Peter J De Jong
Biographic Data
| ID | 223016 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Peter J De Jong |
| GIVEN NAMES | Peter J |
| FAMILY NAME | De Jong |
| SIGNATURE | DE JONG P J |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Groningen |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-3512-3663 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 44 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 133 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 44 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1964 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 8 |
No heightened temporal attentional bias towards food or overweight bodies in adolescents with obesity
The Impact of Instruction-Induced Pain and Disgust Expectancies on Sexual Arousal in Heterosexual Women: Two Parallel Studies Using a Differential Conditioning Paradigm
Pain or disgust expectancies during sex can hinder sexual arousal, which may result in problematic sexual symptoms. Previous research demonstrated that instruction-induced pain expectancies, and experientially induced disgust expectancies, can reduce sexual arousal in women. This study tested the robustness of these findings, as well as whether the impact of instruction-acquired pain expectancies on sexual arousal could extend to instruction-acqu…
Causal inference: Principles unifying experimental and observational accounts
Causal reasoning is closely related to interventions. We believe that if A causes B , then a change in A leads to a change in the probability distribution of B . This interventionist view of causality is natural to many, in particular to social scientists, because it is close to the standard paradigm of experimentation. This has led some to believe that the only meaningful way to obtain any causal claim is by experimentation. Here we suggest that…
How do victims of bullying develop depression? Testing interpersonal style to explain the victimization‐depression link
This study tested to what extent the relation between bullying victimization and future symptoms of depression could be explained by victims being more hostile and less assertive than non-involved individuals. Data came from waves 2-4 of the Dutch TRacking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey (TRAILS). Participants' bullying experiences were assessed at age 13, interpersonal style at age 16, and depression symptoms at age 19. Mediation analyses w…
Adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation skills are associated with food intake following a hunger-induced increase in negative emotions
Negative body image and avoidant retrieval of body-related autobiographical memories
People with a negative body image may be more likely to recall negative memories of their body, but also be motivated to avoid retrieving specific memories to prevent triggering aversive emotions (e.g., disgust). Such inclination to retain at a global level of memory recall may hamper the correction of their negative body image. In previous research using Autobiographical Memory Tests (AMTs) with minimal instructions, we failed to find an overgen…
Brief report: The relationship between eating disorder symptoms and meaning in life
Theory suggests that low meaning in life might be an important factor in the refractoriness of eating disorders (EDs). However, empirical findings on the relationship between life meaning and ED symptoms are relatively scarce and previous studies are limited by their methodological approach. To expand on previous findings, the present study included a homogenous sample of first-year female students (N = 112), used a validated measure of ED sympto…
The Influence of Subjective Sexual Arousal and Disgust on Pain
Current models propose that inhibited sexual arousal is a key component in maintaining sexual pain in women with Genito-Pelvic Pain/Penetration Disorder. It thus follows that enhancing sexual arousal may be an effective strategy to modulate pain, but this effect has not been successfully demonstrated with women, although it has been successful with men. This study built on previous works and examined if the pain-killing effect of sexual arousal m…
Self-Disgust and Sexual Functioning: A Scenario-Based Study Testing the Ability of Sex-Related Experiences to Elicit Self-Directed Disgust
Increasing evidence indicates that disgust might compromise sexual functioning and can contribute to sexual problems. Although the stimuli and conditions that elicit disgust vary greatly across individuals, they cluster in three categories of disgust elicitors: Stimuli that are associated with an increased risk of the transmission of infectious diseases (pathogen disgust), stimuli that signal poor mating quality and may jeopardize reproductive su…
Escaping from revulsion - disgust and escape in response to body-relevant autobiographical memories
70) levels of habitual body-directed self-disgust to recall autobiographical memories in response to 11 concrete body-related cue words in a minimal instructions Autobiographical Memory Test (AMT). Despite an overall low level of memory specificity, we found that RBI levels were associated with stronger disgust reactions and stronger motivations to escape from body-related memories. In addition, disgust reactions to body-related memories accounte…
Eating disorder-specific rumination moderates the association between attentional bias to high-calorie foods and eating disorder symptoms: Evidence from a reliable free-viewing eye-tracking task
Cognitive theories of eating disorders implicate Attentional Bias (AB) towards food-related information in the development and maintenance of eating disorders. Empirical evidence for this proposal, however, has been inconsistent, and the measures used to examine AB to food-related stimuli typically showed poor reliability. The aim of the current study was twofold. Firstly, we aimed to examine the psychometric properties of a newly devised eye-tra…
Hunger increases negative and decreases positive emotions in women with a healthy weight
The term 'hangry' is colloquially used to describe being "bad tempered or irritable as a result of hunger," but remarkably few studies have examined the effect of hunger on emotions. Yet, women attempting to restrict their food intake may be at risk of becoming entangled in a vicious cycle of hunger and negative emotions. That is, hunger may lead to negative emotions, which can lead to overeating and overeating can, in turn, provoke subsequent re…
Anger Responses in Adolescents: Relationship with Punishment and Reward Sensitivity
A substantial proportion of youth with anxiety disorders shows comorbid behavioral (anger) problems. Such comorbid profile is associated with low treatment effectiveness and negative (longterm) outcomes. This study was therefore designed to examine trait factors that may promote anger responding in adolescents. By presenting participants (N = 158, mean age = 15.7, 56% female) with a series of common anger-eliciting situations, we tested whether h…
Influence of hunger on attentional engagement with and disengagement from pictorial food cues in women with a healthy weight
Because of inconsistencies in the field of attentional bias to food cues in eating behavior, this study aimed to re-examine the assumption that hungry healthy weight individuals have an attentional bias to food cues, but satiated healthy weight individuals do not. Since attentional engagement and attentional disengagement have been proposed to play a distinct role in behavior, we used a performance measure that is specifically designed to differe…
Up-regulating Sexual Arousal and Down-regulating Disgust while Watching Pornography: Effects on Sexual Arousal and Disgust
Sexual response occurs when sexual excitatory factors outweigh inhibitory factors. Problems with sexual arousal may occur when sexual excitation is too low and/or inhibitory influences such as feelings of disgust are too strong. To explore interventions that may help overcome decreased sexual responding, we examined if sexual responding could be amplified by instructions to up-regulate sexual arousal and/or down-regulate disgust. Women with no se…
The Influence of Sexual Arousal on Self-Reported Sexual Willingness and Automatic Approach to Models of Low, Medium, and High Prior Attractiveness
Anecdotal evidence suggests that sexual attraction is flexible, and that high levels of sexual arousal can promote sexual willingness and approach tendencies toward a priori low attractive mates. This experimental study tested whether heightened sexual arousal can lower the threshold for sexual willingness and automatic approach tendencies toward potential sex partners of low and medium attractiveness. Heterosexual male ( n = 54) and female ( n =…
The Reciprocal Relationship Between Sexual Arousal and Disgust as Evidenced in Automatic Approach-Avoidance Behavior
Sexual encounters imply exposure to stimuli that in other contexts typically elicit disgust-induced avoidance. To explain why people nevertheless tend to show sexual approach, it has been proposed that heightened sexual arousal may temporarily inhibit disgust. In line with this, studies have found that sexually aroused individuals showed heightened willingness to approach disgusting stimuli. Because automatic processes are critically involved in …
Disgust Toward Sex-Relevant and Sex-Irrelevant Stimuli in Pre-, Early, and Middle Adolescence
For prepubertal youth, sexual stimuli elicit disgust and avoidance, yet in adolescence this avoidance shifts to sexual approach. One explanation could be that disgust declines in adolescence. This project examined whether disgust is indeed lower in adolescence compared to preadolescence, and whether this difference across age groups would be restricted to sex-relevant disgust elicitors. We also examined whether the strength of disgust would depen…
Automatic Sex-Liking and Sex-Failure Associations in Men With Sexual Dysfunction
Current models of sexual functioning imply an important role for both automatic and controlled appraisals. Accordingly, it can be hypothesized that erectile dysfunction may be due to the automatic activation of negative appraisals at the prospect of sexual intercourse. However, previous research showed that men with sexual dysfunction exhibited relatively strong automatic sex-positive instead of sex-negative associations. This study tested the ro…
Automatic approach/avoidance tendencies towards food and the course of anorexia nervosa
Disgust and Sexual Arousal in Young Adult Men and Women
Heightened sensitivity to punishment and reward in anorexia nervosa
Sexual Aversion and the DSM-5: An Excluded Disorder with Unabated Relevance as a Trans-diagnostic Symptom
Throwing the Baby Out with the Bathwater”: The Demise of Vaginismus in Favor of Genito-Pelvic Pain/Penetration Disorder
Distinct temporal processing of task-irrelevant emotional facial expressions
There is an ongoing debate concerning the extent to which emotional faces automatically attract attention. Using a single-target Rapid Serial Visual Presentation (RSVP) methodology, it has been found that presentation of task-irrelevant positive or negative emotionally salient stimuli (e.g., negative scenes or erotic pictures) results in a temporary inability to process target stimuli (emotion-induced blindness). In the present study, we sought t…
Restrained eaters show enhanced automatic approach tendencies towards food
Co-Constructing Cooperation with Mandated Clients
Dominant practice models for social work were originally developed and intended for work with voluntary clients. The professional literature indicates that use of these models with involuntary clients often alienates rather than engages. This article describes the use of solution-focused interviewing as a way to engage involuntary and mandated clients. A conversation with a court-ordered client is presented and analyzed to demonstrate how practit…
Implicit measures of association in psychopathology research
Studies obtaining implicit measures of associations in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., Text Revision; American Psychiatric Association, 2000) Axis I psychopathology are organized into three categories: (a) studies comparing groups having a disorder with controls, (b) experimental validity studies, and (c) incremental and predictive validity studies. In the first category, implicit measures of disorder-relevant asso…
Automatic approach/avoidance tendencies towards food and the course of anorexia nervosa
Temporal attention for visual food stimuli in restrained eaters
Giving In to Arousal or Staying Stuck in Disgust? Disgust-Based Mechanisms in Sex and Sexual Dysfunction
Sex and disgust seem like strange bedfellows. The premise of this review is that disgust-based mechanisms nevertheless hold great promise for improving our understanding of sexual behavior, including dysfunctions. Disgust is a defensive emotion that protects the organism from contamination. Accordingly, disgust is focused on the border of the self, with the mouth and vagina being the body parts that show strongest disgust sensitivity. Given the c…
Attentional bias in restrictive eating disorders. Stronger attentional avoidance of high-fat food compared to healthy controls
Confirming the Three-Factor Structure of the Disgust Scale-Revised in Eight Countries
The current study evaluates the factor structure of the Disgust Scale-Revised (DS-R) in eight countries: Australia, Brazil, Germany, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Sweden, and the United States ( N = 2,606). Confirmatory factor analysis is used to compare two different models of the DS-R and to investigate the invariance of the factor structure of the DS-R across countries and gender. A three-factor solution consisting of three different but inte…
Disgust and Contamination Sensitivity in Vaginismus and Dyspareunia
This study examined the potential role of disgust propensity and contamination sensitivity in vaginismus. Women suffering from vaginismus (n = 20) or dyspareunia (n = 22), and a group of women without sexual complaints (n = 30) completed self report measures indexing their (1) general dispositional disgust propensity, and (2) sensitivity for (ideational) contamination by sexual stimuli as a function of its source (self, partner, unknown). In supp…
Automatic and Deliberate Affective Associations with Sexual Stimuli in Women with Superficial Dyspareunia
Current views suggest that in women with superficial dyspareunia the prospect of penile-vaginal intercourse automatically activates fear-related associations. The automatic activation of negative associations is assumed to interfere with the development of sexual arousal. In turn, this may further aggravate the dyspareunia-related complaints. To assess whether automatic negative associations are involved in this sexual pain disorder, women with s…
Influence of hunger on attentional engagement with and disengagement from pictorial food cues in women with a healthy weight
Because of inconsistencies in the field of attentional bias to food cues in eating behavior, this study aimed to re-examine the assumption that hungry healthy weight individuals have an attentional bias to food cues, but satiated healthy weight individuals do not. Since attentional engagement and attentional disengagement have been proposed to play a distinct role in behavior, we used a performance measure that is specifically designed to differe…
Hunger increases negative and decreases positive emotions in women with a healthy weight
The term 'hangry' is colloquially used to describe being "bad tempered or irritable as a result of hunger," but remarkably few studies have examined the effect of hunger on emotions. Yet, women attempting to restrict their food intake may be at risk of becoming entangled in a vicious cycle of hunger and negative emotions. That is, hunger may lead to negative emotions, which can lead to overeating and overeating can, in turn, provoke subsequent re…
Heightened sensitivity to punishment and reward in anorexia nervosa
Automatic Sex-Liking and Sex-Failure Associations in Men With Sexual Dysfunction
Current models of sexual functioning imply an important role for both automatic and controlled appraisals. Accordingly, it can be hypothesized that erectile dysfunction may be due to the automatic activation of negative appraisals at the prospect of sexual intercourse. However, previous research showed that men with sexual dysfunction exhibited relatively strong automatic sex-positive instead of sex-negative associations. This study tested the ro…
Throwing the Baby Out with the Bathwater”: The Demise of Vaginismus in Favor of Genito-Pelvic Pain/Penetration Disorder
Causal inference: Principles unifying experimental and observational accounts
Causal reasoning is closely related to interventions. We believe that if A causes B , then a change in A leads to a change in the probability distribution of B . This interventionist view of causality is natural to many, in particular to social scientists, because it is close to the standard paradigm of experimentation. This has led some to believe that the only meaningful way to obtain any causal claim is by experimentation. Here we suggest that…
How do victims of bullying develop depression? Testing interpersonal style to explain the victimization‐depression link
This study tested to what extent the relation between bullying victimization and future symptoms of depression could be explained by victims being more hostile and less assertive than non-involved individuals. Data came from waves 2-4 of the Dutch TRacking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey (TRAILS). Participants' bullying experiences were assessed at age 13, interpersonal style at age 16, and depression symptoms at age 19. Mediation analyses w…
Eating disorder-specific rumination moderates the association between attentional bias to high-calorie foods and eating disorder symptoms: Evidence from a reliable free-viewing eye-tracking task
Cognitive theories of eating disorders implicate Attentional Bias (AB) towards food-related information in the development and maintenance of eating disorders. Empirical evidence for this proposal, however, has been inconsistent, and the measures used to examine AB to food-related stimuli typically showed poor reliability. The aim of the current study was twofold. Firstly, we aimed to examine the psychometric properties of a newly devised eye-tra…
Up-regulating Sexual Arousal and Down-regulating Disgust while Watching Pornography: Effects on Sexual Arousal and Disgust
Sexual response occurs when sexual excitatory factors outweigh inhibitory factors. Problems with sexual arousal may occur when sexual excitation is too low and/or inhibitory influences such as feelings of disgust are too strong. To explore interventions that may help overcome decreased sexual responding, we examined if sexual responding could be amplified by instructions to up-regulate sexual arousal and/or down-regulate disgust. Women with no se…
The Reciprocal Relationship Between Sexual Arousal and Disgust as Evidenced in Automatic Approach-Avoidance Behavior
Sexual encounters imply exposure to stimuli that in other contexts typically elicit disgust-induced avoidance. To explain why people nevertheless tend to show sexual approach, it has been proposed that heightened sexual arousal may temporarily inhibit disgust. In line with this, studies have found that sexually aroused individuals showed heightened willingness to approach disgusting stimuli. Because automatic processes are critically involved in …
Disgust and Sexual Arousal in Young Adult Men and Women
Blushing after a moral transgression in a prisoner's dilemma game: Appeasing or revealing
This study investigated the alleged remedial effects of blushing in the context of real‐time interactions. Therefore, 30 pairs of prosocial individuals participated in a prisoner's dilemma ‘game’. The experiment was framed as an objective test of moral behaviour. To elicit a shameful moral transgression, one individual of each pair was instructed to select the non‐habitual cheat‐option on a pre‐defined target trial. Supporting the idea that viola…
Can Political Factors Account for the Fact that Calvinism Rather than Anabaptism Came to Dominate the Dutch Reformation
It is not surprising that the sixteenth century Anabaptist movement should gain increasing attention among American church historians. Anyone who becomes even slightly acquainted with that movement cannot help but observe that many of its features, such as its individualism, its rejection of infant baptism, its subjectivism, and its fragmentation into many diverse groups, seem to anticipate the kind of ecclesiastical developments that characteriz…
Covariation bias, classical conditioning, and phobic fear
Nutritional status and mortality of highland children in Nepal: Impact of sociocultural factors
This study investigates the nutritional status of native children in the highlands of Nepal (1,700-3,000 m) and explores the relationship between child mortality and surviving children's nutritional status. A random sample of 145 households from 11 villages in the Koshi Hill Zone in east Nepal was surveyed, and the nutritional status of the 438 children < 14 years of age living in these households was assessed by means of anthropometry. We found …
Personality Disorders and Social Functioning in Depressed Patients
There is a high level of comorbidity of personality disorders with major depression. Patients who suffer from both depression and an axis II disorder are, in general, more severely ill and ill for longer periods. The presence of personality disorders also has a negative influence on the social functioning of depressed patients, and it has emerged that certain demographic characteristics are present to a significant extent. This article presents t…
Therapy Interviewing
Co-Constructing Cooperation with Mandated Clients
Dominant practice models for social work were originally developed and intended for work with voluntary clients. The professional literature indicates that use of these models with involuntary clients often alienates rather than engages. This article describes the use of solution-focused interviewing as a way to engage involuntary and mandated clients. A conversation with a court-ordered client is presented and analyzed to demonstrate how practit…
Blushing after a moral transgression in a prisoner's dilemma game: Appeasing or revealing
This study investigated the alleged remedial effects of blushing in the context of real‐time interactions. Therefore, 30 pairs of prosocial individuals participated in a prisoner's dilemma ‘game’. The experiment was framed as an objective test of moral behaviour. To elicit a shameful moral transgression, one individual of each pair was instructed to select the non‐habitual cheat‐option on a pre‐defined target trial. Supporting the idea that viola…
An Experimental Study of Spider-Related Covariation Bias in 8- to 13-Year-Old Children
The remedial value of blushing in the context of transgressions and mishaps
This study investigated the remedial value of blushing in the context of clear-cut predicaments. Besides testing the effects of displaying a blush on a neutral expression, we investigated whether blushing increased the remedial properties of shameful and embarrassed expressions. After reading a vignette describing either a transgression (Experiment 1; N = 66) or a mishap (Experiment 2; N = 62), participants saw pictures of people with or without …
Disgust and Contamination Sensitivity in Vaginismus and Dyspareunia
This study examined the potential role of disgust propensity and contamination sensitivity in vaginismus. Women suffering from vaginismus (n = 20) or dyspareunia (n = 22), and a group of women without sexual complaints (n = 30) completed self report measures indexing their (1) general dispositional disgust propensity, and (2) sensitivity for (ideational) contamination by sexual stimuli as a function of its source (self, partner, unknown). In supp…
Automatic and Deliberate Affective Associations with Sexual Stimuli in Women with Superficial Dyspareunia
Current views suggest that in women with superficial dyspareunia the prospect of penile-vaginal intercourse automatically activates fear-related associations. The automatic activation of negative associations is assumed to interfere with the development of sexual arousal. In turn, this may further aggravate the dyspareunia-related complaints. To assess whether automatic negative associations are involved in this sexual pain disorder, women with s…
Confirming the Three-Factor Structure of the Disgust Scale-Revised in Eight Countries
The current study evaluates the factor structure of the Disgust Scale-Revised (DS-R) in eight countries: Australia, Brazil, Germany, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Sweden, and the United States ( N = 2,606). Confirmatory factor analysis is used to compare two different models of the DS-R and to investigate the invariance of the factor structure of the DS-R across countries and gender. A three-factor solution consisting of three different but inte…
Angry facial expressions hamper subsequent target identification
There is considerable evidence indicating that people are primed to monitor social signals of disapproval. Thus far, studies on selective attention have concentrated predominantly on the spatial domain, whereas the temporal consequences of identifying socially threatening information have received only scant attention. Therefore, this study focused on temporal attention costs and examined how the presentation of emotional expressions affects subs…
Restrained eaters show enhanced automatic approach tendencies towards food
Saved by the blush: Being trusted despite defecting
This study examined whether blushing after a sociomoral transgression remediates trustworthiness in an interdependent context. Participants (N = 196) played a computerized prisoner's dilemma game with a virtual opponent who defected in the second round of the game. After the defection, a photograph of the opponent was shown, displaying a blushing or a nonblushing face. In a subsequent Trust Task, the blushing opponent was entrusted with more mone…
Implicit measures of association in psychopathology research
Studies obtaining implicit measures of associations in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., Text Revision; American Psychiatric Association, 2000) Axis I psychopathology are organized into three categories: (a) studies comparing groups having a disorder with controls, (b) experimental validity studies, and (c) incremental and predictive validity studies. In the first category, implicit measures of disorder-relevant asso…
Attentional bias in restrictive eating disorders. Stronger attentional avoidance of high-fat food compared to healthy controls
Distinct temporal processing of task-irrelevant emotional facial expressions
There is an ongoing debate concerning the extent to which emotional faces automatically attract attention. Using a single-target Rapid Serial Visual Presentation (RSVP) methodology, it has been found that presentation of task-irrelevant positive or negative emotionally salient stimuli (e.g., negative scenes or erotic pictures) results in a temporary inability to process target stimuli (emotion-induced blindness). In the present study, we sought t…
Temporal attention for visual food stimuli in restrained eaters
Giving In to Arousal or Staying Stuck in Disgust? Disgust-Based Mechanisms in Sex and Sexual Dysfunction
Sex and disgust seem like strange bedfellows. The premise of this review is that disgust-based mechanisms nevertheless hold great promise for improving our understanding of sexual behavior, including dysfunctions. Disgust is a defensive emotion that protects the organism from contamination. Accordingly, disgust is focused on the border of the self, with the mouth and vagina being the body parts that show strongest disgust sensitivity. Given the c…
Heightened sensitivity to punishment and reward in anorexia nervosa
Sexual Aversion and the DSM-5: An Excluded Disorder with Unabated Relevance as a Trans-diagnostic Symptom
Throwing the Baby Out with the Bathwater”: The Demise of Vaginismus in Favor of Genito-Pelvic Pain/Penetration Disorder
Automatic approach/avoidance tendencies towards food and the course of anorexia nervosa
Disgust and Sexual Arousal in Young Adult Men and Women
Psychology (42 works) · Developmental psychology (30 works) · Social Psychology (21 works) · Clinical Psychology (20 works) · Medicine (19 works) · Psychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment (15 works) · Psychiatry (14 works) · Cognitive psychology (12 works) · Disgust (12 works) · Social Psychology (12 works)