Piret Voolaid
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 227094 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Piret Voolaid |
| NOMBRES | Piret |
| APELLIDO | Voolaid |
| FIRMA | VOOLAID P |
| AFILIACIONES | Estonian Literary Museum |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-3917-5882 |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 41 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 37 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 41 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1998 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 2 |
Is It Okay for Pots to Laugh at Kettles? Slovenian, Estonian, and Belarusian Proverbs about Joking and Laughter
Using Wordplay to Create Humor in Estonian, Hungarian and Belarusian Covid-19 Memes
Wordplay is one of the most recurrent techniques used to create humor, and it is often among the first forms of humor to appear as a reaction to disastrous events ( Kuipers 2002). In this article, we categorize wordplay in COVID-19 humor according to the type of wordplay that accounts for the humorous effect. The analysis reveals that most of the wordplay humor in memes and jokes is based on paronymy, homonymy, with its subtypes of homography and…
The Elderly in Proverbs
From a methodological and folkloristic perspective, the article explores attitudes toward older people and aging in Slovene and Estonian proverbs based on archival paremiological material collected from the second half of the 19th century to the present day. Various aspects of old age and ageing are also reflected in the rich tradition of proverbs. As can be seen from the examined material, proverbs related to the elderly and to ageing reflect es…
Naeruga teritatud pliiats
From 14 March to 31 August an exhibition entitled “The Mei Sisters: Avant-garde and Ordinary Life” was mounted at KUMU, the Estonian Museum of Art. In the last hours before it closed, it was possible to enjoy the exhibition with the competent guidance of curators Ulrika Jõemägi and Kai Stahl. Also, at the initiation of folklorist Piret Voolaid, a panel discussion took place entitled “A Pencil Sharpened by Laughter: Humour as freedom in the works …
Sotsiaal-kultuuriline vaade eesti ja sloveeni alkoholiteemalistele vanasõnadele
Iidsetest aegadest saati on alkoholi sisaldavad joogid olnud kultuurilistes väljendustes olulised ja kuulunud eri rahvaste tähtpäevatavade juurde. Need on olnud näiteks seotud muistsete bakhanaalide ning muude maagiliste ja tähtsate rituaalidega. Veini tunneme tänini ristiusu traditsiooniliste rituaalide osana – Jeesus muutis vee veiniks, vein tähistab tema verd – ning veini osatähtsust nüüdisaegsetel vastuvõttudel, eraviisilistel tähtsündmustel …
Representations of Gender in Estonian Graffiti and Street Art
The paper focuses on gender aspects in graffiti and street art as context- and communication-based cultural phenomena. The key issues tackled here are how gender aspects and gender-based communication are expressed in graffiti and the nature of the gendered aesthetics of street art. The analysis aims to identify gender clichés in graffiti, illustrating stereotypical views from a broader sociocultural perspective. The study also highlights the rol…
A Sociocultural View of Estonian and Slovenian Proverbs on Alcohol and Drinking
This article explores Estonian and Slovenian proverbs related to alcohol and drinking with the aim of interpreting these proverbs in their broader sociocultural context and analysing the controversies embedded in proverbs on this topic. Considering that alcohol is not consumed in the same form everywhere, the article examines Slovenian material as representative of the geographical region of Southern Europe and the Slavic language group, and Esto…
Representations of Distance Learning in the Memes of the First Wave of the Covid-19 Pandemic
Among the many restrictions implemented at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, the transition from face-to-face learning to distance learning was perhaps the most important one. The article analyses representations on distance learning in humorous memes, highlighting the different perspectives to distance learning - those of students, teachers, and parents. The paper addresses the following research questions: Which local and global features …
Introduction
The current issue of the journal Folklore: Electronic Journal of Folklore was created as a collaboration between Estonian and Slovenian folklorists and ethnologists within the joint bilateral project, 'Slovenian and Estonian Contemporary School Lore'. The main objective of the project was to analyse and compare the contemporary school lore, its collecting, use, and dynamics in two European countries with different geographical positions and chara…
Fännikultuuri loomine koroonakriisis Eesti ja Valgevene jalgpallijuhtumite näitel
The comparative study analyses the relationship between sports culture and the COVID-19 crisis based on the case studies of fan groups in Estonia and Belarus. Sports and the COVID-19 pandemic are closely interconnected. In the Estonian case, the official analysis results testify that during the first COVID-19 wave in spring 2020 the most affected region in the country was Saaremaa Island, where the virus was literally blown into the air by fan bu…
Kaugõppe kujutamine Covid-19 pandeemia esimese laine meemides
Restrictions and special measures were imposed around the world to prevent the spread of the COVID-19 virus, one of the most important of which was certainly the reorganization of learning and work as a home-based activity. During the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, schools in Estonia remained closed from 16 March 2020 until the end of the schoolyear; further periods of countrywide distance learning were imposed also throughout the 2020/2021…
Vernacular Reactions to Covid-19 in Estonia
The objective of the article is to give an overview of the vernacular reactions to the corona crisis in Estonia, based on COVID-19-related folklore collected from written, oral, and online sources from March to June 2020, i.e., during the emergency situation established due to the coronavirus. The methodological approach of the article was a context-dependent comparative content analysis studying the functioning of thematic texts in the wider tra…
Koroonakriisi rahvapärased väljendused Eestis
2020. aasta läheb maailma ajalukku koroonaviiruse SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandeemia aastana. 2019. aasta detsembris Hiinas Wuhani linnas alguse saanud viirusepuhang jõudis Eestisse 26. veebruaril 2020, kui ametlikult tuvastati esimene nakatunu. 12. märtsist 17. maini samal aastal kestis Eestis valitsuse kehtestatud eriolukord, mil kasutati viiruse leviku tõkestamiseks erimeetmeid: keelatud olid avalikud kogunemised, sh kultuurisündmused, konverent…
Eesti spordikommentaatorite ütlused rahvahuumori allikana
Spordiülekandeid kommenteerivate ajakirjanike – spordikommentaatorite – töö on tähelepanuväärne kogu maailmas. Põhja-Ameerikas näiteks võivad mõjukamad neist pääseda valdkondlikku kuulsuste halli (Sports Broadcasting Hall of Fame), Venemaal on aga loodud assotsiatsioon (Российская ассоциация спортивных комментаторов), mis on muuhulgas seadnud eesmärgiks uute kommentaatorite koolitamise (vt nt Kalenjuk 2019: 8). Spordikommentaatorite lennukas keel…
Tabust saab kommunikatsioon
The Internet affects the adaption and translation of humour through faster dissemination, but also by influencing the content. This influence is especially palpable in languages that recycle – adapt and translate – texts from mostly English-language jokelore and meme pools. This article gives an overview of humorous memes created in response to taboo and concealment of two doping scandals (Lance Armstrong in 2012, and cross-country skiers in Febr…
Emergency-Period Corona Lore in the Sphere of Interest of the Researchers of the Department of Folkloristics of the Estonian Literary Museum
On 12 March 2020, the Government of the Republic of Estonia announced emergency situation in Estonia until 1 May and imposed special measures to hinder the spread of COVID-19. Although public gatherings had already been banned, the international conference under the heading "Between individual and collective trauma", with Liisi Laineste, senior research fellow of the Department of Folkloristics of the Estonian Literary Museum (ELM), as the main o…
Soolisuse esitamine Eesti grafitis ja tänavakunstis / Representing of gender in Estonian graffiti and street art
Artiklis on tähelepanu all sooline aspekt grafitis ja tänavakunstis kui konteksti- ja kommunikatsioonikeskses kultuuriilmingus. Põhiküsimused on, kuidas soolisus ja sooline kommunikatsioon grafitis avaldub ning milline on grafiti soolisustatud esteetika. Analüüs osutab soolistele klišeedele grafitis ja näitab stereotüüpseid arusaamu laiemas sotsiokultuurilises tähenduses. Teisalt toob uurimus esile ka grafiti ja tänavakunsti rolli sooliste stereo…
Sõimuväljendid
kui emotsionaalselt tugeva laenguga vljenditest, viisakasse knepruuki mittekuuluvatest snadest, mis annavad edasi kneleja vi kiruja/simaja tundeid
Context- and Belief-Related Aspects of Estonian Riddles
This article studies the belief-related context (of use) of Estonian riddles. The study is based on archival records dating back to the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth centuries, which are concerned with solving riddles and primarily reflect the way that people in a peasant society thought. In addition to the studies that focus on texts of regular riddles (e.g. dealing with poetics or geographical dispersion), this paper disc…
Swearing
In this study we will comparatively analyse swearing material form Slovenian and Estonian language in order to show the lexical and structural similarities/differences between swearing and incantations present in the material as to argue that swearing is not only a manner to give voice to taboos, but is similar with incantations. The basic premise underlying the analysis is the existence of the “go to X” formula found both in the material and in …
Laughing across borders
Internet humour flourishes on social network sites, special humour-dedicated sites and on web pages focusing on edutainment or infotainment. Its increasing pervasiveness has to do with the positive functions that humour is nowadays believed to carry – its bonding, affiliative and generally beneficial qualities. Internet humour, like other forms of cultural communication in this medium, passes along from person to person, and may scale (quickly or…
Eesti rahvussport – suurtest narratiividest variatiivse ja humoorika/iroonilise rahvaretoorikani
Teesid: Artiklis keskendun mistete Eesti rahvussport, uus Eesti rahvussport, Eesti rahvuslik spordiala all tuntud alade tnapevastele kasutustavadele nii internetimeedia kui ka rahvaksitluse phjal
Mõistatused ja mõistatamine Virumaal
The article gives an overview of riddles written down in their diversity throughout times in the parishes of Virumaa. The author analyses both the old (classical) and newer layer, including changes in the function and usage context as well as the usership. In addition to the dynamics of form and content layer of riddle texts, attention is parallelly paid to the social functions of the genre, which reflect in the small number of records of usage c…
Värvisõnad ja värvisümbolid eesti mõistatuste alaliikides
The article analyses colour names in the three most widely spread subgenres of Estonian riddles – classical or ordinary riddles, conondrums, and droodles – focusing on the specific features of each subgenre and their specific differences. The main questions concern the more frequent colour names by subgenres, their more general usage relations, and the use of colours in image creation. Classical riddles belong to a more archaic layer and are, by …
Proverbial expressions in newspapers. A study in Estonia, Finland, and Slovenia
This article 1 examines proverbs and proverbial expressions in contemporary newspaper contexts and in everyday use in three languages: Estonian, Finnish, and Slovenian. Print editions of the Estonian newspapers Postimees and Tartu Postimees, the Finnish newspapers Helsingin sanomat, salon seudun sanomat, and Perninseudun Lehti, and the Slovenian newspaper Dnevnik were scanned for use of proverbial material during May 2013. From the reader's point…
Laughing across borders
Internet humour flourishes on social network sites, special humour-dedicated sites and on web pages focusing on edutainment or infotainment. Its increasing pervasiveness has to do with the positive functions that humour is nowadays believed to carry – its bonding, affiliative and generally beneficial qualities. Internet humour, like other forms of cultural communication in this medium, passes along from person to person, and may scale (quickly or…
Vernacular Reactions to Covid-19 in Estonia
The objective of the article is to give an overview of the vernacular reactions to the corona crisis in Estonia, based on COVID-19-related folklore collected from written, oral, and online sources from March to June 2020, i.e., during the emergency situation established due to the coronavirus. The methodological approach of the article was a context-dependent comparative content analysis studying the functioning of thematic texts in the wider tra…
Representations of Distance Learning in the Memes of the First Wave of the Covid-19 Pandemic
Among the many restrictions implemented at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, the transition from face-to-face learning to distance learning was perhaps the most important one. The article analyses representations on distance learning in humorous memes, highlighting the different perspectives to distance learning - those of students, teachers, and parents. The paper addresses the following research questions: Which local and global features …
Swearing
In this study we will comparatively analyse swearing material form Slovenian and Estonian language in order to show the lexical and structural similarities/differences between swearing and incantations present in the material as to argue that swearing is not only a manner to give voice to taboos, but is similar with incantations. The basic premise underlying the analysis is the existence of the “go to X” formula found both in the material and in …
Eesti rahvussport – suurtest narratiividest variatiivse ja humoorika/iroonilise rahvaretoorikani
Teesid: Artiklis keskendun mistete Eesti rahvussport, uus Eesti rahvussport, Eesti rahvuslik spordiala all tuntud alade tnapevastele kasutustavadele nii internetimeedia kui ka rahvaksitluse phjal
Proverbial expressions in newspapers. A study in Estonia, Finland, and Slovenia
This article 1 examines proverbs and proverbial expressions in contemporary newspaper contexts and in everyday use in three languages: Estonian, Finnish, and Slovenian. Print editions of the Estonian newspapers Postimees and Tartu Postimees, the Finnish newspapers Helsingin sanomat, salon seudun sanomat, and Perninseudun Lehti, and the Slovenian newspaper Dnevnik were scanned for use of proverbial material during May 2013. From the reader's point…
Children's Funny Remarks in the Field of Linguistic Humour Theory
The article analyses, from folkloristic and humour theoretical aspects, humorous material of children's remarks collected during the all-Estonian kindergarten folklore collection campaign held from October 2010 to January 2011
Click 'Like' and Post It on Your Wall! Chain Posts on Facebook - Identity Construction and Values
The article 1 focuses on chain posts that were collected in the years 2010-2012 and spread predominantly among girls of ten to twelve on Facebook (facebook.com) -a social network that has a membership of over 450,000 in Estonia. The source material comprising approximately 220 texts is similar by form and content to chain letters known from earlier tradition; yet, the web environment with its specific technical structure allows the texts to turn …
Humorous Interpretations of Abbreviations as a Socio-Cultural Phenomenon
The article discusses the nature of abbreviation jokes, the possible formulation principles, relations to humour and slang and the way their interpretation depends on the socio-cultural context.The abbreviated riddle corpus, (ca 3,000 texts of about 330 types) stored in the Folklore Archives of the Estonian Literary Museum, constitutes the source material for the study.The material has been systematised and presented in the database Eesti lühendm…
Keerdküsimusest nii ja teisiti
Ksimus
Jaanuar, veerpalu, märts, aprill, mae… Pilk spordimaailma läbi folklooriprisma
Folkloor kui traditsiooniline primus on mitmetahuline nhtus, mis haarab kiki hiskonnakihte. Folkloori saab mratleda kasutajaskonna ehk primusrhma sotsiaalse staatuse, ameti, etnilise tausta, usu, elukoha vi kskik millise muu kriteeriumi phjal, mis annab vimaluse rkida piiritletud liikmeskonnast (Honko 1998: 56). Primusrhmas folkloorina kibiva ainese skaala vib olla
Constructing Digital Databases of the Periphery of Estonian Riddles. Database Estonian Droodles
(2) the rest (45.000 variants) consists of peripheral riddle forms, such as: conundrums (Kuidas sa tead, et elevant on voodi all? – Voodi on lae all. ‘How do you know the elephant is under the bed? – The bed is under the ceiling’) with approx. 25.000 variants; (compound) puns (Missugune suu ei raagi? – Kotisuu. ‘Which mouth can not speak? – A bag’s mouth.’) approx. 5.000 variants; initial letter puzzles (J-ga ilmas olen toiduks, R-iga massu jarel…
Hundi, kitse ja kapsapea üle jõe viimine. ATU 1579 metamorfoosid
rahvusvahelises jututbikataloogis numbriga ATU 1579 1 registreeritud see (Hundi, kitse ja kapsapea le je viimine) kibimine jutu ja mistatusena ning traditsioonilistest primusliikidest lhtuvad vormid, mis on seda seed aegade jooksul mbritsenud. Lisaks jutu-ja mistatuseanrile on tnapeva tehnoloogilises maailmas see
Koolipärimuse kogumisest Noarootsis ja Vormsis 2006. aasta kevadel
The article reviews the project of collecting school lore, instigated by Nordens Institut på Åland (the Nordic Institute on Åland) which aim was to collect school lore from Åland (Finland), Gotland (Sweden) and the former regions of coastal Swedes in Estonia in spring 2006. The collected material was published in a Swedish-language joke anthology Det var en ko och det var poängen (’Once there was a cow - and that’s it!’), in which the Estonian ma…
Carrying a Wolf, a Goat, and a Cabbage across the Stream. Metamorphoses of ATU 1579
The article discusses the functioning of the plot of a fixed tale type ATU 1579 (Carrying a Wolf, a Goat, and a Cabbage across the Stream) as a riddle and a narrative and its forms which have surrounded the plot and originate in traditional folklore genres. Folklore, reconstructed and placed in new contexts, emerges in new genres. In the present computer era, the plot has not only emerged in narrative and riddle genre, but has emerged in an entir…
Zoofolkloorseid aspekte eesti keerdküsimustes, liitsõnamängudes ja piltmõistatustes
The study focuses on the use of animals in three major recently emerged subgenres of what has become to be called riddle periphery: conundrums, compound word games, and droodles.• Compound word games are direct “wh”-questions, e.g., Q: How do you put an elephant in the fridge? A: 1. Open the fridge. 2. Put the elephant inside. 3. Close the fridge.• Droodles mostly consist of a visual image serving as the question and the description of the image …
Narrative droodles as humorous miniature fairy tales
The article is based on the online database “Estonian Droodles” (available at http://www.folklore.ee/Droodles , containing 7,200 droodles collected from 1963 up to the present), which includes a number of longer visual narrative riddles (about 430 text variants, 79 types, i.e. different droodles). The question component of the so-called ‘narrative droodles’, or ‘droodle tales’, is a verbally transmitted tale visualised by means of a pictorial ima…
Humorous Interpretations of Abbreviations as a Socio-Cultural Phenomenon
The article discusses the nature of abbreviation jokes, the possible formulation principles, relations to humour and slang and the way their interpretation depends on the socio-cultural context.The abbreviated riddle corpus, (ca 3,000 texts of about 330 types) stored in the Folklore Archives of the Estonian Literary Museum, constitutes the source material for the study.The material has been systematised and presented in the database Eesti lühendm…
Täägin, järelikult olen olemas. Paröömiline pilguheit Tartu grafitile
The article observes the paremic (proverbial-phraseological) element in public space in Tartu, the second largest city in Estonia. The author concentrates on dynamic spaces which are freely accessible to all, without any limitations (incl. important elements of urban space, such as shopping centres, cultural and leisure time centres, stations), and involve the values, symbols and signs of urban life.The aim of the writing is to analyse the nature…
We Believe! Online Representations of the Olympic Winner as a Mythic Hero
This article 1 is a study of the doping scandal that broke out in April 2011 and concerned the esteemed Estonian sportsman and Olympic gold medal winner, Andrus Veerpalu. The current analysis is based on the material collected from the Estonian online media throughout two years, from April 2011 to March 2013, during which Andrus Veerpalu's court case was actively followed by the Estonian sports circles and laymen alike. We will analyse how the im…
Click 'Like' and Post It on Your Wall! Chain Posts on Facebook - Identity Construction and Values
The article 1 focuses on chain posts that were collected in the years 2010-2012 and spread predominantly among girls of ten to twelve on Facebook (facebook.com) -a social network that has a membership of over 450,000 in Estonia. The source material comprising approximately 220 texts is similar by form and content to chain letters known from earlier tradition; yet, the web environment with its specific technical structure allows the texts to turn …
Olümpiavõitja kui rahvuskangelane
The aim of the paper is to analyse the collective expression of attitudes elicited by the doping scandal that concerned the esteemed Estonian cross-country skier and Olympic gold medal winner, Andrus Veerpalu. The paper provides an insight into the evolution of an athlete into a national hero on the Internet. The analysis is based on the material collected from Estonian online media during two years (from April 2011 to March 2013), when Andrus …
Lapsesuufolkloor lingvistilise huumoriteooria vaateväljas
Lapse silmade ja otsekohese suu läbi vahendatud reaalsuse humoristlike peegeldustega oleme kõik vähem või rohkem kokku puutunud. Oma igapäevaelus teevad seda ilmselt kõige rohkem lapsevanemad, kellel on võimalus lapse kasvamist vahetult tunnistada, aga kindlasti ka lasteaiaõpetajad, kes on lapsega tema argipäevastel ärkvelolekuaegadel enamgi koos kui vanemad. Levinud kommet laste ütlusi kirja panna võib tänapäeval käsitleda [...]
Proverbial Expressions in Newspapers. A Study in Estonia, Finland, and Slovenia
This article examines proverbs and proverbial expressions in contemporary newspaper contexts and in everyday use in three languages: Estonian, Finnish, and Slovenian. Print editions of the Estonian newspapers Postimees and Tartu Postimees, the Finnish newspapers Helsingin Sanomat, Salon Seudun Sanomat, and Perniönseudun Lehti, and the Slovenian newspaper Dnevnik were scanned for use of proverbial material during May 2013. From the reader’s point …
Värvisõnad ja värvisümbolid eesti mõistatuste alaliikides
The article analyses colour names in the three most widely spread subgenres of Estonian riddles – classical or ordinary riddles, conondrums, and droodles – focusing on the specific features of each subgenre and their specific differences. The main questions concern the more frequent colour names by subgenres, their more general usage relations, and the use of colours in image creation. Classical riddles belong to a more archaic layer and are, by …
Proverbial expressions in newspapers. A study in Estonia, Finland, and Slovenia
This article 1 examines proverbs and proverbial expressions in contemporary newspaper contexts and in everyday use in three languages: Estonian, Finnish, and Slovenian. Print editions of the Estonian newspapers Postimees and Tartu Postimees, the Finnish newspapers Helsingin sanomat, salon seudun sanomat, and Perninseudun Lehti, and the Slovenian newspaper Dnevnik were scanned for use of proverbial material during May 2013. From the reader's point…
Children's Funny Remarks in the Field of Linguistic Humour Theory
The article analyses, from folkloristic and humour theoretical aspects, humorous material of children's remarks collected during the all-Estonian kindergarten folklore collection campaign held from October 2010 to January 2011
Laughing across borders
Internet humour flourishes on social network sites, special humour-dedicated sites and on web pages focusing on edutainment or infotainment. Its increasing pervasiveness has to do with the positive functions that humour is nowadays believed to carry – its bonding, affiliative and generally beneficial qualities. Internet humour, like other forms of cultural communication in this medium, passes along from person to person, and may scale (quickly or…
Eesti rahvussport – suurtest narratiividest variatiivse ja humoorika/iroonilise rahvaretoorikani
Teesid: Artiklis keskendun mistete Eesti rahvussport, uus Eesti rahvussport, Eesti rahvuslik spordiala all tuntud alade tnapevastele kasutustavadele nii internetimeedia kui ka rahvaksitluse phjal
Mõistatused ja mõistatamine Virumaal
The article gives an overview of riddles written down in their diversity throughout times in the parishes of Virumaa. The author analyses both the old (classical) and newer layer, including changes in the function and usage context as well as the usership. In addition to the dynamics of form and content layer of riddle texts, attention is parallelly paid to the social functions of the genre, which reflect in the small number of records of usage c…
Swearing
In this study we will comparatively analyse swearing material form Slovenian and Estonian language in order to show the lexical and structural similarities/differences between swearing and incantations present in the material as to argue that swearing is not only a manner to give voice to taboos, but is similar with incantations. The basic premise underlying the analysis is the existence of the “go to X” formula found both in the material and in …
Sõimuväljendid
kui emotsionaalselt tugeva laenguga vljenditest, viisakasse knepruuki mittekuuluvatest snadest, mis annavad edasi kneleja vi kiruja/simaja tundeid
Context- and Belief-Related Aspects of Estonian Riddles
This article studies the belief-related context (of use) of Estonian riddles. The study is based on archival records dating back to the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth centuries, which are concerned with solving riddles and primarily reflect the way that people in a peasant society thought. In addition to the studies that focus on texts of regular riddles (e.g. dealing with poetics or geographical dispersion), this paper disc…
Koroonakriisi rahvapärased väljendused Eestis
2020. aasta läheb maailma ajalukku koroonaviiruse SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandeemia aastana. 2019. aasta detsembris Hiinas Wuhani linnas alguse saanud viirusepuhang jõudis Eestisse 26. veebruaril 2020, kui ametlikult tuvastati esimene nakatunu. 12. märtsist 17. maini samal aastal kestis Eestis valitsuse kehtestatud eriolukord, mil kasutati viiruse leviku tõkestamiseks erimeetmeid: keelatud olid avalikud kogunemised, sh kultuurisündmused, konverent…
Art (17 obras) · Philosophy (15 obras) · Estonian (14 obras) · History (14 obras) · Linguistics (14 obras) · Sociology (14 obras) · Folklore, Mythology, and Literature Studies (12 obras) · Literature (11 obras) · Psychology (9 obras) · Anthropology (8 obras)