Chris R Brewin
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 238260 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Chris R Brewin |
| PRENOMES | Chris R |
| SOBRENOME | Brewin |
| ASSINATURA | BREWIN C R |
| AFILIAÇÕES | University College London |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-7462-4460 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 39 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 180 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 39 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1984 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2025 |
| ÍNDICE H | 6 |
Differential diagnosis of autism, attachment disorders, complex post‐traumatic stress disorder and emotionally unstable personality disorder
Individuals diagnosed with autism, attachment disorders, emotionally unstable personality disorder (EUPD) or complex post‐traumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) can present with similar features. This renders differential and accurate diagnosis of these conditions difficult, leading to diagnostic overshadowing and misdiagnosis. The purpose of this study was to explore professionals' perspectives on the differential diagnosis of autism, attachment diso…
Inaccuracy in the Scientific Record and Open Postpublication Critique
There is growing evidence that the published psychological literature is marred by multiple errors and inaccuracies and often fails to reflect the changing nature of the knowledge base. At least four types of error are common—citation error, methodological error, statistical error, and interpretation error. In the face of the apparent inevitability of these inaccuracies, core scientific values such as openness and transparency require that correc…
Exposure to potentially morally injurious events in U.K. health and social care workers during Covid-19
Exposure to PIMEs could be important for PTSD and CPTSD development. Interventions for moral injury in HSCWs should be investigated. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)
Are memories of sexual trauma fragmented? A post publication discussion among Richard J. McNally, Dorthe Berntsen, Chris R. Brewin and David C. Rubin
Following the publication of his article on whether memories of trauma in sexual assault victims are fragmented (McNally, 2022), McNally moderated a discussion between Chris R. Brewin and David C. Rubin/Dorthe Berntsen whose perspectives on memory fragmentation were cited by McNally. The discussion clarified their contrasting viewpoints on this controversy
Doing right by the eyewitness evidence
Berkowitz et al. (Berkowitz, S. R., Garrett, B. L., Fenn, K. M., & Loftus, E. F. (2020). Convicting with confidence? Why we should not over-rely on eyewitness confidence. Memory. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2020.1849308) attribute to us the claim that “confidence trumps all”, and the few out-of-context quotations they selected can certainly be used to create that false impression. However, it is easily disproved, and we do so here. The notio…
Tilting at Windmills
In the November 2019 issue of Perspectives, Otgaar et al. argued that the “memory wars” persist and that “the controversial issue of repressed memories is alive and well and may even be on the rise” (p. 1072). Their thesis overlooked the well-established consensus that recovered memories of trauma may be genuine, false, or a mixture of the two and instead focused on a disputed mechanism: unconscious repression. A formal cocitation analysis identi…
Commentary
The recent release of the 11th version of The International Classification of Diseases (ICD‐11: WHO, 2018) marked a significant departure from the previous similarities between it and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM‐5; APA, 2013) in terms of their conceptualization of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The ICD‐11 proposed a reduced symptom set for PTSD and a sibling disorder called Complex PTSD. There have been n…
Feelings, Thoughts, and Behaviors During Disaster
Thoughts, feelings, and behaviors during traumatic events, that is, peritraumatic reactions, are key to post-trauma psychopathology development. Qualitative research is required to investigate whether existing quantitative methods capture the range and complexity of peritraumatic reactions as described by survivors. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 104 earthquake survivors. Participants reported experiencing various peritraumatic re…
Does requiring trauma exposure affect rates of ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD? Implications for DSM–5
Certain non-Criterion A events involving extreme fear and horror should be considered traumatic. The ICD-11 approach of providing clinical guidance rather than a formal definition offers a viable solution to some of the problems associated with the current and previous attempts to define traumatic exposure. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved)
The International Trauma Questionnaire
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to finalize the development of the International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ), a self-report diagnostic measure of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD (CPTSD), as defined in the 11th version of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11). METHOD: The optimal symptom indicators of PTSD and CPTSD were identified by applying item response theory (IRT) analysis to data from a trauma-…
A review of current evidence regarding the ICD-11 proposals for diagnosing PTSD and complex PTSD
Prospects and problems in studying traumatic flashbacks
The study of flashbacks is becoming increasingly important, as new proposals for the 11th edition of the World Health Organization's International Classification of Diseases give them an increasingly prominent role in the diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder. Amplifying the commentary of Kvavilashvili (2014), I contend that further progress is likely to depend on improved definition, distinguishing them from other forms of involuntary memor…
Episodic memory, perceptual memory, and their interaction
A number of autobiographical memory theories and clinical theories of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) make claims that are different from standard views of memory and have been the subject of controversy. These claims include the existence of a long-term perceptual memory system supporting conscious experience separate to episodic memory; greater involvement of perceptual memory in the response to emotion-laden and personally meaningful even…
Diagnosis and classification of disorders specifically associated with stress
The diagnostic concepts of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other disorders specifically associated with stress have been intensively discussed among neuro- and social scientists, clinicians, epidemiologists, public health planners and humanitarian aid workers around the world. PTSD and adjustment disorder are among the most widely used diagnoses in mental health care worldwide. This paper describes proposals that aim to maximize clinica…
Effects of experimentally induced dissociation on attention and memory
Experimentally-induced dissociation impairs visual memory
Weighing the Costs of Disaster
Disasters typically strike quickly and cause great harm. Unfortunately, because of the spontaneous and chaotic nature of disasters, the psychological consequences have proved exceedingly difficult to assess. Published reports have often overestimated a disaster's psychological cost to survivors, suggesting, for example, that many if not most survivors will develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD); at the same time, these reports have underest…
Intrusive images in psychological disorders
Involuntary images and visual memories are prominent in many types of psychopathology.Patients with posttraumatic stress disorder, other anxiety disorders, depression, eating disorders, and psychosis frequently report repeated visual intrusions corresponding to a small number of real or imaginary events, usually extremely vivid, detailed, and with highly distressing content.Both memory and imagery appear to rely on common networks involving media…
Refugees' Experiences of Home Office Interviews
Decisions on refugee status rely heavily on judgments about how individuals present themselves and their histories. Late or non-disclosure of sensitive personal information, for example, may be assumed to be a result of fabrication by the asylum claimant. However, if incorrect, such assumptions can lead to genuine refugees in need of protection being refused asylum. A study employing semi-structured interviews with 27 refugees and asylum-seekers …
Exposure to Hurricane-Related Stressors and Mental Illness After Hurricane Katrina
CONTEXT: Uncertainty exists about the prevalence, severity, and correlates of mental disorders among people exposed to Hurricane Katrina. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence and associations between DSM-IV anxiety-mood disorders and hurricane-related stressors separately among prehurricane residents of the New Orleans metropolitan area and the remainder of the areas in Alabama, Louisiana, and Mississippi affected by Katrina. DESIGN: Community s…
Psychological theories of posttraumatic stress disorder
The effect of dissociation at encoding on intrusive memories for a stressful film
The occurrence of memory intrusions after a trauma has been linked to peri‐traumatic dissociation. In this study, we attempted to induce dissociation experimentally and investigate the impact on intrusive memories. A total of 39 undergraduates were randomly assigned to watch a stressful film under standard conditions or under a dual‐task condition in which they simultaneously performed a tapping task. They rated their distress post‐film and again…
Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults.
Predicting PTSD symptoms in victims of violent crime
To examine the role of cognitive-affective appraisals and childhood abuse as predictors of crime-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, 157 victims of violent crime were interviewed within 1 month post-crime and 6 months later. Measures within 1 month post-crime included previous physical and sexual abuse in childhood and responses to the current crime, including shame and anger with self and others. When all variables were consid…
An investigation of shame and guilt in a depressed sample
A self‐report measure of proneness to shame and guilt was administered to 86 patients with moderate to severe depression, with the prediction that there would be a positive correlation of shame with severity of depression. Contrary to other, non‐clinical studies, we found that guilt but not shame was associated with levels of depression. Shameproneness demonstrated a unique association with a stable attributional style for negative outcomes, glob…
Psychopathology and early experience
Three potential sources of error in retrospective reports of childhood experiences are documented: low reliability and validity of autobiographical memory in general, the presence of general memory impairment associated with psychopathology, and the presence of specific mood-congruent memory biases associated with psychopathology. The evidence reviewed suggests that claims concerning the general unreliability of retrospective reports are exaggera…
Intrusive images in psychological disorders
Involuntary images and visual memories are prominent in many types of psychopathology.Patients with posttraumatic stress disorder, other anxiety disorders, depression, eating disorders, and psychosis frequently report repeated visual intrusions corresponding to a small number of real or imaginary events, usually extremely vivid, detailed, and with highly distressing content.Both memory and imagery appear to rely on common networks involving media…
Refugees' Experiences of Home Office Interviews
Decisions on refugee status rely heavily on judgments about how individuals present themselves and their histories. Late or non-disclosure of sensitive personal information, for example, may be assumed to be a result of fabrication by the asylum claimant. However, if incorrect, such assumptions can lead to genuine refugees in need of protection being refused asylum. A study employing semi-structured interviews with 27 refugees and asylum-seekers …
Attributional versus preattributional variables in self-esteem and depression
Predictions made according to the attributional reformulation of learned helplessness theory concerning the cognitive determinants of low self-esteem and depression were tested in two samples of undergraduates; real and hypothetical life events were used. As predicted, internal attributions for hypothetical success and failure were correlated with self-esteem, but there was an unexpected correlation with global attributions for negative outcomes.…
Depression and causal attributions
Causal beliefs about depression in depressed patients, clinical psychologists and lay persons
Non‐depressed lay persons have been shown to have extensive and accurate knowledge about depression (Rippere, 1977, 1980 a, b , 1981 a ) that is underpinned by a structure that resembles current academic theories of the disorder (Furnham & Kuyken, 1991). In this study a semi‐structured interview schedule and a number of rating scales were used to determine and compare the nature and extent of depressed patients', clinical psychologists', and lay …
Cognitive Style and Attitudes to Work
This study examined the relationship between work-specific cognitive style, and measures of organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and involvement. One hundred working adults completed the revised Occupational Attributional Style Questioinaire and three validated measures of work attitudes. In general, cognitive style showed few associations with demographic variables, occupational status, and salary. Internality and perception of personal …
Episodic memory, perceptual memory, and their interaction
A number of autobiographical memory theories and clinical theories of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) make claims that are different from standard views of memory and have been the subject of controversy. These claims include the existence of a long-term perceptual memory system supporting conscious experience separate to episodic memory; greater involvement of perceptual memory in the response to emotion-laden and personally meaningful even…
Attributions of Blame for Marital Violence
A sample of 70 women who had experienced marital violence were studied to assess degree of placing blame on self and on partner for violence. It was hypothesized that the focus of blame would change with marital circumstances and that different types of attributions for violence while in the violent relationship would be associated with different antecedent and outcome factors. Women currently living with violent partners reported the highest rat…
Demographic and psychological determinants of homesickness and confiding among students
This study investigated some of the determinants of homesickness and reactions to homesickness in two samples of first-year English psychology students who had left home for the first time. Homesickness was found to be a reasonably common but short-lived phenomenon, and was predicted longitudinally by greater self-reported dependency on other people and by higher estimates of the frequency of homesickness among students in general. Although homes…
Feelings, Thoughts, and Behaviors During Disaster
Thoughts, feelings, and behaviors during traumatic events, that is, peritraumatic reactions, are key to post-trauma psychopathology development. Qualitative research is required to investigate whether existing quantitative methods capture the range and complexity of peritraumatic reactions as described by survivors. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 104 earthquake survivors. Participants reported experiencing various peritraumatic re…
The development of an occupational attributional style questionnaire
Ninety working adults completed the OASQ — an occupational attributional style questionnaire aimed specifically at examining attributions for work‐related events. They also completed well‐known and validated measures of job satisfaction and intrinsic motivation. The OASQ was shown to have satisfactory internal reliability. Attributions for positive events, rather than negative events, were significantly correlated with demographic variables like …
Social support in the face of adversity
Beyond locus of control
Many locus of control measures fail to distinguish attributions for positive and negative outcomes even though these appear to be separate dimensions. Scales measuring the attribution of responsibility for positive and for negative outcomes are reported, together with data on their reliability and validity. Rotter's I-E scale was found to correlate with responsibility for positive but not for negative outcomes. Responsibility for positive outcome…
Self‐critical attitudes and parental criticism in young women
It has been suggested that self‐criticism derived from the family environment is a major vulnerability factor for depression. We tested in a sample of young women the hypothesis that self‐criticism would be linked to parental reports of criticism, with perceived parental criticism playing a mediating role. Results indicated that self‐criticism over appearance was independent of the other types of self‐criticism measured. The data revealed additio…
An investigation of shame and guilt in a depressed sample
A self‐report measure of proneness to shame and guilt was administered to 86 patients with moderate to severe depression, with the prediction that there would be a positive correlation of shame with severity of depression. Contrary to other, non‐clinical studies, we found that guilt but not shame was associated with levels of depression. Shameproneness demonstrated a unique association with a stable attributional style for negative outcomes, glob…
Beyond locus of control
Many locus of control measures fail to distinguish attributions for positive and negative outcomes even though these appear to be separate dimensions. Scales measuring the attribution of responsibility for positive and for negative outcomes are reported, together with data on their reliability and validity. Rotter's I-E scale was found to correlate with responsibility for positive but not for negative outcomes. Responsibility for positive outcome…
Depression and causal attributions
Depression and causal attributions
Attributional versus preattributional variables in self-esteem and depression
Predictions made according to the attributional reformulation of learned helplessness theory concerning the cognitive determinants of low self-esteem and depression were tested in two samples of undergraduates; real and hypothetical life events were used. As predicted, internal attributions for hypothetical success and failure were correlated with self-esteem, but there was an unexpected correlation with global attributions for negative outcomes.…
Social support in the face of adversity
Demographic and psychological determinants of homesickness and confiding among students
This study investigated some of the determinants of homesickness and reactions to homesickness in two samples of first-year English psychology students who had left home for the first time. Homesickness was found to be a reasonably common but short-lived phenomenon, and was predicted longitudinally by greater self-reported dependency on other people and by higher estimates of the frequency of homesickness among students in general. Although homes…
Attributions of Blame for Marital Violence
A sample of 70 women who had experienced marital violence were studied to assess degree of placing blame on self and on partner for violence. It was hypothesized that the focus of blame would change with marital circumstances and that different types of attributions for violence while in the violent relationship would be associated with different antecedent and outcome factors. Women currently living with violent partners reported the highest rat…
The development of an occupational attributional style questionnaire
Ninety working adults completed the OASQ — an occupational attributional style questionnaire aimed specifically at examining attributions for work‐related events. They also completed well‐known and validated measures of job satisfaction and intrinsic motivation. The OASQ was shown to have satisfactory internal reliability. Attributions for positive events, rather than negative events, were significantly correlated with demographic variables like …
Causal beliefs about depression in depressed patients, clinical psychologists and lay persons
Non‐depressed lay persons have been shown to have extensive and accurate knowledge about depression (Rippere, 1977, 1980 a, b , 1981 a ) that is underpinned by a structure that resembles current academic theories of the disorder (Furnham & Kuyken, 1991). In this study a semi‐structured interview schedule and a number of rating scales were used to determine and compare the nature and extent of depressed patients', clinical psychologists', and lay …
Psychopathology and early experience
Three potential sources of error in retrospective reports of childhood experiences are documented: low reliability and validity of autobiographical memory in general, the presence of general memory impairment associated with psychopathology, and the presence of specific mood-congruent memory biases associated with psychopathology. The evidence reviewed suggests that claims concerning the general unreliability of retrospective reports are exaggera…
Cognitive Style and Attitudes to Work
This study examined the relationship between work-specific cognitive style, and measures of organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and involvement. One hundred working adults completed the revised Occupational Attributional Style Questioinaire and three validated measures of work attitudes. In general, cognitive style showed few associations with demographic variables, occupational status, and salary. Internality and perception of personal …
A dual representation theory of posttraumatic stress disorder.
A cognitive theory of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is proposed that assumes traumas experienced after early childhood give rise to 2 sorts of memory, 1 verbally accessible and 1 automatically accessible through appropriate situational cues. These different types of memory are used to explain the complex phenomenology of PTSD, including the experiences of reliving the traumatic event and of emotionally processing the trauma. The theory con…
Self‐critical attitudes and parental criticism in young women
It has been suggested that self‐criticism derived from the family environment is a major vulnerability factor for depression. We tested in a sample of young women the hypothesis that self‐criticism would be linked to parental reports of criticism, with perceived parental criticism playing a mediating role. Results indicated that self‐criticism over appearance was independent of the other types of self‐criticism measured. The data revealed additio…
An investigation of shame and guilt in a depressed sample
A self‐report measure of proneness to shame and guilt was administered to 86 patients with moderate to severe depression, with the prediction that there would be a positive correlation of shame with severity of depression. Contrary to other, non‐clinical studies, we found that guilt but not shame was associated with levels of depression. Shameproneness demonstrated a unique association with a stable attributional style for negative outcomes, glob…
Integrating psychological therapies
We review the role played by meaning in different schools of psychotherapy, and propose that the systematic study of meaning transformation has the potential to unify understanding of the scientific basis of psychotherapy. We describe some of the most important innate and social origins of meaning, and identify seven major themes that characterize the thinking of people with psychological disorders. We also describe how these themes are processed…
Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults.
Predicting PTSD symptoms in victims of violent crime
To examine the role of cognitive-affective appraisals and childhood abuse as predictors of crime-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, 157 victims of violent crime were interviewed within 1 month post-crime and 6 months later. Measures within 1 month post-crime included previous physical and sexual abuse in childhood and responses to the current crime, including shame and anger with self and others. When all variables were consid…
The effect of dissociation at encoding on intrusive memories for a stressful film
The occurrence of memory intrusions after a trauma has been linked to peri‐traumatic dissociation. In this study, we attempted to induce dissociation experimentally and investigate the impact on intrusive memories. A total of 39 undergraduates were randomly assigned to watch a stressful film under standard conditions or under a dual‐task condition in which they simultaneously performed a tapping task. They rated their distress post‐film and again…
Psychological theories of posttraumatic stress disorder
Exposure to Hurricane-Related Stressors and Mental Illness After Hurricane Katrina
CONTEXT: Uncertainty exists about the prevalence, severity, and correlates of mental disorders among people exposed to Hurricane Katrina. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence and associations between DSM-IV anxiety-mood disorders and hurricane-related stressors separately among prehurricane residents of the New Orleans metropolitan area and the remainder of the areas in Alabama, Louisiana, and Mississippi affected by Katrina. DESIGN: Community s…
Weighing the Costs of Disaster
Disasters typically strike quickly and cause great harm. Unfortunately, because of the spontaneous and chaotic nature of disasters, the psychological consequences have proved exceedingly difficult to assess. Published reports have often overestimated a disaster's psychological cost to survivors, suggesting, for example, that many if not most survivors will develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD); at the same time, these reports have underest…
Intrusive images in psychological disorders
Involuntary images and visual memories are prominent in many types of psychopathology.Patients with posttraumatic stress disorder, other anxiety disorders, depression, eating disorders, and psychosis frequently report repeated visual intrusions corresponding to a small number of real or imaginary events, usually extremely vivid, detailed, and with highly distressing content.Both memory and imagery appear to rely on common networks involving media…
Refugees' Experiences of Home Office Interviews
Decisions on refugee status rely heavily on judgments about how individuals present themselves and their histories. Late or non-disclosure of sensitive personal information, for example, may be assumed to be a result of fabrication by the asylum claimant. However, if incorrect, such assumptions can lead to genuine refugees in need of protection being refused asylum. A study employing semi-structured interviews with 27 refugees and asylum-seekers …
Diagnosis and classification of disorders specifically associated with stress
The diagnostic concepts of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other disorders specifically associated with stress have been intensively discussed among neuro- and social scientists, clinicians, epidemiologists, public health planners and humanitarian aid workers around the world. PTSD and adjustment disorder are among the most widely used diagnoses in mental health care worldwide. This paper describes proposals that aim to maximize clinica…
Effects of experimentally induced dissociation on attention and memory
Psychology (36 obras) · Clinical Psychology (23 obras) · Social Psychology (21 obras) · Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research (18 obras) · Psychiatry (17 obras) · Cognitive psychology (12 obras) · Developmental psychology (12 obras) · Medicine (11 obras) · Cognition (10 obras) · Attribution (8 obras)