Carmen M Leon
Biographic Data
| ID | 230482 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Carmen M Leon |
| GIVEN NAMES | Carmen M |
| FAMILY NAME | Leon |
| SIGNATURE | LEON C M |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Castilla-La Mancha |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-0591-6056 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 15 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 12 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 15 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2020 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 3 |
Shattering the Silence
Shaping Views on the Regulation of Women’s Prostitution
In recent decades, prostitution has emerged a highly debated issue among policymakers and the general public. Given the limited research in this field, this study investigates public attitudes toward the regulation of women’s prostitution through latent class analysis. It also examines the factors that correlate with these attitudes, focusing on psychosocial factors (rape myth acceptance, sexist attitudes, and comfort with sexuality) and individu…
Understanding Rape Myth Acceptance Through the Lens of Sexual Objectification Theory
Sexual Objectification Theory posits that exposure to objectifying content, such as pornography, the purchase of sexual services, and adherence to traditional masculinity, can contribute to the acceptance of harmful beliefs about sexual violence. This study examined the relationship between rape myth acceptance and a range of attitudinal and personal factors using a sample of 1,603 internet users in Spain (51.6% women, M = 45.7 years old). The ou…
A vignette study analysing factors influencing attributions of responsibility to victims and perpetrators of intimate partner violence against women
Evidence shows that blaming attitudes towards victims of intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) are widespread, creating a social climate that condones this form of violence. The aim of the current study is to analyse the potential impact of multiple factors surrounding the scenario and some personal and attitudinal characteristics of the respondents on the responsibility attributed to victims and perpetrators of IPVAW. To achieve this, …
El Rol de la Ubicación y la Presencia de Terceras Personas en la Revelación de Experiencias de Violencia en la Pareja en una Encuesta Personal
Las evidencias muestran que la presencia de terceras personas mientras se responden encuestas puede comprometer la calidad de los datos, ya que las personas encuestadas podrían ser más reticentes a responder preguntas de naturaleza sensible y/o proporcionar respuestas menos precisas. El principal objetivo de este estudio consiste en analizar la influencia de la ubicación y la presencia de terceros en las respuestas a una encuesta sobre temática s…
A.C.A … All Coppers Are … an analysis of police legitimacy in Spain
In Spain, knowledge about public attitudes towards the police is limited compared to other countries. This study contributes to fill gaps in the literature by examining a wide range of correlates of police legitimacy. Using data from the Spanish sample (N = 1,885) of the European Social Survey (ESS) Round 5, we estimate multivariate regression models with two measures of police legitimacy as outcome variables: moral alignment (α = .81) and duty t…
Do Youth Dream of Gender Stereotypes? The Relationship among Gender Stereotyping, Support for Feminism, and Acceptance of Gender-Based Violence
Although gender roles have continued to evolve, stereotypical perceptions about men and women persist. From a traditional perspective, men are viewed as aggressive, competitive, and dominant, whereas women are expected to be pretty, affectionate, and passive. The relevance of gender stereotypes lies in the way such expectations reinforce gender inequality and discrimination. Gender stereotyping is also linked to an increased acceptance of gender-…
Judging the Severity of Intimate Partner Violence Against Women
Public perceptions of the severity of intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) play a crucial role in its prevention. This study examines the impact of multiple factors related to the scenario and respondent characteristics on the perceived severity of IPVAW. To achieve this, a factorial survey design was implemented using a non-probability-based sample in Spain ( N = 1007). The results indicate that 90.3% of respondents rated the scenario…
Enjoyment of Sexualization in Men and Women
Enjoyment of sexualization (EoS) occurs when people find appearance-based sexual attention from others to be positive and rewarding. Scholars have not consistently established if enjoyment of being sexualized may be a form of sexual empowerment, promoting positive body acceptance, control, and self-care, or instead an endorsement of sexist ideologies, based on the idea that being sexually appealing to men is a component of the feminine gender rol…
Agree or Disagree
Previous research shows that the direction of rating scales can influence participants' response behavior. Studies also suggest that the device used to complete online surveys might affect the susceptibility to these effects due to the different question layouts (e.g., horizontal grids vs. vertical individual questions). This article contributes to previous research by examining scale direction effects in an online multi-device survey conducted w…
Vulnerabilidad de las víctimas desde la perspectiva de género. Una visión criminológica.
None of My Business? An Experiment Analyzing Willingness to Formally Report Incidents of Intimate Partner Violence Against Women
Although data show that intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) is a concealed phenomenon that is severely underreported, studies examining willingness to report episodes of IPVAW are limited. To contribute to this field of research, a factorial survey experiment was implemented in which each respondent ( N = 1,007) received a unique vignette describing a hypothetical case of IPVAW. Slightly over one in four respondents (28.1%) indicated …
Tipologías basadas en la adhesión a los mitos sobre la violencia de género
Los mitos sobre la violencia de género favorecen la persistencia del maltrato al actuar como elementos justificativos de las agresiones. El presente trabajo contribuye a la escasa evidencia acumulada al emplear un análisis de clases latentes (ACL) para estudiar tipologías de personas basadas en la adhesión a diez mitos y creencias sobre la violencia de género y examinar las características que definen a cada una de las clases. Para ello, se contó…
The Impact of Confidentiality Assurances on Participants’ Responses to Sensitive Questions
Privacy, anonymity, and confidentiality are issues often addressed when collecting sensitive information (Tourangeau, 2017). Despite the importance of the concept, there is no consensus on what constitutes a sensitive question (Tourangeau, Rips, & Rasinski, 2000). According to Tourangeau and Yan (2007), a question is considered sensitive when it asks for a socially undesirable answer, requesting that the respondent admits that he or she has viola…
Culpabilización a las víctimas de delitos
Actualmente, son escasos los estudios que han analizado las actitudes hacia las víctimas de delitos, especialmente en España. Con el propósito de contribuir a este ámbito, el presente trabajo analiza las principales atribuciones causales sobre la victimización y examina la influencia de las experiencias de victimización y el sexo de los encuestados en la tendencia a culpabilizar a las víctimas. Para ello se contó con una muestra compuesta por 2.1…
Enjoyment of Sexualization in Men and Women
Enjoyment of sexualization (EoS) occurs when people find appearance-based sexual attention from others to be positive and rewarding. Scholars have not consistently established if enjoyment of being sexualized may be a form of sexual empowerment, promoting positive body acceptance, control, and self-care, or instead an endorsement of sexist ideologies, based on the idea that being sexually appealing to men is a component of the feminine gender rol…
None of My Business? An Experiment Analyzing Willingness to Formally Report Incidents of Intimate Partner Violence Against Women
Although data show that intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) is a concealed phenomenon that is severely underreported, studies examining willingness to report episodes of IPVAW are limited. To contribute to this field of research, a factorial survey experiment was implemented in which each respondent ( N = 1,007) received a unique vignette describing a hypothetical case of IPVAW. Slightly over one in four respondents (28.1%) indicated …
Understanding Rape Myth Acceptance Through the Lens of Sexual Objectification Theory
Sexual Objectification Theory posits that exposure to objectifying content, such as pornography, the purchase of sexual services, and adherence to traditional masculinity, can contribute to the acceptance of harmful beliefs about sexual violence. This study examined the relationship between rape myth acceptance and a range of attitudinal and personal factors using a sample of 1,603 internet users in Spain (51.6% women, M = 45.7 years old). The ou…
Tipologías basadas en la adhesión a los mitos sobre la violencia de género
Los mitos sobre la violencia de género favorecen la persistencia del maltrato al actuar como elementos justificativos de las agresiones. El presente trabajo contribuye a la escasa evidencia acumulada al emplear un análisis de clases latentes (ACL) para estudiar tipologías de personas basadas en la adhesión a diez mitos y creencias sobre la violencia de género y examinar las características que definen a cada una de las clases. Para ello, se contó…
The Impact of Confidentiality Assurances on Participants’ Responses to Sensitive Questions
Privacy, anonymity, and confidentiality are issues often addressed when collecting sensitive information (Tourangeau, 2017). Despite the importance of the concept, there is no consensus on what constitutes a sensitive question (Tourangeau, Rips, & Rasinski, 2000). According to Tourangeau and Yan (2007), a question is considered sensitive when it asks for a socially undesirable answer, requesting that the respondent admits that he or she has viola…
Culpabilización a las víctimas de delitos
Actualmente, son escasos los estudios que han analizado las actitudes hacia las víctimas de delitos, especialmente en España. Con el propósito de contribuir a este ámbito, el presente trabajo analiza las principales atribuciones causales sobre la victimización y examina la influencia de las experiencias de victimización y el sexo de los encuestados en la tendencia a culpabilizar a las víctimas. Para ello se contó con una muestra compuesta por 2.1…
Vulnerabilidad de las víctimas desde la perspectiva de género. Una visión criminológica.
None of My Business? An Experiment Analyzing Willingness to Formally Report Incidents of Intimate Partner Violence Against Women
Although data show that intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) is a concealed phenomenon that is severely underreported, studies examining willingness to report episodes of IPVAW are limited. To contribute to this field of research, a factorial survey experiment was implemented in which each respondent ( N = 1,007) received a unique vignette describing a hypothetical case of IPVAW. Slightly over one in four respondents (28.1%) indicated …
Tipologías basadas en la adhesión a los mitos sobre la violencia de género
Los mitos sobre la violencia de género favorecen la persistencia del maltrato al actuar como elementos justificativos de las agresiones. El presente trabajo contribuye a la escasa evidencia acumulada al emplear un análisis de clases latentes (ACL) para estudiar tipologías de personas basadas en la adhesión a diez mitos y creencias sobre la violencia de género y examinar las características que definen a cada una de las clases. Para ello, se contó…
Enjoyment of Sexualization in Men and Women
Enjoyment of sexualization (EoS) occurs when people find appearance-based sexual attention from others to be positive and rewarding. Scholars have not consistently established if enjoyment of being sexualized may be a form of sexual empowerment, promoting positive body acceptance, control, and self-care, or instead an endorsement of sexist ideologies, based on the idea that being sexually appealing to men is a component of the feminine gender rol…
Agree or Disagree
Previous research shows that the direction of rating scales can influence participants' response behavior. Studies also suggest that the device used to complete online surveys might affect the susceptibility to these effects due to the different question layouts (e.g., horizontal grids vs. vertical individual questions). This article contributes to previous research by examining scale direction effects in an online multi-device survey conducted w…
A.C.A … All Coppers Are … an analysis of police legitimacy in Spain
In Spain, knowledge about public attitudes towards the police is limited compared to other countries. This study contributes to fill gaps in the literature by examining a wide range of correlates of police legitimacy. Using data from the Spanish sample (N = 1,885) of the European Social Survey (ESS) Round 5, we estimate multivariate regression models with two measures of police legitimacy as outcome variables: moral alignment (α = .81) and duty t…
Do Youth Dream of Gender Stereotypes? The Relationship among Gender Stereotyping, Support for Feminism, and Acceptance of Gender-Based Violence
Although gender roles have continued to evolve, stereotypical perceptions about men and women persist. From a traditional perspective, men are viewed as aggressive, competitive, and dominant, whereas women are expected to be pretty, affectionate, and passive. The relevance of gender stereotypes lies in the way such expectations reinforce gender inequality and discrimination. Gender stereotyping is also linked to an increased acceptance of gender-…
Judging the Severity of Intimate Partner Violence Against Women
Public perceptions of the severity of intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) play a crucial role in its prevention. This study examines the impact of multiple factors related to the scenario and respondent characteristics on the perceived severity of IPVAW. To achieve this, a factorial survey design was implemented using a non-probability-based sample in Spain ( N = 1007). The results indicate that 90.3% of respondents rated the scenario…
A vignette study analysing factors influencing attributions of responsibility to victims and perpetrators of intimate partner violence against women
Evidence shows that blaming attitudes towards victims of intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) are widespread, creating a social climate that condones this form of violence. The aim of the current study is to analyse the potential impact of multiple factors surrounding the scenario and some personal and attitudinal characteristics of the respondents on the responsibility attributed to victims and perpetrators of IPVAW. To achieve this, …
El Rol de la Ubicación y la Presencia de Terceras Personas en la Revelación de Experiencias de Violencia en la Pareja en una Encuesta Personal
Las evidencias muestran que la presencia de terceras personas mientras se responden encuestas puede comprometer la calidad de los datos, ya que las personas encuestadas podrían ser más reticentes a responder preguntas de naturaleza sensible y/o proporcionar respuestas menos precisas. El principal objetivo de este estudio consiste en analizar la influencia de la ubicación y la presencia de terceros en las respuestas a una encuesta sobre temática s…
Shattering the Silence
Shaping Views on the Regulation of Women’s Prostitution
In recent decades, prostitution has emerged a highly debated issue among policymakers and the general public. Given the limited research in this field, this study investigates public attitudes toward the regulation of women’s prostitution through latent class analysis. It also examines the factors that correlate with these attitudes, focusing on psychosocial factors (rape myth acceptance, sexist attitudes, and comfort with sexuality) and individu…
Understanding Rape Myth Acceptance Through the Lens of Sexual Objectification Theory
Sexual Objectification Theory posits that exposure to objectifying content, such as pornography, the purchase of sexual services, and adherence to traditional masculinity, can contribute to the acceptance of harmful beliefs about sexual violence. This study examined the relationship between rape myth acceptance and a range of attitudinal and personal factors using a sample of 1,603 internet users in Spain (51.6% women, M = 45.7 years old). The ou…
Psychology (11 works) · Social Psychology (10 works) · Social Psychology (10 works) · Intimate Partner and Family Violence (6 works) · Political science (6 works) · Sexual Assault and Victimization Studies (6 works) · Sociology (5 works) · Developmental psychology (4 works) · Sex work and related issues (4 works) · Crime Patterns and Interventions (3 works)