Roger D Masters
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 220943 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Roger D Masters |
| NOMBRES | Roger D |
| APELLIDO | Masters |
| FIRMA | MASTERS R D |
| AFILIACIONES | Dartmouth College |
| VERIFICADO | No |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 67 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 370 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 67 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1961 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2015 |
| ÍNDICE H | 8 |
The Political Philosophy of Rousseau
The Political Philosophy of Rousseau
Political Philosophy of Rousseau
Drinking Water Quality is Unrelated to Public vs. Private Ownership
There is a passage in Richardson Dilworth's “Privatization, the World Water Crisis, and the Social Contract” ( PS , January 2007, 49) that requires careful attention
Historical change and evolutionary theory
Despite advances in fields like genetics, evolutionary psychology, and human behavior and evolution--which generally focus on individual or small group behavior from a biological perspective--evolutionary biology has made little impact on studies of political change and social history. Theories of natural selection often seem inapplicable to human history because our social behavior is embedded in language (which makes possible the concepts of ti…
Pre-Emptive War, Iraq, and Suicide Bombers
Faced by the continued threat of suicide bombers and other acts of terrorism, Professor Masters argues that we need a more robust and cogent policy debate about the two primary security strategies: deterrence and pre-emption. Masters suggests that the Bush administration s apparent emphasis on a pre-emptive strategy will not work under circumstances that make martyrdom an appealing choice for terrorists. Contemporary theories of animal evolution …
Biology Andpolitics
Although millions of Americans take psychoactive medicines (e.g. Prozac and Ritalin), few social scientists believe biological theories and findings should be integrated with research on human behavior. Four topics illustrate current studies linking politics and the life sciences: (a) Developments in genetics and medicine indicate that governmental policies have greatly underrated the dangers posed by radiation and the social transformations that…
Water treatment with silicofluorides and lead toxicity
Toxic metals like lead, manganese, copper and cadmium damage neurons and deregulate neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine (which are essential to normal impulse control and learning). Earlier studies show that — controlling for socio‐economic and demographic factors — environmental pollution with lead is a highly significant risk factor in predicting higher rates of crime, attention deficit disorder or hyperactivity, and learning disabili…
A dynamic, multifactorial model of alcohol, drug abuse, and crime
Although there is increasing recognition that many dysfunctional behaviors and diseases require multifactorial explanations that integrate biological and socio-cultural variables, such an approach requires fundamental conceptual changes. To explain geographical and temporal variations in alcohol and drug abuse and in criminal behavior, we propose a dynamic, multifactorial model that integrates findings in neurobiology and social science with toxi…
Prophets of Modernity
Emotion and Cognition in Political Information-Processing
Baldwin M. Way, UCLA, Roger D. Masters; Emotion and Cognition in Political Information-Processing, Journal of Communication, Volume 46, Issue 3, 1 Septembe
Neuroscience, Genetics, and Society
Symposium: Genetics and Crime
Murphy'sMoral Economy of Labor
Additional informationNotes on contributorsRoger D. MastersRoger D. Masters is Nelson A. Rockefeller Professor of Government at Dartmouth College and chair of the executive committee of the Gruter Institute for Law and Behavioral Research
From Inclusive Fitness to Neuroscience
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Psychology, Relativism, and Politics
Creative Thinking and Emotion in Human Social Life
(1994). Creative Thinking and Emotion in Human Social Life: The Creative Mind: Myths and Mechanisms. Perspectives on Political Science: Vol. 23, No. 4, pp. 183-186
Biological Perspectives in the Social Sciences
F rom July 31 to August 6, 1993, the Gruter Institute for Law and Behavioral Research and the Nelson A. Rockefeller Center for the Social Sciences at Dartmouth College cosponsored a Faculty Seminar on “Biological Perspectives in the Social Sciences” at Dartmouth. Participants included scholars and graduate students from anthropology, communications, economics, political science, psychology, and sociology, as well as representatives from business …
Virtue Returns to the Social Sciences
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Differences in Responses of Blacks and Whites to American Leaders
How do members of different ethnic or racial groups differ in their responses to the same political events? Previous research has shown that when leaders are seen on television, the viewers' episodic emotional and cognitive responses can influence their attitudes and subsequent voting behavior. In an experimental replication, using excerpts of all candidates in the 1988 American presidential election, episodic emotions elicited by facial displays…
From Duality to Complexity in the Study of Human Nature
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Introduction
Why are developments in the life sciences of direct interest to political scientists? And how (if at all) can the resulting changes in our understanding of human nature influence our judgments of moral values, political principles, and policy preferences? As the contributors to this issue suggest, the answers today are quite different than those that would have been possible a generation ago. A pervasive challenge now faces the social sciences. A…
Nonverbal Behavior and Leadership
The Gruter Institute for Law and Behavioral Research
The Gruter Institute for Law and Behavioral Research has two primary aims: (1) to develop and refine theoretical frameworks for understanding relationships between biology, law, and human social behavior; and (2) to develop new ways to facilitate the integration of biological theories and findings in law, economics, and public policy
Character, Virtue, and Human Nature
Additional informationNotes on contributorsRoger D. MastersRoger D. Masters is Nelson A. Rockefeller Professor of Government at Dartmouth College and general editor of the Gruter Institute Reader in Biology, Law, and Human Social Behavior (Primis-McGraw Hill) as well as editor of the “Biology and Social Life” section of Social Science Information. After receiving a B.A. at Harvard (1955), he took his M.A. (1958) and Ph.D. (1961) at the University…
Primate Politics
Happy Warriors
Do facial gestures of leaders elicit emotional responses that have important effects on public attitudes? Using a research design based on social psychology and ethology, videotaped excerpts of all candidates in the 1984 presidential election were carefully selected and shown to experimental groups in January and October 1984. Neutral and happy/reassuring facial displays of different candidates were found to vary in the emotions they elicited. Fo…
Nonverbal displays and political leadership in France and the United States
World Politics as a Primitive Political System
Many primitive peoples have political systems which are very much like the international political system. If the characterization of world politics as mere "anarchy" is an exaggeration, surely anarchy moderated or inhibited by a balance of power is a fairly accurate description of the rivalry between sovereign nation-states. The Nuer, a primitive African people, have been described as living in an "ordered anarchy" which depends on a "balanced o…
The Biological Nature of the State
The origin of the state, long at the center of political science, can be greatly illuminated by the contemporary approach in evolutionary biology known as “inclusive fitness theory.” Natural selection is now analyzed using cost-benefit models akin to rational actor models in economics, game theory, and collective choice theory. The utility of integrating these approaches is illustrated by using the Prisoner's Dilemma and the Tragedy of the Common…
Emotional reactions to a political leader's expressive displays
Forty college students viewed videotaped excerpts of happiness/reassurance, anger/ threat, and fear/evasion expressive displays by President Reagan. Within each display condition one excerpt was presented in image-only and one in sound-plus-image format. Emotional reactions were assessed by facial electromyography (EMG) from the brow and cheek regions and by skin resistance and heart rate. Following each excerpt, subjects also reported verbally t…
Evolutionary Biology and Political Theory
The traditional emphasis on human nature as the foundation of politics needs to be reexamined from the perspective of contemporary biology. Because biological processes operate independently on the individual, the social group, and the species, an evolutionary approach to both observational research and cost-benefit analysis does not entail reductionism. Selfishness and altruism, participation in social groups, languages and cultures, and the ris…
Television Coverage of Candidates' Display Behavior during the 1984 Democratic Primaries in the United States
Analysis of network news during the 1984 presidential campaign shows that TV coverage of Democratic candidates differed in frequency and in the kinds of expressive displays shown over the course of the pre-convention period. Although political success was generally correlated with media attention, as predicted on the basis of ethology, Jackson was more successful than Mondale in becoming the unquestioned focus of news coverage. Ethological predic…
Biology Andpolitics
Although millions of Americans take psychoactive medicines (e.g. Prozac and Ritalin), few social scientists believe biological theories and findings should be integrated with research on human behavior. Four topics illustrate current studies linking politics and the life sciences: (a) Developments in genetics and medicine indicate that governmental policies have greatly underrated the dangers posed by radiation and the social transformations that…
Gender and Political Cognition
Although men and women often differ in political attitudes and behavior, there is no widely accepted scientific explanation of such phenomena. After surveying evidence concerning gender differences in the fields of social psychology, ethology, neurology, cultural anthropology, and political science, five hypotheses concerning the way males and females respond to social cues are derived from the neo-Darwinian theory of natural selection. The predi…
Politics as a biological phenomenon
This chapter argues that a comprehensive approach to human behavior, bridging the existing gaps between the various social sciences and linking them to the natural sciences, is not only necessary but possible. Contemporary biology indicates the untenability of a sharp dichotomy between nature and culture. The biological function of politics, then, would seem to arise from the insufficiency of other modes of regulating social interaction. Laws— wh…
Genes, Language, and Evolution
Explaining “male chauvinism” and “feminism
Individual and Cultural Differences in Response to Leaders' Nonverbal Displays
Humans share a repertoire of nonverbal displays with other primates, but they integrate these cues with learned information in a complex manner. In politics, as in other spheres of life, individuals in a given situation not only react differently, but even see different things. Building on research in ethology, social psychology, and cognitive neuroscience, this research used variations in leaders' facial displays to elicit differing emotional an…
Making up Our Minds
This article asks the question, Can television journalism change public opinion? Through a controlled experiment in which 100 viewers were shown a presidential debate and its coverage by network news reporters, the authors explore viewer perceptions of the candidates, emotional reactions to them, and their recall of issues. They conclude that viewer opinions were influenced significantly by both the instant analysis and evening news reports, thou…
Dominance & Attention
Television has become the central medium of communication in modern politics. The way in which leaders are presented to the public on TV shapes and measures their status, and their power can no longer be fully understood without reference to television coverage. This article, based on a cross-national study of nightly newscasts in Germany, France, and the United States, finds that the frequency with which the images of leaders appear on TV reflec…
A Multi-Bloc Model of The International System
This essay will attempt to define an abstract model of the international system (or, more precisely, a model of the structure of that system), as a supplement to the types presented by Morton A. Kaplan. Before attempting such a construction, it is well to show the utility of the "multi-bloc system" as an alternative to his six models. Kaplan's "balance-of-power" and "unit veto" systems are essentially defined in terms of nation-states as "actors"…
Differences in Responses of Blacks and Whites to American Leaders
How do members of different ethnic or racial groups differ in their responses to the same political events? Previous research has shown that when leaders are seen on television, the viewers' episodic emotional and cognitive responses can influence their attitudes and subsequent voting behavior. In an experimental replication, using excerpts of all candidates in the 1988 American presidential election, episodic emotions elicited by facial displays…
Exit, voice, and loyalty in animal and human social behavior
Functional approaches to analogical comparison between species
A dynamic, multifactorial model of alcohol, drug abuse, and crime
Although there is increasing recognition that many dysfunctional behaviors and diseases require multifactorial explanations that integrate biological and socio-cultural variables, such an approach requires fundamental conceptual changes. To explain geographical and temporal variations in alcohol and drug abuse and in criminal behavior, we propose a dynamic, multifactorial model that integrates findings in neurobiology and social science with toxi…
Gut Reactions” and the Political Effects of the Media
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
Human Nature and Political Theory
As part of the continuing series of “Dialogues in Biology and Politics” panels sponsored by the Association for Politics and the Life Sciences at its annual conventions, Professor Roger D. Masters was invited to review his own work over the past decade and a half in order to illustrate how that body of scholarship contributes to the political understanding of human nature. —The Editor “If any person thinks the examination of the rest of the anima…
Ostracism, voice, and exit
A bewildering variety of social patterns can be described and analyzed as manifestations of ostracism and social rejection. Ostracism can be viewed as a coerced or involuntary rupture of social bonds, as distinguished from voluntary exit; both appear to be characteristic ways that animals use in relating to other members of the group. Based on Albert O. Hirschman's Exit, Voice and Loyalty , a general theoretical framework can be built on the real…
Sociobiology
Pre-Emptive War, Iraq, and Suicide Bombers
Faced by the continued threat of suicide bombers and other acts of terrorism, Professor Masters argues that we need a more robust and cogent policy debate about the two primary security strategies: deterrence and pre-emption. Masters suggests that the Bush administration s apparent emphasis on a pre-emptive strategy will not work under circumstances that make martyrdom an appealing choice for terrorists. Contemporary theories of animal evolution …
A Multi-Bloc Model of The International System
This essay will attempt to define an abstract model of the international system (or, more precisely, a model of the structure of that system), as a supplement to the types presented by Morton A. Kaplan. Before attempting such a construction, it is well to show the utility of the "multi-bloc system" as an alternative to his six models. Kaplan's "balance-of-power" and "unit veto" systems are essentially defined in terms of nation-states as "actors"…
World Politics as a Primitive Political System
Many primitive peoples have political systems which are very much like the international political system. If the characterization of world politics as mere "anarchy" is an exaggeration, surely anarchy moderated or inhibited by a balance of power is a fairly accurate description of the rivalry between sovereign nation-states. The Nuer, a primitive African people, have been described as living in an "ordered anarchy" which depends on a "balanced o…
Principes" et "Maximes" dans la pensée politique de Rousseau
The Society of Man. Louis J. Halle
The Political Philosophy of Rousseau
The Early Rousseau
Genes, Language, and Evolution
Functional approaches to analogical comparison between species
Is Contract an Adequate Basis for Medical Ethics
Politics as a biological phenomenon
This chapter argues that a comprehensive approach to human behavior, bridging the existing gaps between the various social sciences and linking them to the natural sciences, is not only necessary but possible. Contemporary biology indicates the untenability of a sharp dichotomy between nature and culture. The biological function of politics, then, would seem to arise from the insufficiency of other modes of regulating social interaction. Laws— wh…
The Impact of Ethology on Political Science
Exit, voice, and loyalty in animal and human social behavior
The Case of Aristotle's Missing Dialogues
Many, many years ago, I attended a series of lectures on Aristotle's philosophy. The lecturer began his exposition as follows: As regards Aristotle himself, as regards the circumstances and the course of his life, suffice it to say: Aristotle was born, spent his life in philosophizing, and died. This beginning seemed to me then most appropriate, for Aristotle means to us, indeed, nothing but what we know of him, or fancy we know of him, as of a m…
Communication
On Chroust
On the Social Contract
Sociobiology
Fresh Thoughts on Sociobiology
Report from the Committee for Liaison with the American Association for the Advancement of Science
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Teaching Biopolitics
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News
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Explaining ”Male Chauvinism” and ”Feminism”
Paradoxically, contemporary evolutionary biology provides an impartial way to study the contradiction, in comtemporary Western democracies, between egalitarian political principles and practices discriminating between men and women. After developing the cost-benefit approach to "inclusive fitness," and showing that it soes not entail genetic reductionism, differences in male and female gender roles are explored from an evolutionary perpective. Hu…
The Biological Nature of the State
The origin of the state, long at the center of political science, can be greatly illuminated by the contemporary approach in evolutionary biology known as “inclusive fitness theory.” Natural selection is now analyzed using cost-benefit models akin to rational actor models in economics, game theory, and collective choice theory. The utility of integrating these approaches is illustrated by using the Prisoner's Dilemma and the Tragedy of the Common…
Explaining “male chauvinism” and “feminism
Human Nature and Political Theory
As part of the continuing series of “Dialogues in Biology and Politics” panels sponsored by the Association for Politics and the Life Sciences at its annual conventions, Professor Roger D. Masters was invited to review his own work over the past decade and a half in order to illustrate how that body of scholarship contributes to the political understanding of human nature. —The Editor “If any person thinks the examination of the rest of the anima…
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