIATIONS | Leiden University |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-1186-5427 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 35 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 42 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 35 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2015 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 4 |
Emotions research meets European studies: A systematic literature review and future research agenda
Uncovering the Rule of Law in European Countries
This article examines the multifaceted nature of the rule of law. It primarily shows a way to measure how the meaning of the rule of law differs across countries, or across different contexts more generally, by analyzing parliamentary discourse on the rule of law. The findings point to a convergence in the conceptualization of the rule of law across diverse legal traditions despite ex ante differences between common law, French, German, and post-…
A megastudy of behavioral interventions to catalyze public, political, and financial climate advocacy
Addressing climate change depends on large-scale system changes, which require public advocacy. Here, we identified and tested 17 expert-crowdsourced theory-informed behavioral interventions designed to promote public, political, and financial advocacy in a large quota-matched sample of US residents (n = 31,324). The most consistently effective intervention emphasized both the collective efficacy and emotional benefits of climate action, increasi…
How does the public define interpersonal violence? A conjoint experiment
Public understanding of what constitutes interpersonal violence has been the topic of much conceptual debate. In this study, we aim to contribute to this literature by generating empirical insight. We recruit a quota representative sample of the Dutch population ( N = 724) and expose participants to vignettes describing interpersonal conflict. We use a conjoint design to manipulate six features of the vignettes and examine how these impact partic…
Enhancing public support for international sanctions: An information provision experiment
We examine whether different information frames affect how people perceive the domestic costs of sanctions and support sanctions. Using data from an information provision experiment in Germany and Poland, we demonstrate that people overestimate the costs of sanctions (Gross Domestic Product loss due to an energy embargo) in sending countries. Yet, this perception can be corrected through the provision of actual information, which in turn enhances…
Attribution and Migration: A Survey Experiment
Shifting realities in the rules-based order threaten the efficacy of refugee law. State-directed assaults may weaken legal mechanisms, with the consequence that hosting humanitarian migrants could fall disproportionately on voter support for particular waves of asylum seekers. Public opinion may then prove more effective than refugee law at providing safe haven. In such a scenario, it is not merely the economic and integration-related factors tha…
Comparative Public Attitudes about Drone Strikes: Survey Experiments in Italy, Poland, and Germany
Research on public attitudes about the use and efficacy of drone strikes primarily focuses on the United States. While there is a burgeoning second generation of public opinion research on drone strikes and drone warfare, in general, our understanding of cross-national public attitudes remains limited, particularly if non-US respondents behave and/or think differently. To address this, we extend Krep’s (2014) and Walsh and Schulzke’s (2018) resea…
Preferences for risk conversations in everyday life: A conjoint analysis
Risk talk has recently received increased attention as a predictor of risk perception. If social interactions strongly influence how people think about risks, we first need to know how and why individuals engage in conversations on risk. Many factors may play a role in the decision to engage in a conversation. To untangle precisely which factors influence the decision to enter a risk conversation—and to what extent—we use a pre-registered conjoin…
What matters to people when we sanction states? A conjoint experiment
We investigate how to design sanction regimes that enhance public support for sanctions in the sending countries. To this end, we conduct a conjoint experiment on quota samples in Poland and Germany, using the context of sanctions on Russia. We find that support for sanctions decreases as domestic costs increase. However, support can be bolstered through aid programs that mitigate these costs and through beneficial policy alternatives. Furthermor…
Judicial transformation: The case of the Polish Constitutional Tribunal
Judicial transformation may result either from shifts in institutional context (prompting behavioral adjustment among incumbent judges) or changes in the composition of the bench (particularly through court-packing strategies that introduce new appointees). This article examines the case of the Polish Constitutional Court to evaluate which of these mechanisms better accounts for the controversial transformation of the court since late 2015. Drawi…
The price of creativity: A conjoint experiment in copyrights
Policymakers around the world are increasingly regulating creators’ (copy)rights in their work. This includes economic rights and moral rights. While the former type of rights is recognized and protected in most jurisdictions, the approach to the latter – moral rights – differs. How allocation and protection of copyrights affects creators’ choices depends on their preferences. Yet, creators’ preferences are almost not researched empirically. This…
A Dyadic Method to Investigate Voting Behavior in the Council of the European Union
s Using a dyadic approach to explore voting behavior of European Union (EU) member states in the Council of the EU, we investigate the similarity in voting behavior of governments on three policy dimensions: left-right, authoritarian-libertarian, and pro-/anti EU. These policy dimensions are of interest also in other contexts, such as decision-making in international or regional organizations other than the EU. Our dependent variable is based on …
The European Union in the annual United Nations General Assembly Debates
Security and Global Affairs
A Feminine or Masculine Crisis? Gender Stereotypes and Leadership During a Pandemic
The COVID-19 pandemic posed new challenges for leaders, requiring behavior change and public self-compliance. Stereotypically feminine qualities, such as compassion and a good approach to people, may have helped achieve these goals, rendering the pandemic a “feminine crisis.” The special nature of this crisis, along with media attention on female-led countries successfully managing the pandemic, raises the question of whether female leaders would…
Limited Impact of Introducing Proportional Representation on Women’s Representation: Insights from a Quasi-Experiment in Local Elections
Proportional representation electoral systems were long argued to increase the share of women, compared with majoritarian systems. However, recent studies provide strong evidence that, usually, less women are elected in open-list proportional representation than in closed-list proportional representation. In this study, we test whether open-list proportional representation is enough to increase the share of women in local legislative bodies. We e…
Public perception of terrorism attacks: A conjoint experiment
In democratic societies, governments cannot act in isolation from public opinion. This is especially true regarding terrorism, where public perception is the instrument targeted by terrorists to achieve their political goals. Nevertheless, governments must also be able to resist public pressure and preserve individual rights. All this suggests that researching public perception of terrorist attacks is crucial. We make an important contribution in…
Addressing climate change with behavioral science: A global intervention tournament in 63 countries
Effectively reducing climate change requires marked, global behavior change. However, it is unclear which strategies are most likely to motivate people to change their climate beliefs and behaviors. Here, we tested 11 expert-crowdsourced interventions on four climate mitigation outcomes: beliefs, policy support, information sharing intention, and an effortful tree-planting behavioral task. Across 59,440 participants from 63 countries, the interve…
Using synthetic control method to estimate the growth effects of economic liberalisation: Evidence from transition economies
We examine the contribution of institutional reforms to economic growth. To this end, we distinguish between several classes of institutional reform in the approach to economic liberalisation. Based on a sample of 24 current and former transition economies for the period 1980–2016, we estimate the counterfactual scenarios related to each distinctive institutional approach to the economic liberalisation by making use of the synthetic control metho…
Beyond courts: Does strategic litigation affect climate change policy support
Strategic climate change litigation is a rising phenomenon that has attracted considerable academic interest. Still, limited understanding exists of the effects of strategic litigation cases outside the courtroom – more specifically, on whether strategic litigation can influence public attitudes on climate change policy. Based on the concept of legal cueing, we conduct a pre-registered vignette experiment with a quota-representative sample of UK …
How do citizens define and value the rule of law? A conjoint experiment in Germany and Poland
Democratic and rule of law backsliding are observed worldwide, but in Europe these tendencies are particularly salient as they endanger the entire European Union's cohesion.Poland, along with Hungary, has for years been perceived as a member state where the rule of law was in alarming decline.We attempt to understand what enabled this backsliding and to what extent differences in public perception of the rule of law can shed light on this issue.S…
Assessing the impact of federalism on constitutional compliance
Federalism is a constitutionalized version of multi-tier governance. Proponents of veto-player theory argue that a high number of veto players leads to a high degree of policy stability. Compared to states with a unitary structure, federal countries, in which at least one sub-central level of government is constitutionally recognized and endowed with some degree of exclusive competences, dispose of a higher number of veto players, who can voice a…
On the Term “Environmental Refugee: Normative Assumptions and Empirical Realities
Activist groups debate the complex connection between climate change and migration but generally agree on the normative value of describing those migrants as “environmental refugees.” They argue that using such a term, even though unrecognized under international law, might increase the urgency of this issue in the eyes of the public. Does the term do the normative work that has been assumed? To our knowledge, the idea has not been subject to emp…
What makes politicians work harder? The role of electoral advantage
In this study, we examine how the security of tenure (proxied by both inter- and intra-party electoral advantage) affects the engagement and political performance of members of parliament (MPs). Using data from the lower chamber of parliament in Poland for the period 2005–2019, we provide evidence that intra-party electoral advantage correlates with MPs' efforts and political performance. A more secured position of an MP vis-à-vis their co-partis…
Political exclusion and support for democratic innovations: Evidence From a Conjoint Experiment on Participatory Budgeting
Citizens that tend to experience political exclusion are often more supportive of direct and participatory forms of decision-making. We empirically verify two competing explanatory logics for such high support: the “anti-establishment” logic, which expects politically excluded citizens to unconditionally express more support than their fellow citizens for democratic innovations (DIs); and the “instrumental” logic, which expects politically exclud…
National identity predicts public health support during a global pandemic
Changing collective behaviour and supporting non-pharmaceutical interventions is an important component in mitigating virus transmission during a pandemic. In a large international collaboration (Study 1, N = 49,968 across 67 countries), we investigated self-reported factors associated with public health behaviours (e.g., spatial distancing and stricter hygiene) and endorsed public policy interventions (e.g., closing bars and restaurants) during …
Turnout in European parliament elections 1979–2019
The European Parliament (EP) has seen a gradual increase in its powers since the introduction of direct elections in 1979. Scholars have focused on both individual-level and aggregate factors to explain turnout rates in EP elections over time, including increased levels of EU politicization and the rise in support for Eurosceptic parties. However, one strand of analysis seems to partially have been overlooked: Some earlier research on EP election…
Why do citizens (not) support democratic innovations? The role of instrumental motivations in support for participatory budgeting
Why do citizens (not) support democratic innovations? Existing research shows that citizens mostly support such new ways of involving citizens in policy-making for instrumental reasons: the more a democratic innovation leads to outcomes they favour, the more likely they are to express support for it. However, it remains ambiguous why citizens care so much about favourable outcomes. This study disentangles the effect of outcome favourability on su…
Political exclusion and support for democratic innovations: Evidence From a Conjoint Experiment on Participatory Budgeting
Citizens that tend to experience political exclusion are often more supportive of direct and participatory forms of decision-making. We empirically verify two competing explanatory logics for such high support: the “anti-establishment” logic, which expects politically excluded citizens to unconditionally express more support than their fellow citizens for democratic innovations (DIs); and the “instrumental” logic, which expects politically exclud…
Does Terrorism Dominate Citizens' Hearts or Minds? The Relationship between Fear of Terrorism and Trust in Government
Terrorism only poses a small risk to people but tends to be a major source of public fear. Through fear, terrorism has far-reaching implications for public governance. In this paper we look at trust in government as a potential mitigating factor of fear of terrorism. We discern between calculative trust, based on analytical assessment of previous and expected future actions, and relational trust, based on emotions and perceived value similarity w…
An empirical analysis of constitutional review voting in the polish constitutional tribunal, 2003–2014
A Feminine or Masculine Crisis? Gender Stereotypes and Leadership During a Pandemic
The COVID-19 pandemic posed new challenges for leaders, requiring behavior change and public self-compliance. Stereotypically feminine qualities, such as compassion and a good approach to people, may have helped achieve these goals, rendering the pandemic a “feminine crisis.” The special nature of this crisis, along with media attention on female-led countries successfully managing the pandemic, raises the question of whether female leaders would…
Public perception of terrorism attacks: A conjoint experiment
In democratic societies, governments cannot act in isolation from public opinion. This is especially true regarding terrorism, where public perception is the instrument targeted by terrorists to achieve their political goals. Nevertheless, governments must also be able to resist public pressure and preserve individual rights. All this suggests that researching public perception of terrorist attacks is crucial. We make an important contribution in…
Tracing Policy-relevant Information in Social Media: The Case of Twitter before and during the Covid-19 Crisis
Real-time social media data hold great conceptual promise for research and policymaking, but also face substantial limitations and shortcomings inherent to processing re-purposed data in near-real-time. This paper aims to fill two research gaps important for understanding utility of real-time social media data for policymaking: What policy-relevant information is contained in this data and whether this information changes in periods of abrupt soc…
Comparative Public Attitudes about Drone Strikes: Survey Experiments in Italy, Poland, and Germany
Research on public attitudes about the use and efficacy of drone strikes primarily focuses on the United States. While there is a burgeoning second generation of public opinion research on drone strikes and drone warfare, in general, our understanding of cross-national public attitudes remains limited, particularly if non-US respondents behave and/or think differently. To address this, we extend Krep’s (2014) and Walsh and Schulzke’s (2018) resea…
A Dyadic Method to Investigate Voting Behavior in the Council of the European Union
s Using a dyadic approach to explore voting behavior of European Union (EU) member states in the Council of the EU, we investigate the similarity in voting behavior of governments on three policy dimensions: left-right, authoritarian-libertarian, and pro-/anti EU. These policy dimensions are of interest also in other contexts, such as decision-making in international or regional organizations other than the EU. Our dependent variable is based on …
Limited Impact of Introducing Proportional Representation on Women’s Representation: Insights from a Quasi-Experiment in Local Elections
Proportional representation electoral systems were long argued to increase the share of women, compared with majoritarian systems. However, recent studies provide strong evidence that, usually, less women are elected in open-list proportional representation than in closed-list proportional representation. In this study, we test whether open-list proportional representation is enough to increase the share of women in local legislative bodies. We e…
Assessing the impact of federalism on constitutional compliance
Federalism is a constitutionalized version of multi-tier governance. Proponents of veto-player theory argue that a high number of veto players leads to a high degree of policy stability. Compared to states with a unitary structure, federal countries, in which at least one sub-central level of government is constitutionally recognized and endowed with some degree of exclusive competences, dispose of a higher number of veto players, who can voice a…
On the Term “Environmental Refugee: Normative Assumptions and Empirical Realities
Activist groups debate the complex connection between climate change and migration but generally agree on the normative value of describing those migrants as “environmental refugees.” They argue that using such a term, even though unrecognized under international law, might increase the urgency of this issue in the eyes of the public. Does the term do the normative work that has been assumed? To our knowledge, the idea has not been subject to emp…
What makes politicians work harder? The role of electoral advantage
In this study, we examine how the security of tenure (proxied by both inter- and intra-party electoral advantage) affects the engagement and political performance of members of parliament (MPs). Using data from the lower chamber of parliament in Poland for the period 2005–2019, we provide evidence that intra-party electoral advantage correlates with MPs' efforts and political performance. A more secured position of an MP vis-à-vis their co-partis…
Testing public reaction to constitutional fiscal rules violations
Debunking Myths about China: The Determinants of China's Official Financing to the Pacific
With China rapidly expanding its aid programme in the Pacific Islands region, there is a growing concern among established powers about China’s sway over the aid-dependent Pacific Island states. Systematic studies of China’s development finance to the small island countries are, however, rare and generally limited to mapping Chinese finance flows in the Pacific. This study seeks to contribute to the literature on China’s development efforts in th…
An empirical analysis of constitutional review voting in the polish constitutional tribunal, 2003–2014
To follow or not to follow the herd? Transparency and social norm nudges
Behavioral interventions in general, and nudges in particular have become in recent years a popular (soft) regulatory instrument all around the world. Despite the excitement around this policy‐relevant field, some concerns have been raised. Nudges utilize behavioral biases in order to direct an individual's behavior. People, however, are usually not aware of the fact that such biases are used to influence their behavior. Making nudges transparent…
Why do citizens (not) support democratic innovations? The role of instrumental motivations in support for participatory budgeting
Why do citizens (not) support democratic innovations? Existing research shows that citizens mostly support such new ways of involving citizens in policy-making for instrumental reasons: the more a democratic innovation leads to outcomes they favour, the more likely they are to express support for it. However, it remains ambiguous why citizens care so much about favourable outcomes. This study disentangles the effect of outcome favourability on su…
Tracing Policy-relevant Information in Social Media: The Case of Twitter before and during the Covid-19 Crisis
Real-time social media data hold great conceptual promise for research and policymaking, but also face substantial limitations and shortcomings inherent to processing re-purposed data in near-real-time. This paper aims to fill two research gaps important for understanding utility of real-time social media data for policymaking: What policy-relevant information is contained in this data and whether this information changes in periods of abrupt soc…
Does Terrorism Dominate Citizens' Hearts or Minds? The Relationship between Fear of Terrorism and Trust in Government
Terrorism only poses a small risk to people but tends to be a major source of public fear. Through fear, terrorism has far-reaching implications for public governance. In this paper we look at trust in government as a potential mitigating factor of fear of terrorism. We discern between calculative trust, based on analytical assessment of previous and expected future actions, and relational trust, based on emotions and perceived value similarity w…
Debunking Myths about China: The Determinants of China's Official Financing to the Pacific
With China rapidly expanding its aid programme in the Pacific Islands region, there is a growing concern among established powers about China’s sway over the aid-dependent Pacific Island states. Systematic studies of China’s development finance to the small island countries are, however, rare and generally limited to mapping Chinese finance flows in the Pacific. This study seeks to contribute to the literature on China’s development efforts in th…
National identity predicts public health support during a global pandemic
Changing collective behaviour and supporting non-pharmaceutical interventions is an important component in mitigating virus transmission during a pandemic. In a large international collaboration (Study 1, N = 49,968 across 67 countries), we investigated self-reported factors associated with public health behaviours (e.g., spatial distancing and stricter hygiene) and endorsed public policy interventions (e.g., closing bars and restaurants) during …
Predicting attitudinal and behavioral responses to Covid-19 pandemic using machine learning
At the beginning of 2020, COVID-19 became a global problem. Despite all the efforts to emphasize the relevance of preventive measures, not everyone adhered to them. Thus, learning more about the characteristics determining attitudinal and behavioral responses to the pandemic is crucial to improving future interventions. In this study, we applied machine learning on the multi-national data collected by the International Collaboration on the Social…
Can vaccination intentions against Covid-19 be nudged
Once vaccines against COVID-19 became available in many countries, a new challenge has emerged – how to increase the number of people who vaccinate? Different policies are being considered and implemented, including behaviourally informed interventions (i.e., nudges). In this study, we have experimentally examined two types of nudges on representative samples of two countries – descriptive social norms (Israel) and saliency of either the death ex…
Testing public reaction to constitutional fiscal rules violations
Turnout in European parliament elections 1979–2019
The European Parliament (EP) has seen a gradual increase in its powers since the introduction of direct elections in 1979. Scholars have focused on both individual-level and aggregate factors to explain turnout rates in EP elections over time, including increased levels of EU politicization and the rise in support for Eurosceptic parties. However, one strand of analysis seems to partially have been overlooked: Some earlier research on EP election…
Political exclusion and support for democratic innovations: Evidence From a Conjoint Experiment on Participatory Budgeting
Citizens that tend to experience political exclusion are often more supportive of direct and participatory forms of decision-making. We empirically verify two competing explanatory logics for such high support: the “anti-establishment” logic, which expects politically excluded citizens to unconditionally express more support than their fellow citizens for democratic innovations (DIs); and the “instrumental” logic, which expects politically exclud…
Addressing climate change with behavioral science: A global intervention tournament in 63 countries
Effectively reducing climate change requires marked, global behavior change. However, it is unclear which strategies are most likely to motivate people to change their climate beliefs and behaviors. Here, we tested 11 expert-crowdsourced interventions on four climate mitigation outcomes: beliefs, policy support, information sharing intention, and an effortful tree-planting behavioral task. Across 59,440 participants from 63 countries, the interve…
Using synthetic control method to estimate the growth effects of economic liberalisation: Evidence from transition economies
We examine the contribution of institutional reforms to economic growth. To this end, we distinguish between several classes of institutional reform in the approach to economic liberalisation. Based on a sample of 24 current and former transition economies for the period 1980–2016, we estimate the counterfactual scenarios related to each distinctive institutional approach to the economic liberalisation by making use of the synthetic control metho…
Beyond courts: Does strategic litigation affect climate change policy support
Strategic climate change litigation is a rising phenomenon that has attracted considerable academic interest. Still, limited understanding exists of the effects of strategic litigation cases outside the courtroom – more specifically, on whether strategic litigation can influence public attitudes on climate change policy. Based on the concept of legal cueing, we conduct a pre-registered vignette experiment with a quota-representative sample of UK …
How do citizens define and value the rule of law? A conjoint experiment in Germany and Poland
Democratic and rule of law backsliding are observed worldwide, but in Europe these tendencies are particularly salient as they endanger the entire European Union's cohesion.Poland, along with Hungary, has for years been perceived as a member state where the rule of law was in alarming decline.We attempt to understand what enabled this backsliding and to what extent differences in public perception of the rule of law can shed light on this issue.S…
Assessing the impact of federalism on constitutional compliance
Federalism is a constitutionalized version of multi-tier governance. Proponents of veto-player theory argue that a high number of veto players leads to a high degree of policy stability. Compared to states with a unitary structure, federal countries, in which at least one sub-central level of government is constitutionally recognized and endowed with some degree of exclusive competences, dispose of a higher number of veto players, who can voice a…
On the Term “Environmental Refugee: Normative Assumptions and Empirical Realities
Activist groups debate the complex connection between climate change and migration but generally agree on the normative value of describing those migrants as “environmental refugees.” They argue that using such a term, even though unrecognized under international law, might increase the urgency of this issue in the eyes of the public. Does the term do the normative work that has been assumed? To our knowledge, the idea has not been subject to emp…
What makes politicians work harder? The role of electoral advantage
In this study, we examine how the security of tenure (proxied by both inter- and intra-party electoral advantage) affects the engagement and political performance of members of parliament (MPs). Using data from the lower chamber of parliament in Poland for the period 2005–2019, we provide evidence that intra-party electoral advantage correlates with MPs' efforts and political performance. A more secured position of an MP vis-à-vis their co-partis…
Attribution and Migration: A Survey Experiment
Shifting realities in the rules-based order threaten the efficacy of refugee law. State-directed assaults may weaken legal mechanisms, with the consequence that hosting humanitarian migrants could fall disproportionately on voter support for particular waves of asylum seekers. Public opinion may then prove more effective than refugee law at providing safe haven. In such a scenario, it is not merely the economic and integration-related factors tha…
Comparative Public Attitudes about Drone Strikes: Survey Experiments in Italy, Poland, and Germany
Research on public attitudes about the use and efficacy of drone strikes primarily focuses on the United States. While there is a burgeoning second generation of public opinion research on drone strikes and drone warfare, in general, our understanding of cross-national public attitudes remains limited, particularly if non-US respondents behave and/or think differently. To address this, we extend Krep’s (2014) and Walsh and Schulzke’s (2018) resea…
Preferences for risk conversations in everyday life: A conjoint analysis
Risk talk has recently received increased attention as a predictor of risk perception. If social interactions strongly influence how people think about risks, we first need to know how and why individuals engage in conversations on risk. Many factors may play a role in the decision to engage in a conversation. To untangle precisely which factors influence the decision to enter a risk conversation—and to what extent—we use a pre-registered conjoin…
What matters to people when we sanction states? A conjoint experiment
We investigate how to design sanction regimes that enhance public support for sanctions in the sending countries. To this end, we conduct a conjoint experiment on quota samples in Poland and Germany, using the context of sanctions on Russia. We find that support for sanctions decreases as domestic costs increase. However, support can be bolstered through aid programs that mitigate these costs and through beneficial policy alternatives. Furthermor…
Judicial transformation: The case of the Polish Constitutional Tribunal
Judicial transformation may result either from shifts in institutional context (prompting behavioral adjustment among incumbent judges) or changes in the composition of the bench (particularly through court-packing strategies that introduce new appointees). This article examines the case of the Polish Constitutional Court to evaluate which of these mechanisms better accounts for the controversial transformation of the court since late 2015. Drawi…
The price of creativity: A conjoint experiment in copyrights
Policymakers around the world are increasingly regulating creators’ (copy)rights in their work. This includes economic rights and moral rights. While the former type of rights is recognized and protected in most jurisdictions, the approach to the latter – moral rights – differs. How allocation and protection of copyrights affects creators’ choices depends on their preferences. Yet, creators’ preferences are almost not researched empirically. This…
Political science (23 works) · Economics (17 works) · Law (16 works) · Psychology (15 works) · Law (13 works) · Politics (12 works) · Social Psychology (10 works) · Electoral Systems and Political Participation (8 works) · Social Psychology (6 works) · Sociology (6 works)