Roeland Van Hout
Biographic Data
| ID | 228420 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Roeland Van Hout |
| GIVEN NAMES | Roeland |
| FAMILY NAME | Van Hout |
| SIGNATURE | VAN HOUT R |
| AFFILIATIONS | Radboud University Nijmegen |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-8870-1631 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 74 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 122 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 73 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 1 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1985 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 7 |
Recognizing vocal emotions in two unfamiliar languages: Universal patterns versus cultural and prosodic proximity
This study investigates cross-cultural and cross-linguistic vocal emotion recognition by testing American English and French listeners (Listener Language) listening to vocal emotions produced in Dutch and Korean (Speaker Language). Both listener groups recognized all emotions above chance, except for Pride in Korean by American English listeners (0.08), thereby supporting the Universality hypothesis (Elfenbein, H. A. 2013. Nonverbal dialects and …
Interpreting the Intensity of Vocal Emotions Across Cultures
Intensity is a fundamental dimension of emotions that affects their perception. However, theoretical and empirical studies on intensity, particularly in the vocal domain, remain limited. Furthermore, research on the effects of emotional dimensions (e.g., arousal, valence, and basicness) on intensity ratings remains sparse. This study investigates cross‐cultural intensity ratings using the Demo (Dutch) and Koremo (Korean) corpora, each based on ei…
Differential Effects of Age, Linguistic Distance, Gender, and Education on English Proficiency: A Comparative Crosslinguistic Study of Immersion and Nonimmersion Learners
Do immersion and nonimmersion learners’ English grammaticality judgment test (GJT) scores reflect the same underlying processes in language learning? Drawing on data from Chen and Hartshorne's (2021) study, we argue that they do not. Using generalized additive mixed models (GAMMs), we found that age of onset was the strongest predictor of GJT performance among immersion learners, whereas linguistic distance was the most influential variable for n…
Linguistic distance effects on country Toefl scores between 2005 and 2020 and the effect of morphological distance in particular
We analysed aggregated TOEFL scores from over 15 million non-immersion learners across 127 countries and 65 first languages (L1s), spanning a 16-year period (2005–20). This extensive dataset enabled us to investigate not only the effects of various country-level characteristics – including linguistic distances – but also the dynamic nature of these effects over time. To capture complex, non-linear interactions, we applied a generalized additive m…
The economics of L2 English. Evidence from 2.0 mln subjects suggests an economics of language framework to account for country differences in L2 English proficiency
Contains fulltext : 309861.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access)
Water and Sheep: The Pronunciation and Geographical Distribution of Two Germanic Vowels in the Dialects Around the Former Zuiderzee Area
The Zuiderzee area in the Netherlands is a former inlet sea at the heart of the crossroads of three major regional languages. While these regional languages are largely distinct, previous work by the dialectologist Kloeke indicated similarities due to contact over water, notably the realisation of the Proto-West Germanic vowels *ā and *a. Using various dialectometric methods, we analysed the distribution of these vowels for 121 localities in this…
Consistency and variability in acceptability judgments from naive native speakers
Syntactic theories are typically construed based on acceptability judgments. These judgments are increasingly often collected experimentally, testing larger sets of linguistically naive participants. An important assumption is that participants have a very clear understanding of what it is they are asked to do, which can be assessed by establishing their internal consistency. The question we address in this paper is whether ‘human measuring instr…
Two roads diverged in a linguistic wood, and we have to travel both
Amsterdam University Press is a leading publisher of academic books, journals and textbooks in the Humanities and Social Sciences. Our aim is to make current research available to scholars, students, innovators, and the general public. AUP stands for scholarly excellence, global presence, and engagement with the international academic community
Nativeness perceptions and speaker voice as predictors of (non-)native English speaker evaluations in four ELF contexts
n Contains fulltext :\n 310085.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access)\n
The Case for a Quantitative Approach to the Study of Nonnative Accent Features
Research with nonnative speech spans many different linguistic branches and topics. Most studies include one or a few well-known features of a particular accent. However, due to a lack of empirical studies, little is known about how common these features are among nonnative speakers or how uncommon they are among native speakers. Moreover, it remains to be seen whether findings from such studies generalize to lesser-known features. Here, we demon…
Cross-linguistic constraints and lineage-specific developments in the semantics of cutting and breaking in Japonic and Germanic
Semantic variation in the cutting and breaking domain has been shown to be constrained across languages in a previous typological study, but it was unclear whether Japanese was an outlier in this domain. Here we revisit cutting and breaking in the Japonic language area by collecting new naming data for 40 videoclips depicting cutting and breaking events in Standard Japanese, the highly divergent Tohoku dialects, as well as four related Ryukyuan l…
Linguistic dissimilarity increases age-related decline in adult language learning
We investigated age-related decline in adult learning of Dutch as an additional language (L n ) in speaking, writing, listening, and reading proficiency test scores for 56,024 adult immigrants with 50 L1s who came to the Netherlands for study or work. Performance for all four language skills turned out to decline monotonically after an age of arrival of about 25 years, similar to developmental trajectories observed in earlier aging research on ad…
Primary-school teachers’ beliefs about the effects of early-English education in the Dutch context: Communicative scope, disadvantaged learning, and their skills in teaching English
We investigated whether primary-school teachers’ beliefs towards early-English education are related to the type of English education they are involved in (early- or later-English schools), their English language skills and whether they teach English. Ninety-nine Dutch teachers filled in a questionnaire with 25 statements about early-English education, and assessed their own English speaking proficiency. Their beliefs were based on the effects of…
Why do we say them when we know it should be they ? Twitter as a resource for investigating nonstandard syntactic variation in The Netherlands
Two Twitter-based corpus studies are reported to account for the increasing preference in The Netherlands for the stigmatized subject use of the object pronoun hun ‘them.’ Twitter data were collected to obtain a sufficient number of hun -tokens, but also to investigate the validity of two hypotheses on the preference for hun , this is, that subject- hun is a contrast profiler which thrives in contexts of evaluation and qualification, and that sub…
Tracing and classifying German intensifiers via information theory
Manifold code-mixing in computer-mediated communication: The use of English in Dutch youths’ informal online writing
The pervasiveness of the English language in society and education in the Netherlands, as well as its status as online lingua franca, has caused concerns. English is a manifest aspect of oral youth language, as reflected in online written messages, but has in no way replaced the Dutch language. This paper presents a large-scale corpus analysis of computer-mediated communication by Dutch youths. These social media messages (392,169 words in total)…
Stability and change in the colour lexicon of the Japonic languages
Previous work on colour lexicons focussed on universal patterns in their structure and evolution. We collected new colour naming data in Japanese and three under-described Ryukyuan languages (Amami, Miyako and Yaeyama) to investigate semantic variation and change in the colour lexicon of related languages in a modern context. We found several new colour terms (e.g., midori and guriin for ‘green’) in the lexicon of Ryukyuan speakers, apparently re…
On Serendipitous Campus Meetings: A User Survey
With campuses opening up and stimulating interactions among different campus users more and more, we aim to identify the characteristics of successful meeting places (locations) on campus. These can help practitioners such as campus managers and directors to further optimize their campus to facilitate unplanned or serendipitous meetings between academic staff and companies. A survey on three Dutch campuses, including questions on both services an…
Critical Period Claim Revisited: Reanalysis of Hartshorne, Tenenbaum, and Pinker (2018) Suggests Steady Decline and Learner-Type Differences
A reanalysis of data drawn by Hartshorne, Tenenbaum, and Pinker (2018) from two-thirds of a million English speakers showed that their overall conclusion of one sharply defined critical age at 17.4 for all language learners is based on artificial results. We show that instead of a discontinuous exponential learning with sigmoidal decay (ELSD) model, a continuous ELSD model had a better fit when applied separately to monolinguals, bilinguals, and …
Differences in phonological awareness performance: Are there positive or negative effects of bilingual experience
Children who have knowledge of two languages may show better phonological awareness than their monolingual peers (e.g. Bruck & Genesee, 1995 ). It remains unclear how much bilingual experience is needed for such advantages to appear, and whether differences in language or cognitive skills alter the relation between bilingualism and phonological awareness. These questions were investigated in this cross-sectional study. Participants ( n = 294; 4–7…
Using the peabody picture vocabulary test in L2 children and adolescents: Effects of L1
This study investigated to what extent the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT-4) is a reliable tool for measuring vocabulary knowledge of English as a second language (L2), and to what extent L1 characteristics affect test outcomes. The PPVT-4 was administered to Dutch pupils in six different age groups (4-15 years old) who were or were not following an English educational programme at school. Our first finding was that the PPVT-4 was not a re…
A cognitive account of subjectivity put to the test: Using an insertion task to investigate Mandarin result connectives
This article aims to further test the cognitive claims of the so-called subjectivity account of causal events and their linguistic markers, causal connectives. We took Mandarin Chinese, a language that is typologically completely different from the usual western languages, as a case to provide evidence for this subjectivity account. Complementary to the commonly used corpora analyses, we employed crowdsourcing to tap native speakers’ intuitions a…
Patterns of semantic variation differ across body parts: Evidence from the Japonic languages
The human body is central to myriad metaphors, so studying the conceptualisation of the body itself is critical if we are to understand its broader use. One essential but understudied issue is whether languages differ in which body parts they single out for naming. This paper takes a multi-method approach to investigate body part nomenclature within a single language family. Using both a naming task (Study 1) and colouring-in task (Study 2) to co…
Effects of ASR-based websites on EFL learners’ vocabulary, speaking anxiety, and language enjoyment
A vocabulary deficit negatively affects students’ language performance. Emotions such as speaking anxiety and language enjoyment in the English as a Foreign Language (EFL) classroom can affect students’ achievements as well. We investigated the effects of two Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR)-based websites, I Love Indonesia (ILI) and NovoLearning (NOVO), on students’ vocabulary knowledge, speaking anxiety, and language enjoyment. A total of 232…
Variation and change in grammatical gender marking: The case of Dutch ethnolects
Our research on variation in the expression of grammatical gender (in determiners and adnominal inflection) in present-day ethnolectal Dutch is based on interactional speech data collected among 10–12 and 18–20-year-old male adolescents with Turkish, Moroccan and non-immigrant Dutch backgrounds, born and raised in the Dutch cities of Amsterdam or Nijmegen. The cities, which both have multicultural demographic profiles, are located in different di…
Processing Subject-Object Ambiguities in the L2: A Self-Paced Reading Study With German L2 Learners of Dutch
The results of two self-paced reading experiments are reported, which investigated the online processing of subject-object ambiguities in Dutch relative clause constructions like Dat is de vrouw die de meisjes heeft/hebben gezien by German advanced second language (L2) learners of Dutch. Native speakers of both Dutch and German have been shown to have a preference for a subject versus an object reading of such temporarily ambiguous sentences, and…
Modeling lexical borrowability
In this article, we develop analytical techniques to determine borrowability – that is, the ease with which a lexical item or a category of lexical items can be borrowed. The analysis is based on two assumptions: (1) the distribution of items in both the host and donor language should be taken into account to explain why certain items are, and others are not, borrowed; (2) the borrowability of a lexical category may result from a set of (underlyi…
Effects of ASR-based websites on EFL learners’ vocabulary, speaking anxiety, and language enjoyment
A vocabulary deficit negatively affects students’ language performance. Emotions such as speaking anxiety and language enjoyment in the English as a Foreign Language (EFL) classroom can affect students’ achievements as well. We investigated the effects of two Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR)-based websites, I Love Indonesia (ILI) and NovoLearning (NOVO), on students’ vocabulary knowledge, speaking anxiety, and language enjoyment. A total of 232…
The devoicing of fricatives in Standard Dutch: A real-time study based on radio recordings
This article gives a detailed analysis of devoicing of the voiced fricatives /v/, /z/, /y/ in two varieties of Standard Dutch: Southern Standard Dutch (as spoken in Belgium) and Northern Standard Dutch (as spoken in The Netherlands). The study is based on archived recordings of radio broadcasts from 1935 to 1993. First, our study shows a divergence between Southern and Northern Standard Dutch in the pronunciation of voiced fricatives in this peri…
L1 and L2 Distance Effects in Learning L3 Dutch
Many people speak more than two languages. How do languages acquired earlier affect the learnability of additional languages? We show that linguistic distances between speakers' first (L1) and second (L2) languages and their third (L3) language play a role. Larger distances from the L1 to the L3 and from the L2 to the L3 correlate with lower degrees of L3 learnability. The evidence comes from L3 Dutch speaking proficiency test scores obtained by …
Variation in Standard Dutch vowels: The impact of formant measurement methods on identifying the speaker's regional origin
It is common practice in sociophonetics to measure vowel formants at one (monophthongs) or two (diphthongs) time points. This paper compares this traditional target approach with two dynamic approaches for investigating regional patterns of variation: the multiple time point approach, which measures formants at successive time points, and the regression approach, which estimates formant dynamics over time by fitting polynomial regression equation…
Evaluating Regional Accent Variation in Standard Dutch
This article investigates native speakers’ attitudes toward accent variation in Netherlandic Standard Dutch. Adopting the speaker evaluation paradigm, a demographically controlled sample of listener-judges rated spontaneous speech samples that are representative of four regions in the Netherlands, and from which potentially competing linguistic cues (e.g., pitch and intonation) had not been removed. Speech stimuli were rated on a set of scales in…
Watching Dutch Change: A Real Time Study of Variation and Change in Standard Dutch Pronunciation
The study investigates phonological variation and change in two varieties of standard Dutch: southern standard Dutch (spoken in Flanders, the northern part of Belgium) and northern standard Dutch (spoken in the Netherlands). A new source for studying language change in progress is introduced: archived recordings of radio broadcasts. The study covers the period from 1935 to 1993. Changes in progress are studied by a combination of insight and tech…
The role of morphological complexity in predicting the learnability of an additional language: The case of La (additional language) Dutch
Applied linguistics may benefit from a morphological complexity measure to get a better grip on language learning problems and to better understand what kind of typological differences between languages are more important than others in facilitating or impeding adult learning of an additional language. Using speaking proficiency scores of 9,000 adult learners of Dutch as an additional language, we reproduced the findings of the Schepens et al. (2…
Dummy auxiliaries in the second language acquisition of Moroccan learners of Dutch: Form and function
This study examines an interlanguage in which Moroccan learners of Dutch use non-thematic verbs in combination with thematic verbs that can be inflected as well. These non-thematic verbs are real dummy auxiliaries because they are deprived of semantic content and primarily have a syntactic function. Whereas in earlier second language (L2) research only patterns with ‘be’ were found for learners of three Germanic languages with various first langu…
Re-evaluating the Prestige of Regional Accents in Netherlandic Standard Dutch: The Role of Accent Strength and Speaker Gender
This article investigates three neglected determinants of native speakers' attitudes toward regional accent variation in Netherlandic Standard Dutch, namely, accent strength, speaker gender, and the evaluation dimension dynamism. Nineteen participants first rated 126 speech clips representing three regional accents (Randstad, Groningen, Limburg) in terms of the expected regional origin of the speakers and their accent strength. In a subsequent sp…
Is Standard Dutch with a regional accent standard or not? Evidence from native speakers' attitudes
This paper reports a speaker evaluation experiment that investigated the competition between three regional accents of Standard Dutch and references to the speaker's profession as determinants of attitude formation. A stratified sample of listener-judges rated speech stimuli that were presented in two guises, a neutral guise and a teacher guise (the latter containing multiple references that revealed the speaker to be a high school teacher of Dut…
Refinement of the matched-guise technique for the study of the effect of non-native accents compared to native accents
The prominence of spoken language elements in a sign language
Code-blendsin sign languages consist of simultaneously articulated manual signs and spoken language words. These "mouthings" (typically silent articulations) have been observed for many different sign languages. The present study aims to investigate the extent of such bimodal code-mixing in sign languages by investigating the frequency of mouthings produced by deaf users of Sign Language of the Netherlands (NGT), their co-occurrence with pointing…
Will Dutch become Flemish? Autonomous developments in Belgian Dutch
In this paper a series of studies of standard Dutch pronunciation in Belgium and the Netherlands is presented. The research is based on two speech corpora: a diachronic corpus of radio speech (1935–1995) and a synchronic corpus of Belgian and Netherlandic standard Dutch from different regions at the turn of the millennium. It is shown that two divergent pronunciation standards have been developing, but it is argued that the divergence will not cr…
Concept characteristics and variation in lexical diversity in two Dutch dialect areas
Lexical diversity, the amount of lexical variation shown by a particular concept, varies between concepts. For the concept drunk , for instance, nearly 3000 English expressions exist, including blitzed, intoxicated , and hammered . For the concept sober , however, a significantly smaller number of lexical items is available, like sober or abstinent . While earlier variation studies have revealed that meaning-related concept characteristics correl…
How (in)coherent can standard languages be? A perceptual perspective on co-variation
Phonology acquisition in Spanish learners of Dutch: Error Patterns in Pronunciation
Tracing and classifying German intensifiers via information theory
Variation and change in grammatical gender marking: The case of Dutch ethnolects
Our research on variation in the expression of grammatical gender (in determiners and adnominal inflection) in present-day ethnolectal Dutch is based on interactional speech data collected among 10–12 and 18–20-year-old male adolescents with Turkish, Moroccan and non-immigrant Dutch backgrounds, born and raised in the Dutch cities of Amsterdam or Nijmegen. The cities, which both have multicultural demographic profiles, are located in different di…
Co-variation and varieties in modern Dutch ethnolects
Meaning and function of dummy auxiliaries in adult acquisition of Dutch as an additional language
This article presents the results of experimental data on language production and comprehension. These show that adult learners of Dutch as an additional language, with different language backgrounds, and a L2 proficiency below level A2 (Waystage) of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR; Council of Europe, 2001), use dummy auxiliaries as a structural device and interpret them as semantically vacuous. Proficiency level in…
Gender-related variation in Amsterdam vernacular
The multidimensionality of domain configurations
Accentedness Ratings and Phonological Variables as Measures of Variation in Pronunciation
Verbally neutral, spontaneous speech samples were selected from interviews with 16 younger and 16 older males (mean ages 17 and 69 years, respectively) varying in socio-economic status (SES). All informants were native of Nijmegen, a city in the mideast of the Netherlands. The speech samples were rated with respect to the degree of accentedness and the pronunciation of six phonological variables with variants typical for the Nijmegen dialect. A f…
The multidimensionality of domain configurations
From Language Behaviour to Database: Some Comments on Plunkett's Paper
It is evident that the Child Language Exchange System—CHILDES—will play a catalytic role in the study of first language acquisition. Plunkett rightly concludes that this system has the potential of bringing together work on first language acquisition from a wide range of theoretical and practical perspectives. The compilation of the CHILDES package, including a workbench with a set of computational tools, is an admirable achievement, which most c…
Language Attitudes in the Dutch Language Area
Gender-related variation in Amsterdam vernacular
Dimensional spatial relations in adult language acquisition
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Modeling lexical borrowability
In this article, we develop analytical techniques to determine borrowability – that is, the ease with which a lexical item or a category of lexical items can be borrowed. The analysis is based on two assumptions: (1) the distribution of items in both the host and donor language should be taken into account to explain why certain items are, and others are not, borrowed; (2) the borrowability of a lexical category may result from a set of (underlyi…
The devoicing of fricatives in Standard Dutch: A real-time study based on radio recordings
This article gives a detailed analysis of devoicing of the voiced fricatives /v/, /z/, /y/ in two varieties of Standard Dutch: Southern Standard Dutch (as spoken in Belgium) and Northern Standard Dutch (as spoken in The Netherlands). The study is based on archived recordings of radio broadcasts from 1935 to 1993. First, our study shows a divergence between Southern and Northern Standard Dutch in the pronunciation of voiced fricatives in this peri…
Variation, Change, and Phonological Theory
Watching Dutch Change: A Real Time Study of Variation and Change in Standard Dutch Pronunciation
The study investigates phonological variation and change in two varieties of standard Dutch: southern standard Dutch (spoken in Flanders, the northern part of Belgium) and northern standard Dutch (spoken in the Netherlands). A new source for studying language change in progress is introduced: archived recordings of radio broadcasts. The study covers the period from 1935 to 1993. Changes in progress are studied by a combination of insight and tech…
Towards standardizing and sharing bilingual data
We describe a project (the LIPPS project) whose purpose is to set up a computerized database of bilingual texts to be used by researchers in the field of “language interaction” (i.e., codeswitching, borrowing, and other outcomes of contact between varieties). Current work includes an adaptation of the CHILDES system(MacWhinney,1995) to take account of the different needs of researchers in this area, for example, solving the problems of distinguis…
The Pronunciation of (r) in Standard Dutch
SCOPUS: ar.j
The Lides Coding Manual: A document for preparing and analyzing language interaction data Version 1.1—July, 1999
N-deletion in reading style
SCOPUS: ar.j
Conservation of grammatical knowledge: On the acquisition of possessive noun phrases by Turkish and Moroccan learners of Dutch
This article deals with the acquisition of possessive DP structures by Turkish and Moroccan adults and children learning Dutch without substantial classroom instruction. Our main claim is that L 2 learners systematically and consistently rely on their grammatical knowledge, which surfaces in the initial stages of the L 2 acquisition process but also has a strong impact on later developmental stages. Such a strong conservation encompasses paramete…
The devoicing of fricatives in a reading task
SCOPUS: ar.j
Loan words as markers of differentiation
n Contains fulltext :\n 176160.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access)\n
Pronominale meervoudsvorming in de Nederlande dialecten
An acoustic study of standard Dutch /v/, /f/, /z/ and /s
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A comparison of vowel normalization procedures for language variation research
An evaluation of vowel normalization procedures for the purpose of studying language variation is presented. The procedures were compared on how effectively they (a) preserve phonemic information, (b) preserve information about the talker’s regional background (or sociolinguistic information), and (c) minimize anatomical/physiological variation in acoustic representations of vowels. Recordings were made for 80 female talkers and 80 male talkers o…
(In)Complete Acquisition of Turkish Among Turkish–German Bilinguals in Germany and Turkey: An Analysis of Complex Embeddings in Narratives
Although most researchers recognise that the language repertoire of bilinguals can vary, few studies have tried to address variation in bilingual competence in any detail. This study aims to take a first step towards further understanding the way in which bilingual competencies can vary at the level of syntax by comparing the use of syntactic embeddings among three different groups of Turkish–German bilinguals. The approach of the present paper i…
Processing Subject-Object Ambiguities in the L2: A Self-Paced Reading Study With German L2 Learners of Dutch
The results of two self-paced reading experiments are reported, which investigated the online processing of subject-object ambiguities in Dutch relative clause constructions like Dat is de vrouw die de meisjes heeft/hebben gezien by German advanced second language (L2) learners of Dutch. Native speakers of both Dutch and German have been shown to have a preference for a subject versus an object reading of such temporarily ambiguous sentences, and…
Is Standard Dutch with a regional accent standard or not? Evidence from native speakers' attitudes
This paper reports a speaker evaluation experiment that investigated the competition between three regional accents of Standard Dutch and references to the speaker's profession as determinants of attitude formation. A stratified sample of listener-judges rated speech stimuli that were presented in two guises, a neutral guise and a teacher guise (the latter containing multiple references that revealed the speaker to be a high school teacher of Dut…
Dummy auxiliaries in the second language acquisition of Moroccan learners of Dutch: Form and function
This study examines an interlanguage in which Moroccan learners of Dutch use non-thematic verbs in combination with thematic verbs that can be inflected as well. These non-thematic verbs are real dummy auxiliaries because they are deprived of semantic content and primarily have a syntactic function. Whereas in earlier second language (L2) research only patterns with ‘be’ were found for learners of three Germanic languages with various first langu…
Will Dutch become Flemish? Autonomous developments in Belgian Dutch
In this paper a series of studies of standard Dutch pronunciation in Belgium and the Netherlands is presented. The research is based on two speech corpora: a diachronic corpus of radio speech (1935–1995) and a synchronic corpus of Belgian and Netherlandic standard Dutch from different regions at the turn of the millennium. It is shown that two divergent pronunciation standards have been developing, but it is argued that the divergence will not cr…
Linguistics (63 works) · Psychology (48 works) · Computer Science (37 works) · Linguistic Variation and Morphology (34 works) · Philosophy (31 works) · Phonetics and Phonology Research (24 works) · Mathematics (18 works) · Artificial Intelligence (17 works) · Multilingual Education and Policy (12 works) · Linguistics, Language Diversity, and Identity (11 works)