Carl Leukefeld
Biographic Data
| ID | 233697 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Carl Leukefeld |
| GIVEN NAMES | Carl |
| FAMILY NAME | Leukefeld |
| SIGNATURE | LEUKEFELD C |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Kentucky |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 74 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 132 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 74 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1991 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2024 |
| H-INDEX | 6 |
Overdose Experiences Among a Sample of Women in Jail with Opioid Use Disorder
Background: Previous non-fatal overdose may increase risk of overdose fatality for women reentering the community following incarceration, but pre-incarceration overdose experiences are understudied. This study describes the prevalence and correlates of non-fatal overdose prior to jail among women with opioid use disorder (OUD). Methods: Women (N = 700) were randomly selected from eight Kentucky jails, screened for OUD, and interviewed as part of…
Protective Factors Associated With Lower Likelihood of Injection Drug Use and Experiencing Overdose Among Incarcerated Women
Developmental Trajectories of Religious Service Attendance: Predictors of Nicotine Dependence and Alcohol Dependence/Abuse in Early Midlife
Staying Out: Reentry Protective Factors Among Rural Women Offenders
The current study examines protective factors for women who transition from county jails to rural Appalachian communities, areas with limited health and behavioral health services. The study included drug-using women recruited from three jails in rural Appalachia and were followed 12-months post-release. Analyses focused on differences between women who remained in the community and those who returned to custody, as well as a multivariate model t…
Correlates of Injection Drug Use Among Rural Appalachian Women
BACKGROUND: Limited research has focused on correlates of injection drug use (IDU) among high-risk subgroups of drug users, particularly women, who may be at increased risk for transmission of infectious diseases such as HIV and Hepatitis C. The purpose of this study is to better understand the contextual and health correlates of IDU among women living in rural Appalachia by examining (1) differences between injectors and noninjectors, and (2) th…
HIV Prevention in Rural Appalachian Jails: Implications for Re-entry Risk Reduction Among Women Who Use Drugs
A Facebook Follow‐Up Strategy for Rural Drug‐Using Women
PURPOSE: Facebook (FB) use has grown exponentially over the past decade, including in rural areas. Despite its popularity, FB has been underutilized as a research follow-up approach to maintain contact with research participants and may have advantages in less densely populated areas and among more hard-to-reach, at-risk groups. The overall goal of this study was to examine FB as a supplemental follow-up approach to other follow-up strategies wit…
Partner Relationships and Injection Sharing Practices among Rural Appalachian Women
Mental health treatment seeking patterns and preferences of Appalachian women with depression
This qualitative study explored social-cultural factors that shape treatment seeking behaviors among depressed rural, low-income women in Appalachia-a region with high rates of depression and a shortage of mental health services. Recent research shows that increasingly rural women are receiving some form of treatment and identifying their symptoms as depression. Using purposive sampling, investigators recruited 28 depressed low-income women livin…
“I'm Stuck”: Women's Navigations of Social Networks and Prescription Drug Misuse in Central Appalachia
This study utilizes anthropological analyses of kinship, care, gendered inequalities, and the state to examine how social networks affect women's substance use in a rural Appalachian county where the primary drug of choice is prescription opioids. Of 503 participants from a larger study of social networks among rural drug users, 16 women who reported using drugs with four or more other study participants (drug network members) were interviewed fr…
Misalignment of Career and Educational Aspirations in Middle School: Differences across Race, Ethnicity, and Socioeconomic Status
Misalignment of educational and career goals (i.e., educational aspirations expressed are inadequate for attaining one’s desired occupation) is associated with lower educational attainment and a lack of college readiness, and may contribute to persistent educational and employment disparities. Drawing on data from 249 sixth graders in low-income schools, this research examines misalignment between educational and career aspirations across racial …
From Athletes to Astrophysicists: Gender Differences in Patterns and Predictors of Career Aspirations in Pre-Adolescence
This paper adds to research on girls’ growing educational advantage by examining gender differences in career paths. Using baseline data from an intervention study (TRY-IT!) targeting 265 sixth-graders in Title I schools, our research traces adolescent career aspirations by gender, race and class. Additionally, we investigate whether girls and boys exhibit differential sensitivity to environmental risk and protective factors that shape career and…
Psychosocial Factors Related to Underuse of Medical Services
Learning Problems as Predictors of Depressive Symptomology in Women Tanf Recipients
Little is known about relationships between barriers to self-sufficiency in the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) population. This study utilized ordinary least squares regression to analyze secondary data from a nonprobability sample of 2,156 women TANF recipients to examine learning problems as a predictor of depressive symptomology. After controlling for substance abuse, intimate partner violence victimization, physical health pro…
Reducing risky relationships: A multisite randomized trial of a prison-based intervention for reducing HIV sexual risk behaviors among women with a history of drug use
Women involved in the criminal justice system, particularly those with a history of drug use, are at elevated risk of HIV infection, yet few HIV prevention interventions have been tailored for delivery to incarcerated women. Drawing on the Relational Model, the Reducing Risky Relationships for HIV (RRR-HIV) intervention was developed and evaluated in a multisite randomized clinical trial. Women with weekly drug use prior to incarceration (n = 444…
METelemedicine: A Pilot Study With Rural Alcohol Users on Community Supervision
PURPOSE: This pilot study examined a telemedicine-based intervention using motivational enhancement therapy (METelemedicine) to reduce alcohol use among a sample of at-risk, rural alcohol users. METHODS: A total of 127 rural alcohol users were recruited from community supervision offices and engaged in brief intervention sessions using telemedicine. Analysis examined alcohol outcomes at 3 months postbaseline. FINDINGS: Findings indicated that alt…
Examining cultural correlates of active coping among African American female trauma survivors
African American women are at a greater risk for exposure to multiple traumatic events and are less likely to seek mental health services than White women. Many women report avoidant and passive coping strategies placing them at an increased risk for lower psychological adjustment. Thus, the purpose of the current study is to examine the role of culturally relevant factors such as spirituality, self-esteem, and social support as significant corre…
Perception of Eligible Black Men as a Context for Hiv‐related Risk Behavior Among Black Women
African American women are leading in number of newly diagnosed HIV cases, which is a cause for alarm and has a deleterious effect on families and communities. Research suggests the gender‐ratio imbalance as a contextual factor leading to increases in high‐risk sexual behavior and subsequent increases in the rates of HIV infection among African American women. The current study examines correlates of consistent condom use among 213 single, hetero…
Individual and Network Factors Associated With Prevalent Hepatitis C Infection Among Rural Appalachian Injection Drug Users
Objectives. We determined the factors associated with hepatitis C (HCV) infection among rural Appalachian drug users. Methods. This study included 394 injection drug users (IDUs) participating in a study of social networks and infectious disease risk in Appalachian Kentucky. Trained staff conducted HCV, HIV, and herpes simplex-2 virus (HSV-2) testing, and an interviewer-administered questionnaire measured self-reported risk behaviors and sociomet…
Blinded to science: Gender differences in the effects of race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status on academic and science attitudes among sixth graders
Little research has examined whether the effects of race or socioeconomic status (SES) on educational attitudes differ by gender, limiting knowledge of unique vulnerabilities occurring at the intersection of multiple social statuses. Using data from 182 sixth-graders, interactions between gender, race/ethnicity, and SES in predicting educational aspirations, persistence, views of science, and educational self-efficacy are examined. African Americ…
Six-Month Follow-Up Changes for Tanf-Eligible Clients Involved in Kentucky's Targeted Assessment Program
Welfare reform has been successful in helping clients achieve self-sufficiency. However, some individuals experience problems associated with basic needs, physical health, mental health, substance abuse, and intimate partner violence (IPV) that can impede transitioning from welfare to work and/or interfere with parental responsibilities. The Targeted Assessment Program (TAP) was created more than a decade ago to identify and address these problem…
OxyContin(R) as currency: OxyContin(R) use and increased social capital among rural Appalachian drug users
Injection risk behaviors among rural drug users: Implications for HIV prevention
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine injection drug use (IDU) among a cohort of felony probationers from rural Appalachian Kentucky. METHODS: An interviewer-administered questionnaire given to 800 rural felony probationers ascertained data regarding demographics, drug use, criminal behavior, psychological distress, and HIV-risk behaviors. RESULTS: The sample was primarily white (95.1%) and male (66.5%) and the median age was 32.3 y…
Relationship Influence and Health Risk Behavior Among Re-Entering Women Offenders
Predictors of Depressive Symptomatology Among Rural Stimulant Users
This study examined sociodemographic and drug-related predictors of depressive symptoms among a rural, multistate sample of not-in-treatment stimulant drug users (n=710). Participants were recruited using respondent-driven sampling in Ohio, Arkansas, and Kentucky. The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) was used to measure symptoms of depression. Moderate to severe depressive symptomatology was reported by 43.0% of the sample. Cumulative logisti…
Women, sex, and HIV: Social and contextual factors, meta-analysis of published interventions, and implications for practice and research
Qualitative Differences Among Rural and Urban Intimate Violence Victimization Experiences and Consequences: A Pilot Study
Examining antisocial behavior through the lens of the five factor model of personality
The current study attempts to provide greater precision in understanding how personality is related to antisocial behavior. Specifically, we examined the relations between the facets (subordinate traits) from three domains (superordinate dimensions): Neuroticism, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness, of the Five Factor Model and five outcome variables: stability of conduct problems, variety of conduct problems, onset of conduct problems, aggressi…
OxyContin(R) as currency: OxyContin(R) use and increased social capital among rural Appalachian drug users
Individual and Network Factors Associated With Prevalent Hepatitis C Infection Among Rural Appalachian Injection Drug Users
Objectives. We determined the factors associated with hepatitis C (HCV) infection among rural Appalachian drug users. Methods. This study included 394 injection drug users (IDUs) participating in a study of social networks and infectious disease risk in Appalachian Kentucky. Trained staff conducted HCV, HIV, and herpes simplex-2 virus (HSV-2) testing, and an interviewer-administered questionnaire measured self-reported risk behaviors and sociomet…
Blinded to science: Gender differences in the effects of race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status on academic and science attitudes among sixth graders
Little research has examined whether the effects of race or socioeconomic status (SES) on educational attitudes differ by gender, limiting knowledge of unique vulnerabilities occurring at the intersection of multiple social statuses. Using data from 182 sixth-graders, interactions between gender, race/ethnicity, and SES in predicting educational aspirations, persistence, views of science, and educational self-efficacy are examined. African Americ…
Divorce, Custody, and Spousal Violence: A Random Sample of Circuit Court Docket Records
Young people's blood alcohol concentration and the alcohol consumption city law, Brazil
The paper assesses blood alcohol concentration and risk behaviors for traffic accidents before and after the implementation of a law which prohibits the use of alcoholic beverages on city gas stations. In Porto Alegre, Southern Brazil, young people go out at night and drive to gas station convenience stores to buy alcoholic beverages which are consumed on the premises of parking lots in gas stations. Data were obtained from self-administered ques…
Perception of Eligible Black Men as a Context for Hiv‐related Risk Behavior Among Black Women
African American women are leading in number of newly diagnosed HIV cases, which is a cause for alarm and has a deleterious effect on families and communities. Research suggests the gender‐ratio imbalance as a contextual factor leading to increases in high‐risk sexual behavior and subsequent increases in the rates of HIV infection among African American women. The current study examines correlates of consistent condom use among 213 single, hetero…
The contribution of personality to the overlap between antisocial behavior and substance use/misuse
The present study tested the ability of the Five Factor Model (FFM), a general model of personality functioning, to account for the stability across time of antisocial behavior (ASB) and substance use/misuse (SUM), and the correlation between ASB and SUM at a given time. Data from a community‐based longitudinal study of 481 men and women were examined. Specifically, we examined relations among substance use and conduct problems through the 10 th …
Acceptability of the Female Condom Among Women at Risk for HIV Infection
Few HIV/AIDS educational programs have been tailored specifically for women, and most have promoted methods requiring the full participation and cooperation of male partners. This study introduced drug-involved women to the female condom-a female-controlled method of protection from HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases. The primary aim was to assess the acceptability of this new device among high-risk women in St. Louis, San Antonio, and R…
Misalignment of Career and Educational Aspirations in Middle School: Differences across Race, Ethnicity, and Socioeconomic Status
Misalignment of educational and career goals (i.e., educational aspirations expressed are inadequate for attaining one’s desired occupation) is associated with lower educational attainment and a lack of college readiness, and may contribute to persistent educational and employment disparities. Drawing on data from 249 sixth graders in low-income schools, this research examines misalignment between educational and career aspirations across racial …
Developmental patterns of African American and Caucasian adolescents' alcohol use
This study examined the developmental alcohol use trajectories of Caucasian and African American adolescents. Participants were 1,358 adolescents (77.6% Caucasian). Results suggest that not only do patterns of alcohol use differ for Caucasian and African American adolescents, but that there is substantial within group variation as well. Results suggest that using a within-groups developmental approach is one promising way to identify subgroups of…
Substance Use and Intimate Violence Among Incarcerated Males
Six-Month Follow-Up Changes for Tanf-Eligible Clients Involved in Kentucky's Targeted Assessment Program
Welfare reform has been successful in helping clients achieve self-sufficiency. However, some individuals experience problems associated with basic needs, physical health, mental health, substance abuse, and intimate partner violence (IPV) that can impede transitioning from welfare to work and/or interfere with parental responsibilities. The Targeted Assessment Program (TAP) was created more than a decade ago to identify and address these problem…
Gender roles, HIV risk behaviors, and perceptions of using female condoms among college students
HIV risk behavior and drug use among heterosexual male crack users by prostitution involvement
A Health Services Use Framework for Drug-Abusing Offenders
This article reviews the recent literature on health services use by drug abusers. A revised Andersen-Newman model is posited as a theoretical orientation for health service initiatives focused on drug abuse. The model highlights specific predisposing factors, historical health factors, current illness factors, and enabling/mediating factors associated with drug abuse. The limited number of cost-effectiveness studies have demonstrated that public…
The context of HIV prevention
The prevention of drug use among youth: Implications of ?legalization
Drug prevention: The past as the future
Effectiveness of HIV Risk Reduction Initiatives Among Out-of-Treatment Non-Injection Drug Users
While attention has been paid recently to the effectiveness of HIV/AIDS interventions among injection drug users, less focus has been given to out-of-treatment noninjecting drug users. This study examines the the NIDA Cooperative Agreement standard intervention versus an enhanced intervention for HIV/AIDS risk among noninjecting drug users. Data come from five sites of the NIDA-funded Cooperative Agreement on HIV risk behaviors. The sample is com…
HIV Prevention Protocols: Adaptation to Evolving Trends in Drug Use
Applied research in HIV prevention with out-of-treatment substance abusers takes place in a constantly changing environment. Researchers must be able to identify changes in drug use and sexual risk patterns, develop and evaluate appropriate interventions to respond to those changes, and find ways to make effective use of new technologies as they are developed. An example of this process is the collaborative revision made to NIDA's Standard Interv…
Acceptability of the Female Condom Among Women at Risk for HIV Infection
Few HIV/AIDS educational programs have been tailored specifically for women, and most have promoted methods requiring the full participation and cooperation of male partners. This study introduced drug-involved women to the female condom-a female-controlled method of protection from HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases. The primary aim was to assess the acceptability of this new device among high-risk women in St. Louis, San Antonio, and R…
A Health Services Use Framework for Drug-Abusing Offenders
This article reviews the recent literature on health services use by drug abusers. A revised Andersen-Newman model is posited as a theoretical orientation for health service initiatives focused on drug abuse. The model highlights specific predisposing factors, historical health factors, current illness factors, and enabling/mediating factors associated with drug abuse. The limited number of cost-effectiveness studies have demonstrated that public…
Gender differences in substance use and initiation of sexual activity
Gender roles, HIV risk behaviors, and perceptions of using female condoms among college students
HIV risk behavior and drug use among heterosexual male crack users by prostitution involvement
HIV Risk Behavior Among Bisexual and Heterosexual Drug Users
This study examined the sexual and drug use behaviors for bisexual and heterosexual drug users (n=11,435 males and n=5,636 females) who participated in the NIDA AIDS Cooperative Agreement study. Results of the study suggest that, for males, bisexuality was highly associated with being homeless, having ever been paid for sex, having five or more sex partners in the month preceding the interview, having an IV drug-using sexual partner in the month …
Personality Disorders as Extreme Variants of Common Personality Dimensions: Can the Five Factor Model Adequately Represent Psychopathy
The present study examined Widiger and Lynam’s (1998) hypothesis that psychopathy can be represented using the Five Factor Model (FFM) of personality. Participants in the study consisted of 481 21–22 year old men and women who are part of an ongoing longitudinal study. Psychopathy was assessed by the degree of similarity between an individual’s NEO‐PI‐R and an expert‐generated FFM psychopathy prototype. The expert‐based prototype supported the ac…
Substance Use and Intimate Violence Among Incarcerated Males
Developing, Implementing, and Evaluating a Treatment Protocol for Rural Substance Abusers
Substance abuse is a significant social and public health problem facing rural Americans. Hawever, most treatment protocols ham been developed in urban areas. This article describes the development, implementation, and evaluation of an innovative substance abuse treatment designed with the collaboration of rural professionals and consumers specifically for rural clients and delivered by rural clinicians. Results of the process evaluation of Struc…
Women, sex, and HIV: Social and contextual factors, meta-analysis of published interventions, and implications for practice and research
An Exploratory Examination of Spiritual Well-Being, Religiosity, and Drug Use Among Incarcerated Men
This study examines the relationships among spirituality, religiosity, and drug use among incarcerated males. Data were collected from 661 male prison inmates from four Kentucky State Correctional facilities. Spiritual well-being was measured using a modified version of the Spiritual Well-Being Scale (SWBS), and religiosity was measured by worship attendance in the year prior to incarceration. In general, spirituality and religiosity were found t…
Head Injury Among Drug Abusers: An Indicator of Co-Occurring Problems
Alcohol and other drug use has been associated with traumatic brain injury both as a contributing factor to the injury and as a complicating factor for rehabilitation. Brain injury is associated with an increase in mental health and other problems that may be related to drug and alcohol abuse and that may influence recovery. This study examined self-reports of 661 drug-abusing inmates with self-reported head injury, health problems and mental hea…
HIV Prevention Among High-Risk and Hard-to-Reach Rural Residents
HIV infection and HIV risk behaviors are primarily considered to be urban problems. However, rural areas are also experiencing HIV. Because the criminal justice system has a disproportionate number of persons at high risk for HIV, rural probationers were targeted. This article (1) describes an intervention designed to change the high-risk drug use and sexual behaviors of rural residents on probation; and (2) presents information on 200 rural prob…
Qualitative Differences Among Rural and Urban Intimate Violence Victimization Experiences and Consequences: A Pilot Study
Divorce, Custody, and Spousal Violence: A Random Sample of Circuit Court Docket Records
The contribution of personality to the overlap between antisocial behavior and substance use/misuse
The present study tested the ability of the Five Factor Model (FFM), a general model of personality functioning, to account for the stability across time of antisocial behavior (ASB) and substance use/misuse (SUM), and the correlation between ASB and SUM at a given time. Data from a community‐based longitudinal study of 481 men and women were examined. Specifically, we examined relations among substance use and conduct problems through the 10 th …
Examining antisocial behavior through the lens of the five factor model of personality
The current study attempts to provide greater precision in understanding how personality is related to antisocial behavior. Specifically, we examined the relations between the facets (subordinate traits) from three domains (superordinate dimensions): Neuroticism, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness, of the Five Factor Model and five outcome variables: stability of conduct problems, variety of conduct problems, onset of conduct problems, aggressi…
Treatment Motivation and Therapeutic Engagement in Prison-Based Substance Use Treatment
Studies of community-based substance use treatment show that motivation for treatment is critical for clients becoming therapeutically engaged. Little research, however, has been conducted on therapeutic engagement in corrections-based substance use treatment. The current study examines the association between internal treatment motivation and therapeutic engagement for a sample of 220 male substance-using offenders enrolled in a corrections-base…
Substance Abuse Early Prevention Programs for Young Children with School Difficulties
A Descriptive Comparison of Criminality, Substance Use, and Mental Health Among Two Samples of Female Offenders
With the growing number of women involved in the criminal justice system, there is a need to examine female offenders in order to understand potential differences which might have important implications for treatment assessment and planning. The purpose of this study is to describe criminal histories, substance use, and mental health of two samples of female offenders in the community: Drug court (n = 173) and probationers (n = 160). Findings sug…
Medicine (63 works) · Psychology (59 works) · Psychiatry (56 works) · Clinical Psychology (31 works) · Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes (30 works) · Demography (25 works) · HIV, Drug Use, Sexual Risk (23 works) · Substance abuse (22 works) · Clinical Psychology (21 works) · Environmental health (20 works)