Matthew Lockwood
Biographic Data
| ID | 226949 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Matthew Lockwood |
| GIVEN NAMES | Matthew |
| FAMILY NAME | Lockwood |
| SIGNATURE | LOCKWOOD M |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Exeter |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-2380-3300 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 46 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 523 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 46 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1989 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 11 |
Beyond industrial decarbonisation strategy: Lessons from the bottom-up policy mix in the United Kingdom, 2021–2023
Industrial decarbonisation (ID) is a new challenge in the transition to net zero. The ID challenge is complicated because it covers a wide range of industries and processes, and therefore a policy mix approach is appropriate. Because of multiple interactions with existing areas of regulation, the bottom-up policy mix, as defined by Ossenbrink et al. (2019), is likely to be particularly important for the successful implementation of ID policy. In …
The acceleration of low-carbon transitions: Insights, concepts, challenges, and new directions for research
Given that several low-carbon transitions are now accelerating, what can we say about the drivers, conditions, mechanisms, and dynamics of acceleration? This question is widely discussed in policy and academic circles, but so far there is little attempt to develop a more comprehensive answer that considers the pluralistic and heterogeneous nature of what acceleration is, how it comes about, and how it can be studied moving forward. To provide a m…
Institutional context and the governance of heat transitions: The cases of the Netherlands and the UK
Decarbonising residential heat is essential for achieving net zero targets. The Netherlands and the UK are embarking on heat transitions from similar starting points, with a heavy dependence on natural gas. However, their governance approaches differ, with local municipal visions and plans playing a lead role in the Netherlands compared with a market-led approach in England and Wales. Scotland occupies an intermediate position. This article focus…
How Do Right-Wing Populist Parties Influence Climate and Renewable Energy Policies? Evidence from OECD Countries
There is increasing evidence that right-wing populist parties (RWPPs) and their supporters are hostile to climate and low-carbon energy policies. In this article, we provide a quantitative analysis of the effects of RWPP representation in the legislature and executive on climate and renewable energy policy for a number of countries in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development over the period 2007–2018. After controlling for other…
Policy feedback and institutional context in energy transitions
Interest in policy feedback processes in energy transitions has grown rapidly in recent years. However, while it has provided interesting accounts of the mechanisms of stability or change, the policy feedback framework begs the question of why policy feedback dynamics vary so widely across cases. Existing accounts have tended to focus on the influence of ideas on policy design and on the role of interest groups. By contrast, the role of backgroun…
A hard Act to follow? The evolution and performance of UK climate governance
This article provides an analysis of the origins and effects of UK climate governance. It is centrally concerned with the relationships between politics and climate institutions, both in how political conditions have shaped the emergence of climate governance, and in how the resulting institutions subsequently structure climate politics. The analysis brings out three key themes. First, a focus on the CCA can overlook the enduring importance of th…
To Begin the World over Again: How the American Revolution Devastated the Globe
Unpacking ‘regime resistance’ in low-carbon transitions: The case of the British Capacity Market
The ability of powerful incumbent actors to resist technological or institutional changes that threaten their vested interests is a core part of the literature on sustainable energy transitions, but more often asserted in general than tested in specific cases. This article presents analysis of a detailed study of the introduction of a Capacity Market (CM) for electricity in Great Britain in the period 2010–2011, using a process tracing approach. …
The politics of accelerating low-carbon transitions: Towards a new research agenda
Energy Supply and Decarbonisation Beyond Brexit: Politics and Policy
THERE will be no long-term sustainable future for capitalism in the twenty-first century unless climate change can be limited. For a country like Britain, this means completely decarbonising the economy by the second half of the century, if not before. Britain's path towards a low-carbon economy has been significantly shaped by membership of the EU, especially through legislation and regulations affecting the energy sector, so Brexit raises impor…
Right-wing populism and the climate change agenda: Exploring the Linkages
The rise of right-wing populism (RWP) poses a challenge for the climate agenda, as leaders and supporters tend to be climate sceptics and hostile to policy prescribing action on climate change. However, there is a surprising dearth of research that investigates the nature and causes of this association. Two kinds of explanation are considered, drawing on the literature on populism. One is termed ‘structuralist’, drawing on accounts of the roots o…
The Conquest of Death: Violence and the Birth of the Modern English State
The Conquest of Death considers the concepts of violence and state power far more broadly and holistically than previous accounts of state growth by intertwining the national and the local, the formal and the informal to illustrate how the management of incidental acts of violence and justice was as important to the monopolization of violence as the creation of the machinery of warfare. It reveals how the creation and operation of everyday bureau…
The Conquest of Death: Violence and the Birth of the Modern English State
Policies, politics and demand side innovations: The untold story of Germany’s energy transition
This article shines a light on a less examined aspect of sustainable energy transitions: governing for demand side innovations in Germany. Demand innovations are considered to be central to affordable, efficient and politically acceptable energy system transformations, however many argue that not enough is being done in governance terms. In a departure from much analysis on demand policy demand innovations are defined broadly here to explicitly i…
The governance of industry rules and energy system innovation: The case of codes in Great Britain
Detailed energy industry rules are crucial to realising policy goals, but typically overlooked. • Governance arrangements determine ease of rule change for policy goals. • Delegation is a widespread institutional design principle but has risks of capture and inertia. • The case of code governance in Britain gives a demonstration of these risks. • A reform agenda is outlined and wider lessons drawn out
Historical institutionalism and the politics of sustainable energy transitions: A research agenda
Improving the understanding of the politics of sustainable energy transitions has become a major focus for research. This paper builds on recent interest in institutionalist approaches to consider in some depth the agenda arising from a historical institutionalist perspective on such transitions. It is argued that historical institutionalism is a valuable complement to socio-technical systems approaches, offering tools for the explicit analysis o…
Creating protective space for innovation in electricity distribution networks in Great Britain: The politics of institutional change
Innovation in electricity distribution networks will be an important element in the transition to a sustainable low-carbon energy system. The nature of networks as regulated monopolies means that the locus of the evolution of protective space for innovation is regulatory institutions, and that the politics of creating protective space is the politics of institutional change. In this paper, I examine the case of Britain, where protective space for…
Governing for sustainable energy system change: Politics, contexts and contingency
This paper offers a new, interdisciplinary framework for the analysis of governing for sustainable energy system change by drawing together insights from, and offering critiques of, socio-technical transitions and new institutionalist concepts of change. Institutions of all kinds, including rules and norms within political and energy systems, tend to have path-dependent qualities that make them difficult to change, whereas we also know that profo…
Stern Review 2.0? The Report of the Global Commission on the Economy and Climate
Eight years after the launch of the Stern Review of the economics of climate change, a new major report on economic growth and climate change ( Better Growth, Better Climate ) has been published by a Global Commission on the Economy and Climate, chaired by Nicholas Stern. While this comprehensive review of recent evidence has some overlap with the original Stern Review, it focuses more on the short‐term costs and benefits of action needed to redu…
Fossil Fuel Subsidy Reform, Rent Management and Political Fragmentation in Developing Countries
Over the last decade, pressure to reduce subsidies for energy (especially fossil fuels) in developing countries has mounted, but reform is politically controversial. The debate on reform is dominated by a liberal narrative that employs an understanding of energy subsidies as political rent, based on public choice theory. Here, it is argued that this approach takes too static and limited a view of rent, and that engagement with theories of the sta…
Love ye therefore the strangers’: Immigration and the criminal law in early modern England
This article offers a comprehensive examination of the relationship between foreign residents and the criminal law in early modern England, as well as an investigation of trials ‘de medietate lingue’, trials with half-English and half-foreign juries, in theory and practice. Because England witnessed both a series of foreign migrations and a series of geo-political crises in the years between 1674 and 1750, the article charts patterns of foreign p…
The political sustainability of climate policy: The case of the UK Climate Change Act
This paper assesses the forces working for and against the political sustainability of the UK 2008 Climate Change Act. The adoption of the Act is seen as a landmark commitment to action on climate change, but its implementation has not been studied in any depth. Recent events, including disagreements over the fourth carbon budget and the decarbonisation of the electricity sector, shows that while the Act might appear to lock in a commitment to re…
From Treason to Homicide: Changing Conceptions of the Law of Petty Treason in Early Modern England
In early modern England the crime of treason was not limited to rebellion against the monarch or state, but also included similar rebellions against domestic authority. Women accused of killing their husbands, servants accused of killing their masters and ecclesiastics accused of killing their superiors could be charged with petty treason. Because those charged with petty treason were tried under the rules of treason, positive defences available …
A Tale of Two Milibands: From Environmental Citizenship to the Politics of the Common Good
Two different proposals for a political basis for a low carbon transformation in Britain have been put forward in recent years by the Miliband brothers. In 2006, David Miliband argued for a new ‘environmental contract’ between state and citizens, in the spirit of the post‐war social contract. Last year Ed Miliband proposed a ‘politics of the common good’. The historical sociology of citizenship suggests that the environmental contract approach wi…
Livre-montage: L'Afrique malade de ses États
Right-wing populism and the climate change agenda: Exploring the Linkages
The rise of right-wing populism (RWP) poses a challenge for the climate agenda, as leaders and supporters tend to be climate sceptics and hostile to policy prescribing action on climate change. However, there is a surprising dearth of research that investigates the nature and causes of this association. Two kinds of explanation are considered, drawing on the literature on populism. One is termed ‘structuralist’, drawing on accounts of the roots o…
Governing for sustainable energy system change: Politics, contexts and contingency
This paper offers a new, interdisciplinary framework for the analysis of governing for sustainable energy system change by drawing together insights from, and offering critiques of, socio-technical transitions and new institutionalist concepts of change. Institutions of all kinds, including rules and norms within political and energy systems, tend to have path-dependent qualities that make them difficult to change, whereas we also know that profo…
The politics of accelerating low-carbon transitions: Towards a new research agenda
The political sustainability of climate policy: The case of the UK Climate Change Act
This paper assesses the forces working for and against the political sustainability of the UK 2008 Climate Change Act. The adoption of the Act is seen as a landmark commitment to action on climate change, but its implementation has not been studied in any depth. Recent events, including disagreements over the fourth carbon budget and the decarbonisation of the electricity sector, shows that while the Act might appear to lock in a commitment to re…
Historical institutionalism and the politics of sustainable energy transitions: A research agenda
Improving the understanding of the politics of sustainable energy transitions has become a major focus for research. This paper builds on recent interest in institutionalist approaches to consider in some depth the agenda arising from a historical institutionalist perspective on such transitions. It is argued that historical institutionalism is a valuable complement to socio-technical systems approaches, offering tools for the explicit analysis o…
Unpacking ‘regime resistance’ in low-carbon transitions: The case of the British Capacity Market
The ability of powerful incumbent actors to resist technological or institutional changes that threaten their vested interests is a core part of the literature on sustainable energy transitions, but more often asserted in general than tested in specific cases. This article presents analysis of a detailed study of the introduction of a Capacity Market (CM) for electricity in Great Britain in the period 2010–2011, using a process tracing approach. …
Creating protective space for innovation in electricity distribution networks in Great Britain: The politics of institutional change
Innovation in electricity distribution networks will be an important element in the transition to a sustainable low-carbon energy system. The nature of networks as regulated monopolies means that the locus of the evolution of protective space for innovation is regulatory institutions, and that the politics of creating protective space is the politics of institutional change. In this paper, I examine the case of Britain, where protective space for…
How Do Right-Wing Populist Parties Influence Climate and Renewable Energy Policies? Evidence from OECD Countries
There is increasing evidence that right-wing populist parties (RWPPs) and their supporters are hostile to climate and low-carbon energy policies. In this article, we provide a quantitative analysis of the effects of RWPP representation in the legislature and executive on climate and renewable energy policy for a number of countries in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development over the period 2007–2018. After controlling for other…
Policy feedback and institutional context in energy transitions
Interest in policy feedback processes in energy transitions has grown rapidly in recent years. However, while it has provided interesting accounts of the mechanisms of stability or change, the policy feedback framework begs the question of why policy feedback dynamics vary so widely across cases. Existing accounts have tended to focus on the influence of ideas on policy design and on the role of interest groups. By contrast, the role of backgroun…
Fossil Fuel Subsidy Reform, Rent Management and Political Fragmentation in Developing Countries
Over the last decade, pressure to reduce subsidies for energy (especially fossil fuels) in developing countries has mounted, but reform is politically controversial. The debate on reform is dominated by a liberal narrative that employs an understanding of energy subsidies as political rent, based on public choice theory. Here, it is argued that this approach takes too static and limited a view of rent, and that engagement with theories of the sta…
Structure and Behavior in the Social Demography of Africa
The aim was to identify alternative ways for social demographers to use ethnographic material and to overcome some of the deficits of structural-functional anthropology. Macro-social modeling is useful and micro-social approaches should be viewed as complementary and a fusion of structural and observed action-based analysis. Macro-level analysis provides easily quantifiable tests; micro-level analysis includes many methodological problems but all…
Fertility and Household Labour in Tanzania: Demography, Economy, and Society in Rufiji District, c.1870–1986
This book is a study of human, social, and economic reproduction in Rufiji, a district of coastal Tanzania. It contains two parts, each of which addresses a particular question. In the first half I ask how fertility in Rufiji changed over the twentieth century, and what social and economic transformations were involved. In the second half, attention shifts to one village, Mng’aru, and I examine the influence of household demography on the work pa…
A hard Act to follow? The evolution and performance of UK climate governance
This article provides an analysis of the origins and effects of UK climate governance. It is centrally concerned with the relationships between politics and climate institutions, both in how political conditions have shaped the emergence of climate governance, and in how the resulting institutions subsequently structure climate politics. The analysis brings out three key themes. First, a focus on the CCA can overlook the enduring importance of th…
The acceleration of low-carbon transitions: Insights, concepts, challenges, and new directions for research
Given that several low-carbon transitions are now accelerating, what can we say about the drivers, conditions, mechanisms, and dynamics of acceleration? This question is widely discussed in policy and academic circles, but so far there is little attempt to develop a more comprehensive answer that considers the pluralistic and heterogeneous nature of what acceleration is, how it comes about, and how it can be studied moving forward. To provide a m…
The governance of industry rules and energy system innovation: The case of codes in Great Britain
Detailed energy industry rules are crucial to realising policy goals, but typically overlooked. • Governance arrangements determine ease of rule change for policy goals. • Delegation is a widespread institutional design principle but has risks of capture and inertia. • The case of code governance in Britain gives a demonstration of these risks. • A reform agenda is outlined and wider lessons drawn out
Policies, politics and demand side innovations: The untold story of Germany’s energy transition
This article shines a light on a less examined aspect of sustainable energy transitions: governing for demand side innovations in Germany. Demand innovations are considered to be central to affordable, efficient and politically acceptable energy system transformations, however many argue that not enough is being done in governance terms. In a departure from much analysis on demand policy demand innovations are defined broadly here to explicitly i…
Fertility and Household Labour in Tanzania: Demography, Economy, and Society in Rufiji District, c. 1870-1986
Matthew Lockwood, Fertility and Household Labour in Tanzania: demography, economy, and society in Rufiji District, c. 1870-1986. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998, £35.00, ISBN 0 19 828752 4. - Volume 71 Issue 2
Love ye therefore the strangers’: Immigration and the criminal law in early modern England
This article offers a comprehensive examination of the relationship between foreign residents and the criminal law in early modern England, as well as an investigation of trials ‘de medietate lingue’, trials with half-English and half-foreign juries, in theory and practice. Because England witnessed both a series of foreign migrations and a series of geo-political crises in the years between 1674 and 1750, the article charts patterns of foreign p…
A Tale of Two Milibands: From Environmental Citizenship to the Politics of the Common Good
Two different proposals for a political basis for a low carbon transformation in Britain have been put forward in recent years by the Miliband brothers. In 2006, David Miliband argued for a new ‘environmental contract’ between state and citizens, in the spirit of the post‐war social contract. Last year Ed Miliband proposed a ‘politics of the common good’. The historical sociology of citizenship suggests that the environmental contract approach wi…
Reproduction and Poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa
In this article I explore some of the relationships between poverty and reproduction in Africa. Much thinking about these issues has been based on a particular understanding of fertility -one which relates poverty to high fertility via a shortage of labour power and insecurity However, some recent work looks at reproduction in sub-Saharan Africa in a rather different way. I briefly outline that work, and then try to draw out the implications for …
Books reviewed
Johannes Fabian, Language and Colonial Power (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987). Pp. viii and 206. £25.00 Dorothy O. Helly, Livingstone's Legacy: Horace Waller and Victorian Mythmaking (Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 1987). Pp. xviii + 404. £37.95. Shula Marks and Stanley Trapido, The Politics of Race, Class and Nationalism. (London and New York: Longman, 1987). Pp. xiii + 462. £9.95 paperback Phyllis Lewsen, Voices of Protest. (…
Food Security and Environmental Degradation in Northern Nigeria: Demographic Perspectives
OS Rs//rIfe, 1991. vol 22 so 3. teslitsle of Development Studies, Sussex demographic motivation and behaviour, it is necessary to examine these causes and effects at the level of individuals and households, rather than at district or state level.4 The next section sketches an outline of the debate over population pressure as a cause of degradation and food insecurity in Hausaland, and the reasons for its inconclusiveness. It is argued that more a…
Cattle, Women and Wells: Managing Household Survival in the Sahel
Journal Article Cattle, Women and Wells: Managing Household Survival in the Sahel Get access Cattle, Women and Wells: Managing Household Survival in the Sahel, by Camilla Toulmin. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1992. xiv + 295 pp. £37.50 hardback. ISBN 019 829006 3 MATTHEW LOCKWOOD MATTHEW LOCKWOOD University of Sussex Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar African Affairs, Volume 93, Issue 372, July 1994, Pages 453–45…
Structure and Behavior in the Social Demography of Africa
The aim was to identify alternative ways for social demographers to use ethnographic material and to overcome some of the deficits of structural-functional anthropology. Macro-social modeling is useful and micro-social approaches should be viewed as complementary and a fusion of structural and observed action-based analysis. Macro-level analysis provides easily quantifiable tests; micro-level analysis includes many methodological problems but all…
Sons of the soil? Population growth, environmental change and men's reproductive intentions in northern Nigeria
This paper is about two radically different views of the relatonship between population and environment, based on detailed interviews with a small group of male farmers in northern Nigeria. The study was aimed at understanding why poor people in areas of environmental pressure and land scarcity continue to have large families. Conventional academic explanations for this, based on economic models, attach great importance to the relationship betwee…
Reproduction and Poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa
In this article I explore some of the relationships between poverty and reproduction in Africa. Much thinking about these issues has been based on a particular understanding of fertility -one which relates poverty to high fertility via a shortage of labour power and insecurity However, some recent work looks at reproduction in sub-Saharan Africa in a rather different way. I briefly outline that work, and then try to draw out the implications for …
Labour and Land in Mng’aru
The importance of demographic factors for household labour allocation and mobility in a rural economy depends crucially on land and labour institutions. Before we can understand how the life cycle and other demographic household features might influence economic activity in Rufiji we must assess (i) the role of wage labour and land acquisition, and (ii) the sexual division of labour. This chapter examines these institutions in Rufiji which form t…
Abbreviations
Title Pages
Inequality and Accumulation in Mng’aru
Rufiji is a poor part of a poor country, and for most people the ceiling on accumulation has been low. A major conclusion in the previous chapter was that accumulation through investment in farming and the employment of wage labour are rare.
The Historical Roots of a Fertility Regime
In Chapter 1 we saw that the available evidence for Rufiji, and the Coast Region of which it is a part, pointed to stagnation of fertility up to around 1950, and a rise thereafter. In the attempt to understand this pattern, the first step must be to identify the immediate or proximate biosocial component causes producing it.
Conclusion
Subject Agricultural Economics Population and Demography Economic Development and Growth Collection: Oxford Scholarship Online
The Historical Demography of Coastal Tanzania
By the standards of historical demography where long series of registers or other records exist, either in Africa or elsewhere,1 writing a demographic history of Rufiji means becoming a detective faced with a minimum of clues. There is an inverse relationship between the specificity of the reconstruction and its distance in time from the present.
The Proximate Determinants of Fertility
In Chapter i we saw that the available evidence for Rufiji, and the Coast Region of which it is a part, pointed to stagnation of fertility up to around 1950, and a rise thereafter. In the attempt to understand this pattern, the first step must be to identify the immediate or proximate biosocial component causes producing it.
Twentieth-century Transformations
The procedures adopted here, and the principles underlying them, are fully explained in Bongaarts and Potter (1983). The usual procedure when using the model is to take the reported total fertility rate (TFR) and build up to a total fecundity rate of between thirteen and seventeen births per woman on the basis of information about each of the proximate determinants. Here, however, we have no detailed information on lactation, which will therefore…
Household Demography and Patterns of Work
Seif Ali Tangu lived near the centre of Mng’aru, in a small house on a field which sloped down towards a valley to the west of the village. In 1986 he had nine children, and in August his wife delivered another. There were seven children aged under 12 years. The eldest boy, a 20-year-old youth, was living in Dar es Salaam. Seif Tangu and his wife were responsible for feeding and clothing all the other children between the two of them. This they c…
Interpretations of Change
From the 1950s we have evidence of rising fertility in Rufiji, and more generally in the Coast. This was a moderate rise, from a low base, leaving total fertility rates in the 1980s still below those in other parts of Tanzania. Much of this rise is attributable to falls in primary and secondary sterility.
Households and Life Cycles in Mng’aru: Norms and Patterns
In order to understand how demographic events and the evolution of households may affect people’s patterns of work, we need accounts of the life cycle of the household and of individual lifecourses. The first step is to grasp what a household in Rufiji is, and how it relates to the organization of labour, consumption, accumulation, and residence, and to the development of families. There are two ways of looking at this. The first is in terms of n…
Fertility and Household Labour in Tanzania: Demography, Economy, and Society in Rufiji District, c.1870–1986
This book is a study of human, social, and economic reproduction in Rufiji, a district of coastal Tanzania. It contains two parts, each of which addresses a particular question. In the first half I ask how fertility in Rufiji changed over the twentieth century, and what social and economic transformations were involved. In the second half, attention shifts to one village, Mng’aru, and I examine the influence of household demography on the work pa…
Gendering Poverty: A Review of Six World Bank African Poverty Assessments
Since the late 1980s, Poverty Assessments have emerged as the most important statements by the World Bank about poverty in particular countries. This article examines, in some depth, a set of Assessments from four sub‐Saharan African countries from a gender perspective. These Assessments display an enormous variation in the extent to which gender is present, and they also show a sharp contrast between the treatment of gender issues in the measure…
Fertility and Household Labour in Tanzania: Demography, Economy, and Society in Rufiji District, c. 1870-1986
Matthew Lockwood, Fertility and Household Labour in Tanzania: demography, economy, and society in Rufiji District, c. 1870-1986. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998, £35.00, ISBN 0 19 828752 4. - Volume 71 Issue 2
Livre-montage: L'Afrique malade de ses États
A Tale of Two Milibands: From Environmental Citizenship to the Politics of the Common Good
Two different proposals for a political basis for a low carbon transformation in Britain have been put forward in recent years by the Miliband brothers. In 2006, David Miliband argued for a new ‘environmental contract’ between state and citizens, in the spirit of the post‐war social contract. Last year Ed Miliband proposed a ‘politics of the common good’. The historical sociology of citizenship suggests that the environmental contract approach wi…
The political sustainability of climate policy: The case of the UK Climate Change Act
This paper assesses the forces working for and against the political sustainability of the UK 2008 Climate Change Act. The adoption of the Act is seen as a landmark commitment to action on climate change, but its implementation has not been studied in any depth. Recent events, including disagreements over the fourth carbon budget and the decarbonisation of the electricity sector, shows that while the Act might appear to lock in a commitment to re…
From Treason to Homicide: Changing Conceptions of the Law of Petty Treason in Early Modern England
In early modern England the crime of treason was not limited to rebellion against the monarch or state, but also included similar rebellions against domestic authority. Women accused of killing their husbands, servants accused of killing their masters and ecclesiastics accused of killing their superiors could be charged with petty treason. Because those charged with petty treason were tried under the rules of treason, positive defences available …
Economics (28 works) · Political science (27 works) · Sociology (26 works) · Geography (21 works) · Politics (20 works) · Law (18 works) · Law (13 works) · Economic system (12 works) · Demography (11 works) · Population (11 works)