L G Martins
Biographic Data
| ID | 223967 |
|---|---|
| NAME | L G Martins |
| GIVEN NAMES | L G |
| FAMILY NAME | Martins |
| SIGNATURE | MARTINS L G |
| AFFILIATIONS | RAND Corporation |
| ORCID | 0009-0004-7696-5068 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 37 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 508 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 37 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1980 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2017 |
| H-INDEX | 13 |
Trends in the Prevalence and Disparity in Cognitive Limitations of Americans 55–69 Years Old
Among people 55-69, rates of CL are many times higher for groups with lower SES than those with higher SES, and recent trends show little indication that the gaps are narrowing
Foundations of Activity of Daily Living Trajectories of Older Americans
The analysis confirms the importance of the early phases of the disablement process and their relationships with subsequent trajectories of activity limitation
Examining Late-Life Functional Limitation Trajectories and Their Associations With Underlying Onset, Recovery, and Mortality
The analysis advances understanding of late-life functioning by focusing on the heterogeneity of functional limitation experience, appropriately accounting for the relation between functional limitation and mortality and linking long-term patterns with short-term changes in functional limitation
Trends in Functional and Activity Limitations among Chinese Oldest-Old, 1998 to 2008
China has the world's largest oldest-old population, but information on trends in late-life disability is lacking. We use data from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey for 1998 to 2008 to determine whether prevalence of limitations with physical functions and daily activities has changed recently among the Chinese population aged 80 to 105 and, if so, to investigate the factors associated with the change. We find that prevalence of …
Trends in Late-Life Activity Limitations in the United States: An Update From Five National Surveys
This article updates trends from five national U.S. surveys to determine whether the prevalence of activity limitations among the older population continued to decline in the first decade of the twenty-first century. Findings across studies suggest that personal care and domestic activity limitations may have continued to decline for those ages 85 and older from 2000 to 2008, but generally were flat since 2000 for those ages 65–84. Modest increas…
Trends and inequalities in late-life health and functioning in England
BACKGROUND: Recently, late-life disability rates have declined in several countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation, but no national-level trend analysis for England has been available. The authors provide such analysis, including measures both early and late in the disablement process, and the authors investigate the extent to which temporal trends are associated with population changes in socioeconomic position (SEP). METHODS: The…
Modeling Disability Trajectories and Mortality of the Oldest-Old in China
This article uses a group-based modeling approach to jointly estimate disability and mortality trajectories over time based on data from the population aged 80 and older in China, and explores relations of demographic, socioeconomic, and early-life characteristics to membership in gender-specific trajectory groups. A three-group model best fits the data for both males and females. For most groups, predicted numbers of limitations in activities of…
Trends in late-life disability in Taiwan, 1989-2007: The roles of education, environment, and technology
This analysis offers the first strong evidence of trends in late-life disability in an emerging economy. For the population of Taiwan aged 65 and older, consistent measures of limitations in seeing, hearing, physical functions, instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), and activities of daily living (ADLs) were available for three to six survey waves, depending on the outcome, from 1989 to 2007. Limitations in seeing, hearing, and IADLs de…
Trends in health of older adults in the United States: Past, present, future
The decline in late-life disability prevalence in the United States was one of the most important developments in the well-being of older Americans in the 1980s and 1990s, but there is no guarantee that it will continue into the future. We review the past literature on trends in disability and other health indicators and then estimate the most recent trends in biomarkers and limitations for both the population aged 65 and older and those aged 40 …
Health and Functioning Among Baby Boomers Approaching 60
Trends varied by indicator, period, and age. It is surprising that, given the socioeconomic, medical, and public health advantages of Baby Boomers throughout their lives, they are not doing considerably better on all counts
Interventions to Improve Late Life
This is an expanded version of comments on the future of the demography of aging at an invited session of the 2008 annual meeting of the Population Association of America. In an introduction, John Haaga offers reasons for a revival of interest in population aging, including greater realization of plasticity in aging trajectories at both individual and societal levels. Linda Martin proposes that population scientists working in aging emulate those…
Why Is Late‐Life Disability Declining?
Context: Late‐life disability has been declining in the United States since the 1980s. This study provides the first comprehensive investigation into the reasons for this trend. Methods: The study draws on evidence from two sources: original data analyses and reviews of existing studies. The original analyses include trend models of data on the need for help with daily activities and self‐reported causes of such limitations for the population age…
The Health Benefits of a Physical Activity Program for Older Adults Living in Congregate Housing
Declines in late-life disability: The role of early- and mid-life factors
Feeling Better? Trends in General Health Status
Declines in proportions reporting poor/fair health among the older population in recent decades mirror declines in disability. Although the younger population has not experienced such progress, its prevalence of poor/fair health is low throughout the 21-year analysis period. Of concern are the growing socioeconomic disparities in health for both younger and older populations
Key Topics in the Study of Older Adult Health in Developing Countries that are Experiencing Population Aging
Education of adult children and mortality of their elderly parents in Taiwan
In societies in which families are highly integrated, the education of family members may be linked to survival. Such may be the case in Taiwan, where there are large gaps in levels of education across generations and high levels of resource transfers between family members. This study employs 14 years of longitudinal data from Taiwan to examine the combined effects of the education of older adults and their adult children on the mortality outcom…
Chronic conditions and the decline in late-life disability
Using data from the 1997–2004 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), we examine the role of chronic conditions in recent declines in late-life disability prevalence. Building upon prior studies, we decompose disability declines into changes in the prevalence of chronic conditions and in the risk of disability given a condition. In doing so, we extend Kitigawa’s (1955) classical decomposition technique to take advantage of the annual data points…
Persistent and Growing Socioeconomic Disparities in Disability Among the Elderly: 1982–2002
Objective. We sought to determine whether socioeconomic and racial/ethnic disparities in prevalence of disability over age 70 have widened or narrowed during the past 2 decades. Methods. We used data from the 1982–2002 National Health Interview Surveys, which are nationally representative cross-sectional surveys of the noninstitutionalized population of the United States. Participants included 172227 people aged 70 years and older. The primary ou…
Determinants of old-age mortality in Taiwan
Resolving inconsistencies in trends in old-age disability: Report from a technical working group
In September 2002, a technical working group met to resolve previously published inconsistencies across national surveys in trends in activity limitations among the older population. The 12-person panel prepared estimates from five national data sets and investigated methodological sources of the inconsistencies among the population aged 70 and older from the early 1980s to 2001. Although the evidence was mixed for the 1980s and it is difficult t…
Recent Trends in Disability and Functioning Among Older Adults in the United States: A Systematic Review
CONTEXT: Several well-publicized recent studies have suggested that disability among older Americans has declined in the last decade. OBJECTIVES: To assess the quality, quantity, and consistency of recent evidence on US trends in the prevalence of self-rated old age disability and physical, cognitive, and sensory limitations during the late 1980s and 1990s and to evaluate the evidence on trends in disparities by major demographic groups. DATA SOU…
Another Look at Aggregate Changes in Severe Cognitive Impairment: Further Investigation Into the Cumulative Effects of Three Survey Design Issues
Objectives. This study explored whether previously reported declines in severe cognitive impairment were robust to cumulative effects of potentially confounding survey design issues
Freedman and Martin Respond
We thank Wang and Badley for their comments, but we believe that the issues they raise as methodological concerns are better interpreted as differences in disciplinary approaches and that the validity of our analysis remains intact. Their main concern is that we did not translate decomposition results into population attributable risk estimates, a concept long used in epidemiology. Yet demographers have a tradition of using decomposition techniqu…
Changes in functional limitation and survival among older Taiwanese, 1993, 1996, and 1999
Using data from the Survey of Health and Living Status of the Elderly in Taiwan, we investigate changes in difficulties in walking and climbing stairs, tasks that represent basic lower-body movements less likely to be influenced by changes in environment and social roles than are activities and instrumental activities of daily living. Results are shown for unadjusted prevalence rates and rates adjusted for changes in population composition. The f…
Living Arrangements of the Elderly in Fiji, Korea, Malaysia, and the Philippines
Using logit techniques and data from surveys of the elderly conducted in 1984 under the auspices of the World Health Organization, this article investigates socioeconomic, cultural, and demographic determinants of living arrangements of the elderly. Having a spouse or children with whom to live has important effects on living arrangements. The results provide only weak support, however, for hypotheses based on modernization theory and point to th…
Declines in late-life disability: The role of early- and mid-life factors
Resolving inconsistencies in trends in old-age disability: Report from a technical working group
In September 2002, a technical working group met to resolve previously published inconsistencies across national surveys in trends in activity limitations among the older population. The 12-person panel prepared estimates from five national data sets and investigated methodological sources of the inconsistencies among the population aged 70 and older from the early 1980s to 2001. Although the evidence was mixed for the 1980s and it is difficult t…
Persistent and Growing Socioeconomic Disparities in Disability Among the Elderly: 1982–2002
Objective. We sought to determine whether socioeconomic and racial/ethnic disparities in prevalence of disability over age 70 have widened or narrowed during the past 2 decades. Methods. We used data from the 1982–2002 National Health Interview Surveys, which are nationally representative cross-sectional surveys of the noninstitutionalized population of the United States. Participants included 172227 people aged 70 years and older. The primary ou…
Changing Intergenerational Family Relations in East Asia
Intergenerational family relations in China, Japan, and South Korea are changing. Multigenerational coresidence and dominance of patrilineal relations are declining. In some ways, the diffusion of so-called Western values and practices that are in conflict with Confucian ideals parallels the earlier process of the Confucianization of Japan and Korea. The demographic changes that are influencing families are new, however, and East Asians of the fu…
The role of education in explaining and forecasting trends in functional limitations among older Americans
Using the Survey of Income and Program Participation, we document the importance of education in accounting for declines in functional limitations among older Americans from 1984 to 1993. Of the eight demographic and socioeconomic variables considered, education is most important in accounting for recent trends. The relationship between educational attainment and functioning has not changed measurably, but educational attainment has increased gre…
Education of adult children and mortality of their elderly parents in Taiwan
In societies in which families are highly integrated, the education of family members may be linked to survival. Such may be the case in Taiwan, where there are large gaps in levels of education across generations and high levels of resource transfers between family members. This study employs 14 years of longitudinal data from Taiwan to examine the combined effects of the education of older adults and their adult children on the mortality outcom…
Trends in health of older adults in the United States: Past, present, future
The decline in late-life disability prevalence in the United States was one of the most important developments in the well-being of older Americans in the 1980s and 1990s, but there is no guarantee that it will continue into the future. We review the past literature on trends in disability and other health indicators and then estimate the most recent trends in biomarkers and limitations for both the population aged 65 and older and those aged 40 …
Trends in Late-Life Activity Limitations in the United States: An Update From Five National Surveys
This article updates trends from five national U.S. surveys to determine whether the prevalence of activity limitations among the older population continued to decline in the first decade of the twenty-first century. Findings across studies suggest that personal care and domestic activity limitations may have continued to decline for those ages 85 and older from 2000 to 2008, but generally were flat since 2000 for those ages 65–84. Modest increas…
Feeling Better? Trends in General Health Status
Declines in proportions reporting poor/fair health among the older population in recent decades mirror declines in disability. Although the younger population has not experienced such progress, its prevalence of poor/fair health is low throughout the 21-year analysis period. Of concern are the growing socioeconomic disparities in health for both younger and older populations
Chronic conditions and the decline in late-life disability
Using data from the 1997–2004 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), we examine the role of chronic conditions in recent declines in late-life disability prevalence. Building upon prior studies, we decompose disability declines into changes in the prevalence of chronic conditions and in the risk of disability given a condition. In doing so, we extend Kitigawa’s (1955) classical decomposition technique to take advantage of the annual data points…
Determinants of birth-interval length in the Philippines, Malaysia, and Indonesia: A hazard-model Analysis
Differences in fertility levels can logically be attributed to differences in exposure to the risk of pregnancy and differences in the length of time between births when women are exposed. Exposure to risk varies primarily because the proportion of women cohabiting differs across populations, although in some populations sterilization removes from exposure a significant fraction of those cohabiting. This paper analyzes the determinants of the oth…
Health and Functioning Among Baby Boomers Approaching 60
Trends varied by indicator, period, and age. It is surprising that, given the socioeconomic, medical, and public health advantages of Baby Boomers throughout their lives, they are not doing considerably better on all counts
Modeling Disability Trajectories and Mortality of the Oldest-Old in China
This article uses a group-based modeling approach to jointly estimate disability and mortality trajectories over time based on data from the population aged 80 and older in China, and explores relations of demographic, socioeconomic, and early-life characteristics to membership in gender-specific trajectory groups. A three-group model best fits the data for both males and females. For most groups, predicted numbers of limitations in activities of…
The status of South Asia's growing elderly population
Changes in functional limitation and survival among older Taiwanese, 1993, 1996, and 1999
Using data from the Survey of Health and Living Status of the Elderly in Taiwan, we investigate changes in difficulties in walking and climbing stairs, tasks that represent basic lower-body movements less likely to be influenced by changes in environment and social roles than are activities and instrumental activities of daily living. Results are shown for unadjusted prevalence rates and rates adjusted for changes in population composition. The f…
Co-variates of child mortality in the Philippines, Indonesia, and Pakistan: An analysis based on hazard models
In this paper the co-variates of child mortality in the Philippines, Indonesia, and Pakistan are compared using data from the World Fertility Survey. Hazard models are used to estimate the effects of demographic and socio-economic variables on the risk of death in childhood. The importance of multivariate analysis is substantiated by the finding that the effect of most factors on mortality is changed considerably when other influences are simulta…
Determinants of old-age mortality in Taiwan
Examining Late-Life Functional Limitation Trajectories and Their Associations With Underlying Onset, Recovery, and Mortality
The analysis advances understanding of late-life functioning by focusing on the heterogeneity of functional limitation experience, appropriately accounting for the relation between functional limitation and mortality and linking long-term patterns with short-term changes in functional limitation
Trends and inequalities in late-life health and functioning in England
BACKGROUND: Recently, late-life disability rates have declined in several countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation, but no national-level trend analysis for England has been available. The authors provide such analysis, including measures both early and late in the disablement process, and the authors investigate the extent to which temporal trends are associated with population changes in socioeconomic position (SEP). METHODS: The…
Interactions of Middle-Aged Japanese with Their Parents
Japanese household structure has changed dramatically over the last two decades, especially with regard to multi-generational co-residence. In this paper, we use logit analysis to investigate the extent to which married Japanese men and women aged 30 to 59 live with their parents and, in particular, how socio-economic and demographic characteristics are associated with co-residence. For men, being the eldest child, being in a lower-status occupat…
Trends in late-life disability in Taiwan, 1989-2007: The roles of education, environment, and technology
This analysis offers the first strong evidence of trends in late-life disability in an emerging economy. For the population of Taiwan aged 65 and older, consistent measures of limitations in seeing, hearing, physical functions, instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), and activities of daily living (ADLs) were available for three to six survey waves, depending on the outcome, from 1989 to 2007. Limitations in seeing, hearing, and IADLs de…
Trends in the Prevalence and Disparity in Cognitive Limitations of Americans 55–69 Years Old
Among people 55-69, rates of CL are many times higher for groups with lower SES than those with higher SES, and recent trends show little indication that the gaps are narrowing
Foundations of Activity of Daily Living Trajectories of Older Americans
The analysis confirms the importance of the early phases of the disablement process and their relationships with subsequent trajectories of activity limitation
Mortality Decline and Japanese Family Structure
This paper documents the effect of mortality change in the 20th century on the probabilities of survival for various family members in Japan. Focus is on the following: family types of Japans ideal in particular and of changes in actual living arrangements in Japan; the decline in Japanese mortality in the 20th century; the probabilities of a childs survival to age 15 of parents survival to the childs 15th birthday of grandparents survival and of…
A modification for use in destabilized populations of brass's technique for estimating completeness of death registration
Brass has developed a method of estimating completeness of death registration using only data on deaths and population by age and sex. In this paper, his method is briefly outlined and the assumptions upon which it is based are discussed. In particular, the implications of the failure of the assumption of stability of the population are investigated. It is found that in populations where mortality has been declining, use of the technique leads to…
Japanese response to an aging labor force
Intergenerational Differences in Income: An Analysis of Japan
The economic and demographic changes that have occurred over the past 25 years in Japan were analyzed and their effects on intergenerational differences in income were assessed. The term generation is defined here by focusing on a cohort i.e. all members of a population born in year b. The members of this cohort have direct or lineal family relationships with members of 2 other generations: the older generation which consists of all living parent…
Co-variates of child mortality in the Philippines, Indonesia, and Pakistan: An analysis based on hazard models
In this paper the co-variates of child mortality in the Philippines, Indonesia, and Pakistan are compared using data from the World Fertility Survey. Hazard models are used to estimate the effects of demographic and socio-economic variables on the risk of death in childhood. The importance of multivariate analysis is substantiated by the finding that the effect of most factors on mortality is changed considerably when other influences are simulta…
Mortality Decline and Japanese Family Structure
This paper documents the effect of mortality change in the 20th century on the probabilities of survival for various family members in Japan. Focus is on the following: family types of Japans ideal in particular and of changes in actual living arrangements in Japan; the decline in Japanese mortality in the 20th century; the probabilities of a childs survival to age 15 of parents survival to the childs 15th birthday of grandparents survival and of…
Determinants of birth-interval length in the Philippines, Malaysia, and Indonesia: A hazard-model Analysis
Differences in fertility levels can logically be attributed to differences in exposure to the risk of pregnancy and differences in the length of time between births when women are exposed. Exposure to risk varies primarily because the proportion of women cohabiting differs across populations, although in some populations sterilization removes from exposure a significant fraction of those cohabiting. This paper analyzes the determinants of the oth…
Living Arrangements of the Elderly in Fiji, Korea, Malaysia, and the Philippines
Using logit techniques and data from surveys of the elderly conducted in 1984 under the auspices of the World Health Organization, this article investigates socioeconomic, cultural, and demographic determinants of living arrangements of the elderly. Having a spouse or children with whom to live has important effects on living arrangements. The results provide only weak support, however, for hypotheses based on modernization theory and point to th…
The status of South Asia's growing elderly population
Changing Intergenerational Family Relations in East Asia
Intergenerational family relations in China, Japan, and South Korea are changing. Multigenerational coresidence and dominance of patrilineal relations are declining. In some ways, the diffusion of so-called Western values and practices that are in conflict with Confucian ideals parallels the earlier process of the Confucianization of Japan and Korea. The demographic changes that are influencing families are new, however, and East Asians of the fu…
Interactions of Middle-Aged Japanese with Their Parents
Japanese household structure has changed dramatically over the last two decades, especially with regard to multi-generational co-residence. In this paper, we use logit analysis to investigate the extent to which married Japanese men and women aged 30 to 59 live with their parents and, in particular, how socio-economic and demographic characteristics are associated with co-residence. For men, being the eldest child, being in a lower-status occupat…
Demography of Aging
The role of education in explaining and forecasting trends in functional limitations among older Americans
Using the Survey of Income and Program Participation, we document the importance of education in accounting for declines in functional limitations among older Americans from 1984 to 1993. Of the eight demographic and socioeconomic variables considered, education is most important in accounting for recent trends. The relationship between educational attainment and functioning has not changed measurably, but educational attainment has increased gre…
Recent Trends in Disability and Functioning Among Older Adults in the United States: A Systematic Review
CONTEXT: Several well-publicized recent studies have suggested that disability among older Americans has declined in the last decade. OBJECTIVES: To assess the quality, quantity, and consistency of recent evidence on US trends in the prevalence of self-rated old age disability and physical, cognitive, and sensory limitations during the late 1980s and 1990s and to evaluate the evidence on trends in disparities by major demographic groups. DATA SOU…
Another Look at Aggregate Changes in Severe Cognitive Impairment: Further Investigation Into the Cumulative Effects of Three Survey Design Issues
Objectives. This study explored whether previously reported declines in severe cognitive impairment were robust to cumulative effects of potentially confounding survey design issues
Freedman and Martin Respond
We thank Wang and Badley for their comments, but we believe that the issues they raise as methodological concerns are better interpreted as differences in disciplinary approaches and that the validity of our analysis remains intact. Their main concern is that we did not translate decomposition results into population attributable risk estimates, a concept long used in epidemiology. Yet demographers have a tradition of using decomposition techniqu…
Changes in functional limitation and survival among older Taiwanese, 1993, 1996, and 1999
Using data from the Survey of Health and Living Status of the Elderly in Taiwan, we investigate changes in difficulties in walking and climbing stairs, tasks that represent basic lower-body movements less likely to be influenced by changes in environment and social roles than are activities and instrumental activities of daily living. Results are shown for unadjusted prevalence rates and rates adjusted for changes in population composition. The f…
Resolving inconsistencies in trends in old-age disability: Report from a technical working group
In September 2002, a technical working group met to resolve previously published inconsistencies across national surveys in trends in activity limitations among the older population. The 12-person panel prepared estimates from five national data sets and investigated methodological sources of the inconsistencies among the population aged 70 and older from the early 1980s to 2001. Although the evidence was mixed for the 1980s and it is difficult t…
Persistent and Growing Socioeconomic Disparities in Disability Among the Elderly: 1982–2002
Objective. We sought to determine whether socioeconomic and racial/ethnic disparities in prevalence of disability over age 70 have widened or narrowed during the past 2 decades. Methods. We used data from the 1982–2002 National Health Interview Surveys, which are nationally representative cross-sectional surveys of the noninstitutionalized population of the United States. Participants included 172227 people aged 70 years and older. The primary ou…
Determinants of old-age mortality in Taiwan
Feeling Better? Trends in General Health Status
Declines in proportions reporting poor/fair health among the older population in recent decades mirror declines in disability. Although the younger population has not experienced such progress, its prevalence of poor/fair health is low throughout the 21-year analysis period. Of concern are the growing socioeconomic disparities in health for both younger and older populations
Key Topics in the Study of Older Adult Health in Developing Countries that are Experiencing Population Aging
Education of adult children and mortality of their elderly parents in Taiwan
In societies in which families are highly integrated, the education of family members may be linked to survival. Such may be the case in Taiwan, where there are large gaps in levels of education across generations and high levels of resource transfers between family members. This study employs 14 years of longitudinal data from Taiwan to examine the combined effects of the education of older adults and their adult children on the mortality outcom…
Chronic conditions and the decline in late-life disability
Using data from the 1997–2004 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), we examine the role of chronic conditions in recent declines in late-life disability prevalence. Building upon prior studies, we decompose disability declines into changes in the prevalence of chronic conditions and in the risk of disability given a condition. In doing so, we extend Kitigawa’s (1955) classical decomposition technique to take advantage of the annual data points…
Why Is Late‐Life Disability Declining?
Context: Late‐life disability has been declining in the United States since the 1980s. This study provides the first comprehensive investigation into the reasons for this trend. Methods: The study draws on evidence from two sources: original data analyses and reviews of existing studies. The original analyses include trend models of data on the need for help with daily activities and self‐reported causes of such limitations for the population age…
The Health Benefits of a Physical Activity Program for Older Adults Living in Congregate Housing
Medicine (30 works) · Health disparities and outcomes (26 works) · Population (26 works) · Demography (25 works) · Gerontology (24 works) · Sociology (21 works) · Psychology (19 works) · Demography (18 works) · Gerontology (18 works) · Geography (16 works)