Ian A Silver
Biographic Data
| ID | 2301151 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Ian A Silver |
| GIVEN NAMES | Ian A |
| FAMILY NAME | Silver |
| SIGNATURE | SILVER I A |
| AFFILIATIONS | RTI International |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-8233-4378 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 48 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 31 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 48 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2016 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 3 |
Learning to predict violence: Deep learning approaches to violent crime prediction during pretrial release
Seasonal Mental Health Symptoms Amongst Former Criminal Legal System‐Involved Adolescents
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The contemporary literature has illustrated that individuals involved in the criminal legal system (CLS) before 18 have heightened symptoms of depression and anxiety during adulthood when compared to individuals not involved in the CLS before 18. The magnitude of the effects, however, appears to differ across studies suggesting that the association could be moderated by another mechanism. After reviewing the literature,…
Smart Decarceration: Is It Possible to Detain Fewer People and Reduce Arrests
This paper provides the results of a thought experiment to see what would have happened if a jurisdiction made release decisions solely based on risk assessment predictions of new arrests. Random forest imputation is used with data from all admissions to a large county jail system ( n = 28,188) to forecast new arrests for individuals detained by the court. After imputing outcome rates for the detained, we rank order everyone by their predicted pr…
Sensible Pretrial Reform: The Importance of Accounting for Risk of Violence in Judicial Release Decisions
This study uses data collected from three diverse counties in the United States between 2017 and 2019 to compare the performance of a pretrial risk instrument—the Public Safety Assessment (or PSA)—to a revised version of the tool that accounts for risk of future violence in predicting three pretrial release outcomes. Results indicate the suggested three tiered release levels produced from the current PSA release conditions matrix (RCM) are better…
Is youth criminal legal system involvement a risk factor for adulthood homelessness: A quasi-experimental examination and confounder factor model
Licensed Firearm Dealers, ATF Inspection Violations, and the Impact on Local Shootings
Gun dealers play an important role in preventing the purchase of weapons by prohibited buyers and stemming the flow of guns from legal to illegal markets. Therefore, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) plays a crucial crime prevention role through regulating and inspecting licensed dealers for compliance. The current study assesses the impact of an ATF inspection that reveals noncompliance with federal law on local neigh…
Juvenile Incarceration in an Adult Facility and Violent Victimization During Adulthood
INTRODUCTION: A growing body of research indicates that being incarcerated in an adult jail or prison as a juvenile can elevate one's exposure to adverse childhood experiences, including violent and sexual victimization and neglect, and may lead to several long-term difficulties. This study investigates the relationship between being confined in an adult jail or prison as a minor and experiencing violent victimization as an adult. METHODS: Data f…
Reducing Officer-Involved Deaths of Civilians in Urban Areas: Forecasting the Effects of Departmental Policies
Recent police-involved deaths of Black civilians have sparked public outcry and demand for police reforms. However, many departmental policies intended to reduce the lethal use-of-force by police officers lack empirical support for their effectiveness. To address this shortcoming, a Bayesian random intercept model is used to forecast the effects of eight departmental policies on the number of police-involved civilian deaths across 66 police depar…
Drug decriminalization policy under the microscope in the United States: Crime data considerations to inform future research
When voters passed the 2020 Ballot Measure 110 (M110), the U.S. State of Oregon changed course from a criminal legal system response to a health-centered approach to substance use. M110 was passed with the goal of making health assessment screenings, treatment, and recovery services for substance use disorder available to all who need them and reduce the harms associated with involving the criminal legal system for people who use drugs. Although …
Public calls for service to the police: Trends before and during drug possession decriminalization in Oregon
Community Firearm Violence and Dental Care Use in Middle Adulthood
The Lasting Effects of Incarcerating Juveniles in US Adult Facilities: Examining the Impact on Employment and Income During Early Adulthood
Using the NLSY-1997, the current study examined if juvenile incarceration in US adult correctional facilities influenced the average number of weeks worked and income earned during adulthood and the number of years until an individual worked a full week and earned federal minimum wage. These effects were also specified by a juvenile’s race. Results demonstrated that juvenile incarceration in an adult facility was associated with negative employme…
The effects of youth incarceration in adult institutions on future incarceration
Is it a self-fulfilling prophecy: Examining how parental and youth perceptions of future system involvement predict early adulthood criminal involvement
How much does criminal history contribute to racial differences in arraignment outcomes
How Long is Long Enough: Using Abbreviated Criminal Histories for Pretrial Assessment Instruments
The debate over pretrial assessment instruments focuses largely on the potential for instruments to exacerbate racial disparities. This study examines the effects of using different recall periods for the criminal history items on the New Criminal Arrest (NCA) scale from the Public Safety Assessment. Using jail admission data from a large jurisdiction in the southeast of the US, we varied the recall period from 1 to 10 years for the criminal hist…
Justice involvement prediction as individuals age: An age-graded evaluation of the public safety assessment
OBJECTIVE: Some scholars have criticized pretrial assessments for perpetuating racial bias in the criminal legal system by offering biased predictions of future legal system outcomes. Although these critiques have some empirical support, the scholarship has yet to examine the predictive validity and differential prediction of pretrial assessments across individuals by their age. Following the guidance of the life-course literature, the present st…
Testing Predictive Biases at the Intersection of Race-Ethnicity and Sex: A Multi-Site Evaluation of a Pretrial Risk Assessment Tool
Pretrial assessment instruments provide courtroom actors with information about the likelihood that someone who has been charged with a criminal offense would engage in criminal behavior if released prior to trial. Although prior research supports the ability of pretrial instruments to predict pretrial outcomes, there are concerns that pretrial instruments may inadvertently exacerbate racial-ethnic and sex disparities found in the larger criminal…
Locked up and awaiting trial: Testing the criminogenic and punitive effects of spending a week or more in pretrial detention
Research summary This study provides a rigorous assessment of the public safety benefits of pretrial detention by estimating the criminogenic and punitive effects of spending at least 1 week in pretrial detention across three jail systems in two states. We use a doubly robust difference‐in‐differences design to show that pretrial detention increases the odds for someone to miss a court appearance or be arrested by roughly 50% and increases the od…
Does pretrial detention influence time until re-involvement with the criminal legal system
Local gun violence, mental health, and sleep: A neighborhood analysis in one hundred US Cities
Exacerbating inequality over the life-course: Examining Race Differences in the Reciprocal Effects Between Incarceration and Income
Relative to Whites, Blacks face lower odds of gaining employment with notable wages while also facing longer terms of incarceration when sent to jail or prison for criminal offenses. Although a variety of factors contribute to these patterns, the time a Black individual spends incarcerated could decrease future earnings, whereas lower earnings could increase the time spent incarcerated. Nevertheless, prior research has yet to consider-or evaluate…
Juvenile incarceration in an adult correctional facility as a risk factor for adolescent childrearing
INTRODUCTION: Recent trends in reproductive rights have contributed to lasting concerns about adolescent childrearing in American society. Beyond being generally unprepared when raising a child, having a child during adolescence is associated with a variety of environmental, social, and psychological consequences for both the parents and the child. It is important to understand the factors contributing to adolescent childrearing. Although researc…
“The Uniform’s in the Way”: Navigating the Tension Between Security and Therapeutic Roles in a Rehabilitation-Focused Prison in Norway
The Norwegian Correctional Service ascribes to both a humane and rehabilitative approach to incarceration which includes the use of dynamic security practices, emphasizing relationship-building and communication between officers and incarcerated individuals. In addition, officers are expected to actively participate in the rehabilitative process. Despite Norway’s low rates of prison-based violence, there remain questions about officers’ ability t…
The Relationship between Concealed Carry Licenses and Firearm Homicide in the US: A Reciprocal County-Level Analysis
Reciprocal Neighborhood Dynamics in Gun Violence Exposure, Community Health, and Concentrated Disadvantage in One Hundred US Cities
Gun violence imparts a tremendous human and financial toll on local communities. Researchers have documented extensive mental and physical health consequences of generalized violence exposure but few studies have analyzed the particular impacts of gun violence on community well-being using nationally comprehensive data. We leverage a unique database of almost 16,000 neighborhoods in 100 US cities (2014-2019) to examine how year-over-year rates of…
Local gun violence, mental health, and sleep: A neighborhood analysis in one hundred US Cities
The cycle of reentry and reincarceration: Examining the influence on employment over a period of 18 years
Exacerbating inequality over the life-course: Examining Race Differences in the Reciprocal Effects Between Incarceration and Income
Relative to Whites, Blacks face lower odds of gaining employment with notable wages while also facing longer terms of incarceration when sent to jail or prison for criminal offenses. Although a variety of factors contribute to these patterns, the time a Black individual spends incarcerated could decrease future earnings, whereas lower earnings could increase the time spent incarcerated. Nevertheless, prior research has yet to consider-or evaluate…
The Relationship between Concealed Carry Licenses and Firearm Homicide in the US: A Reciprocal County-Level Analysis
Traumatic brain injury and adverse psychological effects: Examining a potential pathway to aggressive offending
Contemporary scholarship has demonstrated an association between traumatic brain injury (TBI) during adolescence and aggressive offending. Research, however, has yet to identify any mechanisms linking TBI to subsequent aggressive offending. Consequently, the current study hypothesized that adverse psychological effects is one such pathway. The current study used the Pathways to Desistance data set ( n = 416) to examine the pathway of TBI to aggre…
The effect of the maturity gap on delinquency and drug use over the life course: A genetically sensitive longitudinal design
The Lasting Effects of Incarcerating Juveniles in US Adult Facilities: Examining the Impact on Employment and Income During Early Adulthood
Using the NLSY-1997, the current study examined if juvenile incarceration in US adult correctional facilities influenced the average number of weeks worked and income earned during adulthood and the number of years until an individual worked a full week and earned federal minimum wage. These effects were also specified by a juvenile’s race. Results demonstrated that juvenile incarceration in an adult facility was associated with negative employme…
The effects of youth incarceration in adult institutions on future incarceration
Does pretrial detention influence time until re-involvement with the criminal legal system
Concentrated disadvantage and functional disability: A longitudinal neighbourhood analysis in 100 US cities
BACKGROUND: Socioeconomic disadvantage related to poverty, unemployment and social disinvestment contributes to significant disparities in community health in the USA. Yet, there remains limited ecological research on the relationship between neighbourhood disadvantage and functional disability. Much of the work in this area has focused on elderly populations without attention to variation across age and sex groups. METHODS: Using a longitudinal …
On the selection of variables in criminology: Adjusting for the descendants of unobserved confounders
Ensnarement During Imprisonment: Re‐Conceptualizing Theoretically Driven Policies to Address the Association Between Within‐Prison Sanctioning and Recidivism
Research Summary We used data collected during the Evaluation of Ohio's Prison Programs. The analytical sample of N = 63,772 inmates represents one of the largest samples used to assess the association between within‐prison sanctioning and recidivism. Latent class growth analysis (LCGA) demonstrated that five guilty sanctioning clusters existed within the data: Persistent (0.72%), Very High Decline (0.11%), High Decline (1.38%), Moderate Decline …
The effect of the maturity gap on delinquency and drug use over the life course: A genetically sensitive longitudinal design
Individual Differences
The Anatomy of Violence: The Biological Roots of Crime
The scholarly examination of criminal behaviors and violence has historically been dominated by sociological viewpoints wherein the entirety of etiological factors is placed external to the individ
Specific Responsivity: An Assessment of the Effect of Verbal and Math Cognitive Abilities on the Completion of Prison Programs
The risk, need and responsivity (RNR) model has emerged as an influential factor in the paradigm shift experienced by the American correctional system. Apparent by the existing literature, scholarship assessing the RNR model has rarely focused on the potential association between verbal and math cognitive abilities (CA) and the capacity for completing prison programming. The current study examined if offenders’ CA influenced treatment completion.…
Ensnarement During Imprisonment: Re‐Conceptualizing Theoretically Driven Policies to Address the Association Between Within‐Prison Sanctioning and Recidivism
Research Summary We used data collected during the Evaluation of Ohio's Prison Programs. The analytical sample of N = 63,772 inmates represents one of the largest samples used to assess the association between within‐prison sanctioning and recidivism. Latent class growth analysis (LCGA) demonstrated that five guilty sanctioning clusters existed within the data: Persistent (0.72%), Very High Decline (0.11%), High Decline (1.38%), Moderate Decline …
The moderating effects of intelligence: An examination of how IQ influences the association between environmental factors and antisocial behavior
Academic Achievement and the Implications for Prison Program Effectiveness and Reentry
The current study examines how academic achievement—measured as verbal and math performance—is associated with prison programming and reentry. We assess how academic achievement might be directly associated with recidivism and whether this occurs indirectly by moderating the effectiveness of in-prison programs. Using a statewide subsample of incarcerated individuals ( N = 13,536), the results illustrated that academic achievement directly and ind…
Progressing policy toward a risk/need informed sanctioning model
Research Summary This study examined whether risk/need assessment results coincided with the placement of defendants into six types of sanctions among convicted adults from 11 counties in one state. Crosstabulations highlighted that individuals’ risk/need levels corresponded to the placement of low‐risk/need individuals to probation and high‐risk/need individuals to prison; however, intermediate sanctions were rarely used for any risk/need level …
Traumatic brain injury and adverse psychological effects: Examining a potential pathway to aggressive offending
Contemporary scholarship has demonstrated an association between traumatic brain injury (TBI) during adolescence and aggressive offending. Research, however, has yet to identify any mechanisms linking TBI to subsequent aggressive offending. Consequently, the current study hypothesized that adverse psychological effects is one such pathway. The current study used the Pathways to Desistance data set ( n = 416) to examine the pathway of TBI to aggre…
The Role of Arrest Risk Perception Formation in the Association Between Psychopathy and Aggressive Offending
Research on the role of risk perception as a mechanism linking personality traits and behavioral outcomes is limited. The current study assessed a developmental model of the influence of psychopathic traits (PPTs) on the between- and within-individual variation in perceptions of risk and aggressive offending. Multivariate latent growth curve models were used to estimate the role of risk perceptions in the association between PPTs and aggressive o…
Crime Fluctuations in Response to Hurricane Evacuations: Understanding the Time-Course of Crime Opportunities during Hurricane Harvey
Research regarding how natural disasters impact crime is largely mixed. Most studies focus on whether aggregate postdisaster crime levels differ from predisaster ones and pay less attention to how emergency procedures impact the timing of crime fluctuations. A recent study of Hurricane Rita in Houston, Texas, uncovered a surge in burglary prior to the storm, suggesting that the prestorm evacuation increased the opportunities for burglary by reduc…
Longitudinal Propensity Score Matching: A Demonstration of Counterfactual Conditions Adjusted for Longitudinal Clustering
The Effects of Social Disorganization Mechanisms: Examining the Influence of Community-Level Factors on Recidivism Across Various Correctional Programs
Prior research on various correctional sanctions has sought to explain variation in recidivism. The goal of the current study was to examine whether social disorganization mechanisms, such as residential mobility and family disruption, significantly influenced the recidivism rates of justice-involved individuals supervised under prison diversion programs, traditional community supervision programs, as well as individuals released from prison. Mul…
The cycle of reentry and reincarceration: Examining the influence on employment over a period of 18 years
Examining an Indirect Pathway from the Variety of Stressful Life Events to Violent Victimization through Acquired Psychological Symptoms
The effects of stressful life events on violent victimization have been well established. The existing literature, however, remains relatively limited in examining the indirect association between stressful life events and violent victimization through acquired psychological processes. The current study examines the mediating effects of the co-occurrence of negative psychological symptoms (adverse psychological effects) on the association between…
Exploring the Correspondence Between General Correctional Programming and Inmate Misconduct Using a Time-Course Framework
Inmate misconduct continues to threaten safety and order within correctional institutions. Yet few studies have examined its longitudinal nature. In this paper we explore the correspondence between correctional programming and inmate misconduct. To do this, we draw from Linning et al.’s time-course framework devised to improve the design and evaluation of interventions by considering effects that can occur before, during, and after programming. W…
The Timing of Prison Sanctions and the Odds of Returning to Prison After Release
A sample of 48,930 inmates was examined to estimate the direct and moderating effect of the timing of prison sanctions on recidivism. Logistic regression models demonstrated that number of sanctions was positively associated with recidivism but timing of an inmate’s last sanction before release did not significantly influence recidivism. However, timing of an inmate’s last sanction moderated the association between number of sanctions and recidiv…
Illegal Drug Use, Depressive Symptoms, and General Health: Exploring Co-occurrence across 11 Years in a National Sample
The co-occurrence of illegal drug use, symptoms of depression, and a lower perception of general health among adolescents continues to be of substantive interest for researchers and the general public alike. Research on this topic, however, remains relatively stagnant, focusing on narrow developmental periods and each association independently, with limited consideration for the existence of a nexus between the three constructs as individuals age…
Stuck in the cycle? Assessing a reciprocal model of incarceration, health, and relative risk over twenty-five years
On the selection of variables in criminology: Adjusting for the descendants of unobserved confounders
Juvenile incarceration in an adult correctional facility as a risk factor for adolescent childrearing
INTRODUCTION: Recent trends in reproductive rights have contributed to lasting concerns about adolescent childrearing in American society. Beyond being generally unprepared when raising a child, having a child during adolescence is associated with a variety of environmental, social, and psychological consequences for both the parents and the child. It is important to understand the factors contributing to adolescent childrearing. Although researc…
“The Uniform’s in the Way”: Navigating the Tension Between Security and Therapeutic Roles in a Rehabilitation-Focused Prison in Norway
The Norwegian Correctional Service ascribes to both a humane and rehabilitative approach to incarceration which includes the use of dynamic security practices, emphasizing relationship-building and communication between officers and incarcerated individuals. In addition, officers are expected to actively participate in the rehabilitative process. Despite Norway’s low rates of prison-based violence, there remain questions about officers’ ability t…
The Relationship between Concealed Carry Licenses and Firearm Homicide in the US: A Reciprocal County-Level Analysis
Reciprocal Neighborhood Dynamics in Gun Violence Exposure, Community Health, and Concentrated Disadvantage in One Hundred US Cities
Gun violence imparts a tremendous human and financial toll on local communities. Researchers have documented extensive mental and physical health consequences of generalized violence exposure but few studies have analyzed the particular impacts of gun violence on community well-being using nationally comprehensive data. We leverage a unique database of almost 16,000 neighborhoods in 100 US cities (2014-2019) to examine how year-over-year rates of…
Concentrated disadvantage and functional disability: A longitudinal neighbourhood analysis in 100 US cities
BACKGROUND: Socioeconomic disadvantage related to poverty, unemployment and social disinvestment contributes to significant disparities in community health in the USA. Yet, there remains limited ecological research on the relationship between neighbourhood disadvantage and functional disability. Much of the work in this area has focused on elderly populations without attention to variation across age and sex groups. METHODS: Using a longitudinal …
Psychology (41 works) · Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis (29 works) · Criminology (29 works) · Crime Patterns and Interventions (28 works) · Medicine (22 works) · Political science (17 works) · Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending (17 works) · Law (12 works) · Poison control (11 works) · Prison (11 works)