Pamela M Cole

Biographic Data

ID242129
NAMEPamela M Cole
GIVEN NAMESPamela M
FAMILY NAMECole
SIGNATURECOLE P M
AFFILIATIONSPennsylvania State University
ORCID0000-0002-0753-7009
VERIFIEDYes
TOTAL WORKS36
TOTAL CITATIONS123
AUTHOR COUNT36
EDITOR COUNT0
FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR1994
LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR2025
H-INDEX5

  • Age-related changes in relations between young children’s anger and spontaneous speech during a delayed reward task

    Open AccessYeunjoo Kim, Margaret A Fields-Olivieri et al.ARTICLEDevelopmental Psychology2025

    Age-related declines in nonverbal anger reactivity during early childhood are attributed, in part, to expressive language development (Kopp, 1989). Although relations between language skills and emotion-related outcomes are well-established, how young children's language use evolves and supports emotional development is less understood. Does what children say account for systematic declines in anger reactivity? We investigated changes in relation…

  • A functionalist perspective of young children’s anger and sadness

    Open AccessGabrielle Sky Cardwell, Pamela M Cole et al.ARTICLEEmotion2024

    Functional emotion theory defines anger as appraisal that a goal is blocked and readiness to act to overcome the obstacle-to approach, and sadness as appraisal that a goal is lost and readiness to relinquish effort-to withdraw. We test relations between these emotions and actions in young children during a blocked reward task, specifically associations in (a) anger and approach toward the goal, (b) sadness and withdrawal from the goal, and (c) gr…

  • Developmental differences in young children's implied use of cognitive resources in their self‐regulation strategies

    Open AccessGabrielle Sky Cardwell, Pamela M Cole et al.ARTICLESocial Development2024Cited by: 1References: 1

    The emergence of self‐regulation during the preschool years is due, in part, to children's development of cognitive resources that can regulate their behavior. However, there is little direct evidence that age influences the extent to which young children's strategies involve such resources. We investigated age differences in the extent that young children's strategies imply cognitive resources. A sample of 154 children (77 girls; M age 45.15 mon…

  • The Cambridge Handbook of the Development of Coping

    Open AccessCarolyn Aldwin, Maria Kurth et al.BOOKCambridge Handbook of the…2023

    Despite broad interest in how children and youth cope with stress and how others can support their coping, this is the first Handbook to consolidate the many theories and large bodies of research that contribute to the study of the development of coping. The Handbook's goal is field building - it brings together theory and research from across the spectrum of psychological, developmental, and related sciences to inform our understanding of coping…

  • Investigating the developmental timing of self-regulation in early childhood

    Open AccessLindsey M Green, Breana G Genaro et al.ARTICLEInternational Journal of…2023

    Self-regulation often refers to the executive influence of cognitive resources to alter prepotent responses. The ability to engage cognitive resources as a form of executive process emerges and improves in the preschool-age years while the dominance of prepotent responses, such as emotional reactions, begins to decline from toddlerhood onward. However, little direct empirical evidence addresses the timing of an age-related increase in executive p…

  • Mothers’ Reactions to Children’s Emotion Expressions in Different Cultural Contexts: Comparisons across Nepal, Korea, and Germany

    Sook in Cho, Ju‐Hyun Song et al.ARTICLEEarly Education and Development2022

    The current study examined (1) cross-cultural variations in mothers’ reports of how they would react to their children’s positive and negative emotions as triggered by different interpersonal situations and (2) their relations to children’s emotion regulation competence in Nepal, Korea, and Germany. Participants were 305 mothers whose children were first graders in elementary school. Mothers reported their reactions to children’s positive and neg…

  • A dynamic systems account of parental self-regulation processes in the context of challenging child behavior

    Open AccessXutong Zhang, Lisa M Gatzke‐kopp et al.ARTICLEChild Development2022

    To advance the understanding of how parental self-regulation contributes to their role in supporting children's development, this study proposes a model of the dynamic processes involved in parental self-regulation. Based on time-series data from 157 mothers and their 30- to 60-month-old children (49.7% female; 96% White; data collected June 2017–December 2019 in central Pennsylvania, U.S.) during a challenging wait task, the model was tested by …

  • Describing and Controlling Multivariate Nonlinear Dynamics: A Boolean Network Approach

    Xiao Yang, Nilam Ram et al.ARTICLEMultivariate Behavioral Research2022

    We introduce a discrete-time dynamical system method, the Boolean network method, that may be useful for modeling, studying, and controlling nonlinear dynamics in multivariate systems, particularly when binary time-series are available. We introduce the method in three steps: inference of the temporal relations as Boolean functions, extraction of attractors and assignment of desirability based on domain knowledge, and design of network control to…

  • Parental Structuring in Response to Toddler Negative Emotion Predicts Children’s Later Use of Distraction as a Self-Regulation Strategy for Waiting

    Open AccessNiyantri Ravindran, Breana G Genaro et al.ARTICLEChild Development2021

    Structuring is a parental response to young children’s behavior that may foster children’s attempts to use cognitive skills to engage in self-regulation. Using a rural, economically strained sample, parental structuring in response to 127 eighteen-month-olds’ negative emotion was observed during a home visit. Children’s distraction, a useful cognitive strategy when waiting for a reward, was assessed during a laboratory wait task at 18, 24, 36, an…

  • Longitudinal changes in young children’s strategy use for emotion regulation

    Open AccessK Ashana Ratcliff, Lauren C Vazquez et al.ARTICLEDevelopmental Psychology2021Cited by: 1References: 6

    The development of strategies that support autonomous self-regulation of emotion is key for early childhood emotion regulation. Children are thought to transition from predominant reliance on more automatic or interpersonal strategies to reliance on more effortful, autonomous strategies as they develop cognitive skills that can be recruited for self-regulation. However, there are few longitudinal studies documenting age-related changes in differe…

  • What Emotion Dysregulation Looks Like: Inferences from Behavioral Observations

    K Ashana Ramsook, Pamela M Cole et al.CHAPTEROxford Handbook of Emotion…2020

    Recent conceptualizations of emotion dysregulation define it as a process that unfolds over multiple time scales and that leads to short- or long-term impairments. This chapter discusses the advantages of observational methods for measuring emotion dysregulation as a process, focusing on three patterns and associated evidence of them from observational studies. First, the chapter discusses context-inappropriate emotion, the absence of an expected…

  • The role of dynamic, dyadic parent–child processes in parental socialization of emotion

    Open AccessErika Lunkenheimer, Catherine M Hamby et al.ARTICLEDevelopmental Psychology2020Cited by: 12References: 8

    We investigated what a dyadic framework added to Eisenberg, Cumberland, and Spinrad's (1998) parental emotion socialization model based on the argument that the dynamic organization of emotion in the dyad is more than the sum of its parts and thus makes a unique contribution to emotion socialization. Preschoolers (N = 235) completed challenging problem-solving tasks with mothers and fathers, during which parental emotion-related socialization beh…

  • Sequences of toddler negative emotion and parent–toddler verbal communication during a waking day

    Open AccessMargaret A Fields‐Olivieri, Pamela M ColeARTICLEInfancy2019

    Although the second year of life is characterized by dramatic changes in expressive language and by increases in negative emotion expression, verbal communication and emotional communication are often studied separately. With a sample of twenty‐five one‐year‐olds (12–23 months), we used Language Environment Analysis (LENA; Xu, Yapanel, & Gray, 2009, Reliability of the LENATM language environment analysis system in young children’s natural home en…

  • Multilevel survival analysis: Studying the timing of children’s recurring behaviors

    Open AccessJessica P Lougheed, Lizbeth Benson et al.ARTICLEDevelopmental Psychology2019Cited by: 2References: 8

    The timing of events (e.g., how long it takes a child to exhibit a particular behavior) is often of interest in developmental science. Multilevel survival analysis (MSA) is useful for examining behavioral timing in observational studies (i.e., video recordings) of children's behavior. We illustrate how MSA can be used to answer 2 types of research questions. Specifically, using data from a study of 117 children 36 months old (SD = .38) during a f…

  • Progress in understanding the emergence of human emotion

    Open AccessSeth D Pollak, Linda A Camras et al.ARTICLEDevelopmental Psychology2019Cited by: 3References: 27

    In the past several decades, research on emotional development has flourished. Scientists have made progress in understanding infants', children's, and adults' abilities to recognize, communicate, and regulate their emotions. However, many questions remain unanswered or only partly answered. We are poised to move from descriptions of aspects of emotional functioning to conceptualizing and studying the developmental mechanisms that underlie those …

  • Dynamical systems modeling of early childhood self-regulation

    Open AccessPamela M Cole, Jason José Bendezú et al.ARTICLEEmotion2017

    Self-regulation can be conceptualized in terms of dynamic tension between highly probable reactions (prepotent responses) and use of strategies that can modulate those reactions (executive processes). This study investigated the value of a dynamical systems approach to the study of early childhood self-regulation. Specifically, ordinary differential equations (ODEs) were used to model the interactive influences of 115 36-month-olds' executive pro…

  • Maternal Responses to Infant Distress: Linkages Between Specific Emotions and Neurophysiological Processes

    Nastassia J Hajal, Pamela M Cole et al.ARTICLEParenting2017Cited by: 1References: 9

    SYNOPSISObjective. The goals of the current article were to test the presence of an association between mothers’ neural activity (measured by frontal cortical alpha asymmetry) and their specific emotions (measured by observed facial expressions) in response to infant distress and the moderation of this relation by mothers’ appraisal processes (measured by sense of parenting efficacy). Design. Mothers of 5- to 8-month-olds (n = 26) watched videos …

  • Modeling Intraindividual Dynamics Using Stochastic Differential Equations: Age Differences in Affect Regulation

    Julie Wood, Zita Oravecz et al.ARTICLEThe Journals of Gerontology…2017Cited by: 3References: 3

    The results highlight the utility of SDE models for studying affect dynamics and informing theoretical predictions about how intraindividual dynamics change over the life course

  • Toddler emotional states, temperamental traits, and their interaction: Associations with mothers’ and fathers’ parenting

    Open AccessMargaret A Fields-Olivieri, Margaret A Fields‐Olivieri et al.ARTICLEJournal of Research in Personality2017References: 81

  • A Comparison of Two-Stage Approaches for Fitting Nonlinear Ordinary Differential Equation Models with Mixed Effects

    Sy‐miin Chow, Sy-Miin Chow et al.ARTICLEMultivariate Behavioral Research2016

    Several approaches exist for estimating the derivatives of observed data for model exploration purposes, including functional data analysis (FDA; Ramsay & Silverman, 2005 Ramsay, J. O., & Silverman, B. W. (2005). Functional data analysis (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Springer-Verlag.[Crossref] , [Google Scholar]), generalized local linear approximation (GLLA; Boker, Deboeck, Edler, & Peel, 2010 Boker, S. M., Deboeck, P. R., Edler, C., & Peel, P. K. (2…

  • A Longitudinal Examination of Maternal Emotions in Relation to Young Children's Developing Self-Regulation

    Pamela M Cole, Emily N LeDonne et al.ARTICLEParenting2013Cited by: 1References: 11

    Individual differences in children's emotions may influence parental emotions. Over time, only the intra-individual decline in children's anger, not the decrease in their misbehavior or the increase in their regulatory efforts, predicted improvements in maternal emotions

  • Let Me Go: The Influences of Crawling Experience and Temperament on the Development of Anger Expression

    Open AccessCaroline K P Roben, Anneliese J Bass et al.ARTICLEInfancy2012

    Infants’ emerging ability to move independently by crawling is associated with changes in multiple domains, including an increase in expressions of anger in situations that block infants’ goals, but it is unknown whether increased anger is specifically because of experience with being able to move autonomously or simply related to age. To examine the influence of locomotion on developmental change in anger, infants’ ( N = 20) anger expressions du…

  • Cultural Variations in Mothers' Intuitive Theories: A Preliminary Report on Interviewing Mothers from Five Nations about Their Socialization of Children's Emotions

    Open AccessGisela Trommsdorff, Pamela M Cole et al.ARTICLEGlobal Studies of Childhood2012Cited by: 3References: 13

    Parental intuitive theories comprise values, goals, expectations, and cultural beliefs about the nature of parenting and its function for children's development of competence. This article introduces a research design to study mothers' intuitive theories about their socialization of children's emotions, as a means of understanding the cultural meaning of children's emotional development. The intention is not to present a traditional empirical rep…

  • Relations between Temperament and Anger Regulation over Early Childhood

    Open AccessPatricia Z Tan, Laura Marie Armstrong et al.ARTICLESocial Development2012Cited by: 2References: 8

    Theory suggests temperamental reactivity [negative affectivity (NA)] and regulation [effortful control (EC)] predict variation in the development of emotion regulation (ER). However, few studies report such relations, particularly studies utilizing observational measures of children's ER behaviors in longitudinal designs. Using multilevel modeling, the present study tested whether (1) between-person differences in mean levels of mother-reported c…

  • Mothers' affect dysregulation, depressive symptoms, and emotional availability during mother–infant interaction

    Open AccessBo‐Ram Kim, Douglas M Teti et al.ARTICLEInfant Mental Health Journal2012Cited by: 1References: 37

    Maternal affect dysregulation and maternal depressive symptoms were examined as predictors of maternal emotional availability (EA) during mother–infant interaction in a nonclinical sample. In particular, we investigated if affect dysregulation predicts EA and is more important than are depressive symptoms in predicting EA. Questionnaire measures and 30 min of free play were obtained from 46 mothers of 4‐ to 5‐month‐old infants. Mothers' self‐repo…