Richard Croucher
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 246343 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Richard Croucher |
| PRENOMES | Richard |
| SOBRENOME | Croucher |
| ASSINATURA | CROUCHER R |
| AFILIAÇÕES | Middlesex University |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-9617-734X |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 32 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 76 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 32 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2003 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2021 |
| ÍNDICE H | 5 |
A comparative analysis of Inspector responses to complaints about psychosocial and physical hazards
Work Health and Safety Inspectors are at the forefront of efforts to protect workers from harm from psychosocial hazards, yet the application of regulatory theory to their practice has been limited. Drawing on models of responsive regulation and strategic enforcement, we analyze extensive ( N = 46,348) complaint and incident notification data from an Australian Work Health and Safety Inspectorate, to compare Inspectors' responses to psychosocial …
Women production workers’ introduction into a Norwegian Shipyard 1965–1989
We investigate women’s introduction to skilled production jobs in Norway’s largest shipyard, 1965-80, estimating the experiment’s success. We analyze the difficulties experienced in adapting working conditions and culture to the women entrants, using a theoretical industrial relations/occupational health and safety lens. Working conditions resulted in considerable occupational illness among the women. Job tenure was therefore short, helping susta…
Back to the factory
Factories remain significant sites of employment, crucial to capitalism. In the twentieth century, scholars registered achievements in documenting their history, but since the late 1980s, and for a generation, the field lost impetus within labour history although insights continued to accumulate through work in adjacent disciplines. The factory has not featured on the agenda of ‘transnational’ and ‘global’ labour history, but we suggest that it c…
Regulating factory safety in the Bangladeshi garment industry
This paper examines how far the workplace inspection program established under the 2013 Accord on Fire and Building Safety has served to improve safety in Bangladesh garment factories, and the extent to which its operation has been influenced by factors that the literature suggests are important in shaping the outcomes of private regulatory initiatives. The findings suggest that such regulation can generate positive outcomes, even in the absence …
Send us more arms!’ Bringing British women into war production through films in World War Two
We analyse four propaganda films designed to support women’s conscription into British arms production in 1941–1942, examining their approach and comparing that to women’s lived experience on entry to factories. The films recognised minor difficulties, stressed the support network available and the need for sacrifice. They sought to inspire but provided little information on matters important to women. In the factories, women experienced a range …
The culture of skilled work in a Norwegian shipyard, 1945–90
We anatomise the culture of skilled work in the Solheimsviken shipyard in Bergen, Norway, from 1945 to 1990, linking it to democratic impulses within the workforce. This independent culture had strong if bounded democratic elements that were ultimately reflected in the institutions of a worker’s cooperative which operated from 1985. However, a shift away from shipbuilding immediately preceded the cooperative’s foundation and eroded the position o…
Ethnicity and labour in Mauritius
We assess the sole substantial film documenting the history of socio-economic relations in Mauritius, a history stamped by long experiences of slavery and bonded labour. We argue that it represents an important crystallisation of a triumphalist ethnic interpretation of Mauritian history. We show the filmic devices used to underline the ethnic narrative and the marginalisation of slave descendants’ voices. We demonstrate that the film ignores the …
Union renewal in historical perspective
This article revisits contemporary union renewal/revival debates through comparison with the late 1930s resurgence of trade unionism in the UK's engineering industry. It is argued that the 1930s union renewal arose from more favourable contextual conditions than those currently obtaining. It was led by political activists, with better-articulated organisation and greater resonance in the working class than their contemporary counterparts, who wer…
Alessandro Stanziani, Bondage. Labor and Rights in Eurasia from the Sixteenth to the Early Twentieth Centuries
This book is volume 24 in the International Studies in Social History series edited by Marcel Van Der Linden of the International Institute of Social History Amsterdam (IISH) and makes a significant contribution to the trans-national history of labour. Its publication is timely, coming as it does in a period where interest in slavery, bonded labour and their legacies has steadily developed in both the developed and developing worlds. I begin by s…
Tripartism in Comparative and Historical Perspective
This article provides an overview of interpretive approaches to the historic development of tripartism globally. Locating tripartism firmly within four broad approaches to labour management, we seek to qualify those strands that regard the phenomemon as lacking in current relevance. We argue that elements of post-war compromises persist and indeed have been recently initiated even if in many societies they exist in dilute form. Thus, the concept'…
The transformation of work and industrial relations in the post-Soviet bloc
The uprisings of 1989 in the Soviet sphere were momentous in their political impact. Examination of this prolonged transformation is timely. We progress from case study analysis of the workplace - important in the early stages of transformation - to reflective overviews which consider the accumulated experience of a quarter of a century of post-communism. Our overview studies highlight, for example, aspects of gender difference within the frame o…
Workers’ Self-management, Recovered Companies and the Sociology of Work
We analyse how far Argentina’s worker-recovered companies (WRCs) have sustained themselves and their principles of equity and workers’ self-management since becoming widespread following the country’s 2001–2 economic crisis. Specialist Spanish-language sources, survey data and documents are analysed through four key sociological themes. We find that the number of WRCs has increased in Argentina, and that they represent a viable production model. …
Legal at the Time”
This article critiques the “legal at the time” argument used by states and companies which historically practised slavery to defend themselves against claims for restitution, examining the Mauritian case. Although slavery was largely legal there before its abolition by the British, torts were common under slavery and, during the years of historic rupture, 1794–1839, when the local élite defied first French and then English law, generated systemic…
Introduction
Additional informationNotes on contributorsRichard CroucherRichard Croucher is Professor of Comparative Employment Relations and Director of Research at Middlesex University Business School, London, UK.John McIlroyJohn McIlroy is a Professor of Employment Relations at Middlesex University Business School, London, UK
The turn to transnational labor history and the study of global trade unionism
The transnational turn in the humanities and social sciences has had slender impact on the study of trade unionism in Britain. In industrial relations and labor history, the fields where most research into trade unions has been conducted, approaches have remained insular. This article reaffirms that national unions are building blocks in a global movement. Despite manifest failings, past and present, that movement remains potentially important in…
Mauritius 1938
This article analyses the sociopolitical interactions that shaped an early colonial union statute that constituted a milestone because of its early passage, draconian nature and wider influence in the British Empire. We analyse the interactions between the Governor on the one hand and local and international actors on the other, to create the first trade union law in Mauritius. Colonial Office officials pressured the Governor to overcome local re…
Gramsci, Counter-hegemony and Labour Union-Civil Society Organisation Coalitions in Malaysia
The dramatic outcome of the Malaysian 2008 Elections has been interpreted within a Gramscian framework. We deploy an alternative Gramscian approach, restoring relevant aspects of Gramsci’s theories to the centre of analysis. We therefore focus on mutual perceptions in coalitions between Civil Society Organisations (hereinafter CSO) and trade unions as a key indicator of the strength of counter-hegemonic forces. We conclude that accounts that clai…
British trade unions and the academics
Unionlearn and union learning representatives were developed by the British TUC to match workers with education and training opportunities, strengthen the economy, foster market inclusion and facilitate social mobility. Their contribution to union revitalisation was emphasised. This article questions whether, with unions confronting global crisis, this is a necessary initiative. It stemmed from TUC failure to achieve policy goals, institutional n…
Political congruence
The authors introduce the concept of political congruence and apply it to the Amalgamated Engineering Union (AEU), during rearmament and war. Political congruence requires the alignment of union leaders, activists and members with a common political project. This is likely to bring strategic renewal, as was the case in the AEU. A platform of left reform developed as the influence of Communists on the shop floor and among activists developed. The …
Union Influence in Post-Socialist Europe
Examining enterprise-level union influence in post-socialist countries, the authors hypothesize that calculative human resource management (HRM) is more strongly associated with low levels of union influence than collaborative HRM. Using the United Kingdom as a benchmark, they find that in the countries under study, calculative HRM is indeed more damaging to union influence than collaborative, although to a much lesser extent than in the United K…
Political Congruence and Trade Union Renewal
The concept of political congruence is introduced as predictor or explanatory factor of trade union renewal. Strategic change is more likely to succeed when political congruence exists between the values, expectations and intended outcomes of the three sub-sets of leaders, activists and members in a union. Political congruence (P/c) is defined as convergence of shared political values and vision. For P/c to occur a particular chemistry of indepen…
Labour Management in Belarus
Labour management practices at enterprise level in Belarus are more negative for workers than those under the Soviet system. Welfare has largely disappeared, as has Soviet-style informal bargaining; wage payment may be in kind; training is minimal; job insecurity is extreme and trade unions perform a corporatist role. Thus, as Burawoy argued, ‘involutionary retrogression’ has indeed taken place, but in what may be denominated a ‘transcendent’ for…
National institutions and employers’ age management practices in Britain and Germany
We pursue a comparative analysis of employers’ age management practices in Britain and Germany, asking how valid ‘convergence’ and ‘Varieties of Capitalism’ theories are. After rejecting the convergence verdict, we proceed to ask how far ‘path dependence’ helps explain inter-country differences. Through 19 interviews with British and German experts, we find that firms have reacted in different ways to promptings from the EU and the two states. Ch…
Moldovan employment relations
We examine the theory that trade unions’ functions in a transitional economy are characterised by ‘path dependency’ through the lens of case studies of employment relations in enterprises operating in Moldova. An ethnographic approach is taken to analysing social relations in three locally and foreign-owned medium to large scale companies in the clothing sector. The case studies explore union responses to managerially-driven re-structuring. We fi…
Context, strategy and financial participation
This article investigates where financial participation is most likely to be encountered, and explores its compatibility with collective forms of employee voice. It is based on the findings of a major international survey of human resource management (HRM) practices. We found that financial participation was not affected by collective employee voice, but that national context and associated HRM strategies had significant effects on its nature and…
National institutions and employers’ age management practices in Britain and Germany
We pursue a comparative analysis of employers’ age management practices in Britain and Germany, asking how valid ‘convergence’ and ‘Varieties of Capitalism’ theories are. After rejecting the convergence verdict, we proceed to ask how far ‘path dependence’ helps explain inter-country differences. Through 19 interviews with British and German experts, we find that firms have reacted in different ways to promptings from the EU and the two states. Ch…
Workers’ Self-management, Recovered Companies and the Sociology of Work
We analyse how far Argentina’s worker-recovered companies (WRCs) have sustained themselves and their principles of equity and workers’ self-management since becoming widespread following the country’s 2001–2 economic crisis. Specialist Spanish-language sources, survey data and documents are analysed through four key sociological themes. We find that the number of WRCs has increased in Argentina, and that they represent a viable production model. …
British trade unions and the academics
Unionlearn and union learning representatives were developed by the British TUC to match workers with education and training opportunities, strengthen the economy, foster market inclusion and facilitate social mobility. Their contribution to union revitalisation was emphasised. This article questions whether, with unions confronting global crisis, this is a necessary initiative. It stemmed from TUC failure to achieve policy goals, institutional n…
Regulating factory safety in the Bangladeshi garment industry
This paper examines how far the workplace inspection program established under the 2013 Accord on Fire and Building Safety has served to improve safety in Bangladesh garment factories, and the extent to which its operation has been influenced by factors that the literature suggests are important in shaping the outcomes of private regulatory initiatives. The findings suggest that such regulation can generate positive outcomes, even in the absence …
Back to the factory
Factories remain significant sites of employment, crucial to capitalism. In the twentieth century, scholars registered achievements in documenting their history, but since the late 1980s, and for a generation, the field lost impetus within labour history although insights continued to accumulate through work in adjacent disciplines. The factory has not featured on the agenda of ‘transnational’ and ‘global’ labour history, but we suggest that it c…
Union renewal in historical perspective
This article revisits contemporary union renewal/revival debates through comparison with the late 1930s resurgence of trade unionism in the UK's engineering industry. It is argued that the 1930s union renewal arose from more favourable contextual conditions than those currently obtaining. It was led by political activists, with better-articulated organisation and greater resonance in the working class than their contemporary counterparts, who wer…
The transformation of work and industrial relations in the post-Soviet bloc
The uprisings of 1989 in the Soviet sphere were momentous in their political impact. Examination of this prolonged transformation is timely. We progress from case study analysis of the workplace - important in the early stages of transformation - to reflective overviews which consider the accumulated experience of a quarter of a century of post-communism. Our overview studies highlight, for example, aspects of gender difference within the frame o…
Political Congruence and Trade Union Renewal
The concept of political congruence is introduced as predictor or explanatory factor of trade union renewal. Strategic change is more likely to succeed when political congruence exists between the values, expectations and intended outcomes of the three sub-sets of leaders, activists and members in a union. Political congruence (P/c) is defined as convergence of shared political values and vision. For P/c to occur a particular chemistry of indepen…
Gramsci, Counter-hegemony and Labour Union-Civil Society Organisation Coalitions in Malaysia
The dramatic outcome of the Malaysian 2008 Elections has been interpreted within a Gramscian framework. We deploy an alternative Gramscian approach, restoring relevant aspects of Gramsci’s theories to the centre of analysis. We therefore focus on mutual perceptions in coalitions between Civil Society Organisations (hereinafter CSO) and trade unions as a key indicator of the strength of counter-hegemonic forces. We conclude that accounts that clai…
The Legal Structuring of Women's Collective Voice in the South Korean Workplace
This article analyses the significant policy issue of how South Korean law structures possibilities for women in paid employment to express their collective views. South Korean women in employment suffer acute versions of problems faced by their counterparts in other countries, including a large gender earnings gap, limited employer-based training and very restricted access to workplace nurseries. The government has recently introduced a range of…
The History of Unemployed Movements
The culture of skilled work in a Norwegian shipyard, 1945–90
We anatomise the culture of skilled work in the Solheimsviken shipyard in Bergen, Norway, from 1945 to 1990, linking it to democratic impulses within the workforce. This independent culture had strong if bounded democratic elements that were ultimately reflected in the institutions of a worker’s cooperative which operated from 1985. However, a shift away from shipbuilding immediately preceded the cooperative’s foundation and eroded the position o…
Tripartism in Comparative and Historical Perspective
This article provides an overview of interpretive approaches to the historic development of tripartism globally. Locating tripartism firmly within four broad approaches to labour management, we seek to qualify those strands that regard the phenomemon as lacking in current relevance. We argue that elements of post-war compromises persist and indeed have been recently initiated even if in many societies they exist in dilute form. Thus, the concept'…
The turn to transnational labor history and the study of global trade unionism
The transnational turn in the humanities and social sciences has had slender impact on the study of trade unionism in Britain. In industrial relations and labor history, the fields where most research into trade unions has been conducted, approaches have remained insular. This article reaffirms that national unions are building blocks in a global movement. Despite manifest failings, past and present, that movement remains potentially important in…
Enforcing a National Minimum Wage
This article reports on indicative research examining the effectiveness of the British government's National Minimum Wage enforcement, a subject not previously investigated. The law, it has been argued, largely provides the tools needed for effective enforcement. Employer compliance levels as measurable from government statistics are, however, unclear and there are therefore no solid grounds for assuming that the current balance between employer …
Retired members in a British union
This research note examines pensioner activism in a major British union, the Public and Commercial Services Union (PCS). The subject is an important one for unions’ future development: if they can become effective vehicles for pensioner activism, they may widen their social appeal beyond the employed
Introduction
Additional informationNotes on contributorsRichard CroucherRichard Croucher is Professor of Comparative Employment Relations and Director of Research at Middlesex University Business School, London, UK.John McIlroyJohn McIlroy is a Professor of Employment Relations at Middlesex University Business School, London, UK
Mauritius 1938
This article analyses the sociopolitical interactions that shaped an early colonial union statute that constituted a milestone because of its early passage, draconian nature and wider influence in the British Empire. We analyse the interactions between the Governor on the one hand and local and international actors on the other, to create the first trade union law in Mauritius. Colonial Office officials pressured the Governor to overcome local re…
Labour Management in Belarus
Labour management practices at enterprise level in Belarus are more negative for workers than those under the Soviet system. Welfare has largely disappeared, as has Soviet-style informal bargaining; wage payment may be in kind; training is minimal; job insecurity is extreme and trade unions perform a corporatist role. Thus, as Burawoy argued, ‘involutionary retrogression’ has indeed taken place, but in what may be denominated a ‘transcendent’ for…
Shifting Sands
This article examines the historiography of the German Communist Party in the Weimar years. The subject is of general interest because of Communism's importance to German and world history. The article focusses on two central problems: KPD relations with the Communist International and with the Social Democrats. Debates on these topics began before 1933, but intensified during the Cold War. Until 1989, the historiography was marked by dichotomy b…
Shifting Sands
This article examines the historiography of the German Communist Party in the Weimar years. The subject is of general interest because of Communism's importance to German and world history. The article focusses on two central problems: KPD relations with the Communist International and with the Social Democrats. Debates on these topics began before 1933, but intensified during the Cold War. Until 1989, the historiography was marked by dichotomy b…
‘Peak’ Employers’ Organizations
Employers’ organizations’ central role in social dialogue at national and supra-national levels is advocated and supported by supranational institutions. Yet some of the organizations, particularly outside Western Europe, face considerable membership and revenue generation challenges. West European national employers’ organizations are used extensively as models of ‘best practice’ for their counterparts in the developing world and especially in C…
Retired members in a British union
This research note examines pensioner activism in a major British union, the Public and Commercial Services Union (PCS). The subject is an important one for unions’ future development: if they can become effective vehicles for pensioner activism, they may widen their social appeal beyond the employed
Enforcing a National Minimum Wage
This article reports on indicative research examining the effectiveness of the British government's National Minimum Wage enforcement, a subject not previously investigated. The law, it has been argued, largely provides the tools needed for effective enforcement. Employer compliance levels as measurable from government statistics are, however, unclear and there are therefore no solid grounds for assuming that the current balance between employer …
The History of Unemployed Movements
Post-War British Trade Unionism
The Legal Structuring of Women's Collective Voice in the South Korean Workplace
This article analyses the significant policy issue of how South Korean law structures possibilities for women in paid employment to express their collective views. South Korean women in employment suffer acute versions of problems faced by their counterparts in other countries, including a large gender earnings gap, limited employer-based training and very restricted access to workplace nurseries. The government has recently introduced a range of…
Moldovan employment relations
We examine the theory that trade unions’ functions in a transitional economy are characterised by ‘path dependency’ through the lens of case studies of employment relations in enterprises operating in Moldova. An ethnographic approach is taken to analysing social relations in three locally and foreign-owned medium to large scale companies in the clothing sector. The case studies explore union responses to managerially-driven re-structuring. We fi…
Context, strategy and financial participation
This article investigates where financial participation is most likely to be encountered, and explores its compatibility with collective forms of employee voice. It is based on the findings of a major international survey of human resource management (HRM) practices. We found that financial participation was not affected by collective employee voice, but that national context and associated HRM strategies had significant effects on its nature and…
Labour Management in Belarus
Labour management practices at enterprise level in Belarus are more negative for workers than those under the Soviet system. Welfare has largely disappeared, as has Soviet-style informal bargaining; wage payment may be in kind; training is minimal; job insecurity is extreme and trade unions perform a corporatist role. Thus, as Burawoy argued, ‘involutionary retrogression’ has indeed taken place, but in what may be denominated a ‘transcendent’ for…
National institutions and employers’ age management practices in Britain and Germany
We pursue a comparative analysis of employers’ age management practices in Britain and Germany, asking how valid ‘convergence’ and ‘Varieties of Capitalism’ theories are. After rejecting the convergence verdict, we proceed to ask how far ‘path dependence’ helps explain inter-country differences. Through 19 interviews with British and German experts, we find that firms have reacted in different ways to promptings from the EU and the two states. Ch…
Political congruence
The authors introduce the concept of political congruence and apply it to the Amalgamated Engineering Union (AEU), during rearmament and war. Political congruence requires the alignment of union leaders, activists and members with a common political project. This is likely to bring strategic renewal, as was the case in the AEU. A platform of left reform developed as the influence of Communists on the shop floor and among activists developed. The …
Union Influence in Post-Socialist Europe
Examining enterprise-level union influence in post-socialist countries, the authors hypothesize that calculative human resource management (HRM) is more strongly associated with low levels of union influence than collaborative HRM. Using the United Kingdom as a benchmark, they find that in the countries under study, calculative HRM is indeed more damaging to union influence than collaborative, although to a much lesser extent than in the United K…
Political Congruence and Trade Union Renewal
The concept of political congruence is introduced as predictor or explanatory factor of trade union renewal. Strategic change is more likely to succeed when political congruence exists between the values, expectations and intended outcomes of the three sub-sets of leaders, activists and members in a union. Political congruence (P/c) is defined as convergence of shared political values and vision. For P/c to occur a particular chemistry of indepen…
Introduction
Additional informationNotes on contributorsRichard CroucherRichard Croucher is Professor of Comparative Employment Relations and Director of Research at Middlesex University Business School, London, UK.John McIlroyJohn McIlroy is a Professor of Employment Relations at Middlesex University Business School, London, UK
The turn to transnational labor history and the study of global trade unionism
The transnational turn in the humanities and social sciences has had slender impact on the study of trade unionism in Britain. In industrial relations and labor history, the fields where most research into trade unions has been conducted, approaches have remained insular. This article reaffirms that national unions are building blocks in a global movement. Despite manifest failings, past and present, that movement remains potentially important in…
Mauritius 1938
This article analyses the sociopolitical interactions that shaped an early colonial union statute that constituted a milestone because of its early passage, draconian nature and wider influence in the British Empire. We analyse the interactions between the Governor on the one hand and local and international actors on the other, to create the first trade union law in Mauritius. Colonial Office officials pressured the Governor to overcome local re…
Gramsci, Counter-hegemony and Labour Union-Civil Society Organisation Coalitions in Malaysia
The dramatic outcome of the Malaysian 2008 Elections has been interpreted within a Gramscian framework. We deploy an alternative Gramscian approach, restoring relevant aspects of Gramsci’s theories to the centre of analysis. We therefore focus on mutual perceptions in coalitions between Civil Society Organisations (hereinafter CSO) and trade unions as a key indicator of the strength of counter-hegemonic forces. We conclude that accounts that clai…
British trade unions and the academics
Unionlearn and union learning representatives were developed by the British TUC to match workers with education and training opportunities, strengthen the economy, foster market inclusion and facilitate social mobility. Their contribution to union revitalisation was emphasised. This article questions whether, with unions confronting global crisis, this is a necessary initiative. It stemmed from TUC failure to achieve policy goals, institutional n…
Workers’ Self-management, Recovered Companies and the Sociology of Work
We analyse how far Argentina’s worker-recovered companies (WRCs) have sustained themselves and their principles of equity and workers’ self-management since becoming widespread following the country’s 2001–2 economic crisis. Specialist Spanish-language sources, survey data and documents are analysed through four key sociological themes. We find that the number of WRCs has increased in Argentina, and that they represent a viable production model. …
Legal at the Time”
This article critiques the “legal at the time” argument used by states and companies which historically practised slavery to defend themselves against claims for restitution, examining the Mauritian case. Although slavery was largely legal there before its abolition by the British, torts were common under slavery and, during the years of historic rupture, 1794–1839, when the local élite defied first French and then English law, generated systemic…
Alessandro Stanziani, Bondage. Labor and Rights in Eurasia from the Sixteenth to the Early Twentieth Centuries
This book is volume 24 in the International Studies in Social History series edited by Marcel Van Der Linden of the International Institute of Social History Amsterdam (IISH) and makes a significant contribution to the trans-national history of labour. Its publication is timely, coming as it does in a period where interest in slavery, bonded labour and their legacies has steadily developed in both the developed and developing worlds. I begin by s…
Tripartism in Comparative and Historical Perspective
This article provides an overview of interpretive approaches to the historic development of tripartism globally. Locating tripartism firmly within four broad approaches to labour management, we seek to qualify those strands that regard the phenomemon as lacking in current relevance. We argue that elements of post-war compromises persist and indeed have been recently initiated even if in many societies they exist in dilute form. Thus, the concept'…
The transformation of work and industrial relations in the post-Soviet bloc
The uprisings of 1989 in the Soviet sphere were momentous in their political impact. Examination of this prolonged transformation is timely. We progress from case study analysis of the workplace - important in the early stages of transformation - to reflective overviews which consider the accumulated experience of a quarter of a century of post-communism. Our overview studies highlight, for example, aspects of gender difference within the frame o…
The culture of skilled work in a Norwegian shipyard, 1945–90
We anatomise the culture of skilled work in the Solheimsviken shipyard in Bergen, Norway, from 1945 to 1990, linking it to democratic impulses within the workforce. This independent culture had strong if bounded democratic elements that were ultimately reflected in the institutions of a worker’s cooperative which operated from 1985. However, a shift away from shipbuilding immediately preceded the cooperative’s foundation and eroded the position o…
Political science (27 obras) · Law (20 obras) · Economics (18 obras) · Labor Movements and Unions (18 obras) · Law (18 obras) · Sociology (18 obras) · History (11 obras) · History (11 obras) · Politics (10 obras) · Social Policy and Reform Studies (10 obras)