Steven P Tipper
Biographic Data
| ID | 2458860 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Steven P Tipper |
| GIVEN NAMES | Steven P |
| FAMILY NAME | Tipper |
| SIGNATURE | TIPPER S P |
| AFFILIATIONS | Bangor University |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-7066-1117 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 15 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 57 |
| WORKS AS AUTHOR | 15 |
| WORKS AS EDITOR | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1985 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2021 |
| H-INDEX | 2 |
No convincing evidence outgroups are denied uniquely human characteristics
According to the dual model, outgroup members can be dehumanized by being thought to possess uniquely and characteristically human traits to a lesser extent than ingroup members. However, previous research on this topic has tended to investigate the attribution of human traits that are socially desirable in nature such as warmth, civility and rationality. As a result, it has not yet been possible to determine whether this form of dehumanization i…
Intergroup preference, not dehumanization, explains social biases in emotion attribution
Psychological models can only help improve intergroup relations if they accurately characterise the mechanisms underlying social biases. The claim that outgroups suffer dehumanization is near ubiquitous in the social sciences. We challenge the most prominent psychological model of dehumanization - infrahumanization theory - which holds outgroup members are subtly dehumanized by being denied human emotions. We examine the theory across seven inter…
Searching for people
There is growing interest in the visual and attentional processes recruited when human observers view social scenes containing multiple people. Findings from visual search paradigms have helped shape this emerging literature. Previous research has established that, when hidden amongst pairs of individuals facing in the same direction (leftwards or rightwards), pairs of individuals arranged front-to-front are found faster than pairs of individuals…
Exploring patterns of ongoing thought under naturalistic and conventional task-based conditions
Preference for illusory contours
It has previously been reported that individuals prefer figures from which they can extract shapes via illusory contours (Kanisza figures) over figures in which this is not possible. However, based on the past research in this area, it is not possible to distinguish the influence of illusory contour perception from other factors such as the symmetry, familiarity, prototypicality, and nameability of the perceived shape. Here, we investigate the in…
Memory for incidentally perceived social cues
Dynamic face cues can be very salient, as when observing sudden shifts of gaze to a new location, or a change of expression from happy to angry. These highly salient social cues influence judgments of another person during the course of an interaction. However, other dynamic cues, such as pupil dilation, are much more subtle, affecting judgments of another person even without awareness. We asked whether such subtle, incidentally perceived, dynami…
Self-generated cognitive fluency as an alternative route to preference formation
Your own actions influence how you perceive other people
The attribution of personal traits to other persons depends on the actions the observer performs at the same time (Bach & Tipper, 2007). Here, we show that the effect reflects a misattribution of appraisals of the observers' own actions to the actions of others. We exploited spatial compatibility effects to manipulate how fluently-how fast and how accurately-participants identified two individuals performing sporty or academic actions. The traits…
Gaze cueing of attention
During social interactions, people's eyes convey a wealth of information about their direction of attention and their emotional and mental states. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of past and current research into the perception of gaze behavior and its effect on the observer. This encompasses the perception of gaze direction and its influence on perception of the other person, as well as gaze-following behavior such as joint …
Gaze and arrow cueing of attention reveals individual differences along the autism spectrum as a function of target context
Observing averted gaze results in a reflexive shift of attention to the gazed-at location. In two experiments, participants scoring high and low on the Autism-Spectrum Quotient questionnaire (AQ; Baron-Cohen, Wheelwright, Skinner, Martin, & Clubley, 2001) observed arrow and gaze cues to investigate cueing effect magnitude as a function of the context in which peripheral targets could appear. While identical cueing effects were found with gaze and…
Inhibition of Return in a Selective Reaching Task
Most previous studies of inhibition of return (IOR) have examined reaction time (RT) and accuracy. These effects have been observed via saccades to targets or with key-press responses. In this study the authors examined, for the first time, IOR in components of a selective reaching task in which participants directly reached for and depressed target keys. When the interval between cue and target was 600 ms, robust IOR effects were observed in RT …
Spread of inhibition across an object's surface
For efficient visual search it is critical that attention is inhibited from returning to previously examined loci. It has been demonstrated that this inhibition can be associated both with the location and the object towards which attention was oriented. However, it is not known whether, after attending to one part of an object, the inhibition spreads to the entire object, or remains localized at the attended site. This study demonstrates that in…
Individual differences in cognitive processes
A study is reported that examined the relationship between a measure of schizophrenic‐like characteristics (schizotypy) in normal subjects and cognitive inhibition. Both repetitive and semantic measures of priming were used. It was found that low schizotypes showed negative priming (i.e. longer reaction times to the re‐presentation of initially ignored stimuli) while high schizotypes did not; high schizotypes exhibited semantic facilitation (i.e.…
Inhibitory mechanisms of attention
This paper examines three properties of attentional inhibition mechanisms. First, previous research has suggested that the inhibitory mechanism of selective attention has a central locus between perception and action. We attempt to confirm the locus of this inhibition. Second, the processing of an unattended stimulus has been observed via the effects of the stimulus on a concurrent target (interference), and on a subsequent target (negative primi…
The Negative Priming Effect
A priming paradigm was employed to investigate the processing of an ignored object during selection of an attended object. Two issues were investigated: the level of internal representation achieved for the ignored object, and the subsequent fate of this representation. In Experiment 1 a prime display containing two superimposed objects was briefly presented. One second later a probe display was presented containing an object to be named. If the …
Gaze cueing of attention
During social interactions, people's eyes convey a wealth of information about their direction of attention and their emotional and mental states. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of past and current research into the perception of gaze behavior and its effect on the observer. This encompasses the perception of gaze direction and its influence on perception of the other person, as well as gaze-following behavior such as joint …
Gaze and arrow cueing of attention reveals individual differences along the autism spectrum as a function of target context
Observing averted gaze results in a reflexive shift of attention to the gazed-at location. In two experiments, participants scoring high and low on the Autism-Spectrum Quotient questionnaire (AQ; Baron-Cohen, Wheelwright, Skinner, Martin, & Clubley, 2001) observed arrow and gaze cues to investigate cueing effect magnitude as a function of the context in which peripheral targets could appear. While identical cueing effects were found with gaze and…
Spread of inhibition across an object's surface
For efficient visual search it is critical that attention is inhibited from returning to previously examined loci. It has been demonstrated that this inhibition can be associated both with the location and the object towards which attention was oriented. However, it is not known whether, after attending to one part of an object, the inhibition spreads to the entire object, or remains localized at the attended site. This study demonstrates that in…
Inhibitory mechanisms of attention
This paper examines three properties of attentional inhibition mechanisms. First, previous research has suggested that the inhibitory mechanism of selective attention has a central locus between perception and action. We attempt to confirm the locus of this inhibition. Second, the processing of an unattended stimulus has been observed via the effects of the stimulus on a concurrent target (interference), and on a subsequent target (negative primi…
The Negative Priming Effect
A priming paradigm was employed to investigate the processing of an ignored object during selection of an attended object. Two issues were investigated: the level of internal representation achieved for the ignored object, and the subsequent fate of this representation. In Experiment 1 a prime display containing two superimposed objects was briefly presented. One second later a probe display was presented containing an object to be named. If the …
Individual differences in cognitive processes
A study is reported that examined the relationship between a measure of schizophrenic‐like characteristics (schizotypy) in normal subjects and cognitive inhibition. Both repetitive and semantic measures of priming were used. It was found that low schizotypes showed negative priming (i.e. longer reaction times to the re‐presentation of initially ignored stimuli) while high schizotypes did not; high schizotypes exhibited semantic facilitation (i.e.…
Inhibitory mechanisms of attention
This paper examines three properties of attentional inhibition mechanisms. First, previous research has suggested that the inhibitory mechanism of selective attention has a central locus between perception and action. We attempt to confirm the locus of this inhibition. Second, the processing of an unattended stimulus has been observed via the effects of the stimulus on a concurrent target (interference), and on a subsequent target (negative primi…
Inhibition of Return in a Selective Reaching Task
Most previous studies of inhibition of return (IOR) have examined reaction time (RT) and accuracy. These effects have been observed via saccades to targets or with key-press responses. In this study the authors examined, for the first time, IOR in components of a selective reaching task in which participants directly reached for and depressed target keys. When the interval between cue and target was 600 ms, robust IOR effects were observed in RT …
Spread of inhibition across an object's surface
For efficient visual search it is critical that attention is inhibited from returning to previously examined loci. It has been demonstrated that this inhibition can be associated both with the location and the object towards which attention was oriented. However, it is not known whether, after attending to one part of an object, the inhibition spreads to the entire object, or remains localized at the attended site. This study demonstrates that in…
Gaze and arrow cueing of attention reveals individual differences along the autism spectrum as a function of target context
Observing averted gaze results in a reflexive shift of attention to the gazed-at location. In two experiments, participants scoring high and low on the Autism-Spectrum Quotient questionnaire (AQ; Baron-Cohen, Wheelwright, Skinner, Martin, & Clubley, 2001) observed arrow and gaze cues to investigate cueing effect magnitude as a function of the context in which peripheral targets could appear. While identical cueing effects were found with gaze and…
Your own actions influence how you perceive other people
The attribution of personal traits to other persons depends on the actions the observer performs at the same time (Bach & Tipper, 2007). Here, we show that the effect reflects a misattribution of appraisals of the observers' own actions to the actions of others. We exploited spatial compatibility effects to manipulate how fluently-how fast and how accurately-participants identified two individuals performing sporty or academic actions. The traits…
Gaze cueing of attention
During social interactions, people's eyes convey a wealth of information about their direction of attention and their emotional and mental states. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of past and current research into the perception of gaze behavior and its effect on the observer. This encompasses the perception of gaze direction and its influence on perception of the other person, as well as gaze-following behavior such as joint …
Self-generated cognitive fluency as an alternative route to preference formation
Preference for illusory contours
It has previously been reported that individuals prefer figures from which they can extract shapes via illusory contours (Kanisza figures) over figures in which this is not possible. However, based on the past research in this area, it is not possible to distinguish the influence of illusory contour perception from other factors such as the symmetry, familiarity, prototypicality, and nameability of the perceived shape. Here, we investigate the in…
Memory for incidentally perceived social cues
Dynamic face cues can be very salient, as when observing sudden shifts of gaze to a new location, or a change of expression from happy to angry. These highly salient social cues influence judgments of another person during the course of an interaction. However, other dynamic cues, such as pupil dilation, are much more subtle, affecting judgments of another person even without awareness. We asked whether such subtle, incidentally perceived, dynami…
No convincing evidence outgroups are denied uniquely human characteristics
According to the dual model, outgroup members can be dehumanized by being thought to possess uniquely and characteristically human traits to a lesser extent than ingroup members. However, previous research on this topic has tended to investigate the attribution of human traits that are socially desirable in nature such as warmth, civility and rationality. As a result, it has not yet been possible to determine whether this form of dehumanization i…
Intergroup preference, not dehumanization, explains social biases in emotion attribution
Psychological models can only help improve intergroup relations if they accurately characterise the mechanisms underlying social biases. The claim that outgroups suffer dehumanization is near ubiquitous in the social sciences. We challenge the most prominent psychological model of dehumanization - infrahumanization theory - which holds outgroup members are subtly dehumanized by being denied human emotions. We examine the theory across seven inter…
Searching for people
There is growing interest in the visual and attentional processes recruited when human observers view social scenes containing multiple people. Findings from visual search paradigms have helped shape this emerging literature. Previous research has established that, when hidden amongst pairs of individuals facing in the same direction (leftwards or rightwards), pairs of individuals arranged front-to-front are found faster than pairs of individuals…
Exploring patterns of ongoing thought under naturalistic and conventional task-based conditions
Psychology (15 works) · Cognitive psychology (12 works) · Cognition (9 works) · Neuroscience (9 works) · Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies (8 works) · Computer Science (7 works) · Social Psychology (7 works) · Face Recognition and Perception (6 works) · Perception (6 works) · Artificial Intelligence (4 works)