Enid Schatz
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 246698 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Enid Schatz |
| NOMBRES | Enid |
| APELLIDO | Schatz |
| FIRMA | SCHATZ E |
| AFILIACIONES | University of Missouri |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-3963-2745 |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 62 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 287 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 62 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2003 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2025 |
| ÍNDICE H | 8 |
Interventions to reduce HIV-related stigma among older people living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa
HIV-related stigma remains a major barrier to testing, treatment, and quality of life, especially for the growing population of older people living with HIV (OPLWH, aged 50+). Such stigma intersects with age-related and other stigmas, compounding health vulnerabilities. Research on this issue remains limited, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). This review thus sought to explore stigma-reduction interventions for OPLWH in SSA to inform futu…
“As an older person my thoughts do not focus on one thing”
In South Africa, HIV prevalence among people over 50 exceeds 18.5%, yet research and interventions for older people living with HIV (OPLWH) remain limited. Evidence links HIV stigma to poor health outcomes, but little is known about OPLWH's experiences in resource-limited settings. This study explores how OPLWH understand and experience intersecting stigmas, and how these shape engagement in care. Using a qualitative exploratory design, we conduc…
Unpacking the black box of latent class analysis using qualitative life history interviews
BACKGROUNDSexual behaviors are determined by present-day factors and past/future considerations.Previous work utilizing latent class analysis on a population-based cross-sectional survey of rural South Africans aged 15-plus showed how sexual behaviors cluster in distinct population subgroups (Class 1: Single with consistent protective behaviors; Class 2: Risky behaviors; Class 3: In union with lack of protective behaviors) and their associations …
Thinking Outside the Researcher
Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR) is now commonplace in myriad disciplines from sociology to psychology to environmental science and health and medicine. In the context of my home discipline, public health, CBPR is a collaborative research approach where participants and researchers co-design projects and move them to action to improve health outcomes. CBPR occurs on a lengthy continuum from minor (e.g., community advisory boards) to …
Connecting With Shosho
A body of scholarship has demonstrated that grandmothers provide critical support to their adult children and grandchildren across Africa. We examine the extent to which grandmothers provide support in a low-income, urban context where grandmothers are employed and do not live in intergenerational arrangements. We (1) describe the composition of living grandparents and the type of support their adult daughters and grandchildren received from them…
“I am adhering to HIV treatment so that I can live to support her”
Background: Intergenerational family care, which was upended by the HIV epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), may return to a pre-HIV era arrangement as access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) expands and treated adults can once again provide support for older household members. Empirical research has demonstrated positive 'spillover effects' of ART uptake from treated adults to younger generations, yet much less is known about the nature and brea…
Understanding Household Dynamics From the Ground Up
Investigations into household structure in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) provide important insight into how families manage domestic life in response to resource allocation and caregiving needs during periods of rapid sociopolitical and health-related challenges. Recent evidence on household structure in many LMICs contrasts with long-standing viewpoints of worldwide convergence to a Western nuclearized household model. Here, we adopt …
How Midwestern College students protected their families in the first year of Covid-19
Introduction: College students routinely visit their families due to geographic proximity and their financial dependence. Consequently, the potential of transmitting COVID-19 from campus to their families' homes is consequential. Family members are key sources of support for one another in nearly all matters but there is little research uncovering the mechanisms by which families have protected each other in the pandemic. Methods: Through an expl…
A qualitative evaluation of a campus wide Covid-19 health education campaign
Background: The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the diseases it causes remain a public health threat. Data describing health education campaigns for COVID-19 on university and college campuses are lacking, however. Purpose: This study explored college students’ experiences of a USA campus COVID-19 campaign encouraging masking, social distancing and handwashing. Methods: We conducted in-depth interviews with 33 dem…
Antiretroviral therapy and aging as resources for managing and resisting HIV-related stigma in rural South Africa
The widespread roll-out of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Africa has contributed to a large population of adults aging with HIV. However, little is known about how HIV-related stigma interacts with aging in the ART era. This study uses in-depth interviews with middle-aged and older South Africans living with HIV to explore stigma-related experiences and response strategies. Participants describe a persistence of stigma which requires the deploym…
Undergraduate Vaccine Hesitancy and the Influence of “Home” Locales
There is a link between county-level health and geographic characteristics, and individuals'-who were influenced by those counties because that is where their parents live-hesitancy towards vaccines. Identifying feasible, precise, local solutions to reducing vaccine hesitancy could take place if community members and other stakeholders would be open to changes in local-level health policy or practice
Covid Is Another Layer of Problematic Things”
The COVID-19 pandemic not only had detrimental effects on physical health but also had adverse effects on college students' mental health. This paper begins to fill a gap in knowledge related to the contextual factors that impacted college students' mental health during COVID. Using in-depth interviews with a diverse sample of 33 college students at a Midwestern university, during Spring 2021, we highlight the pandemic's role in shaping college s…
Social Support for Improved ART Adherence and Retention in Care among Older People Living with HIV in Urban South Africa
The number of older people living with HIV (OPLWH) (aged 50-plus) in South Africa is increasing as people age with HIV or are newly infected. OPLWH are potentially vulnerable because of the intersection of age-related and HIV stigmas, co-morbidities, and lack of social support. Evidence from younger populations suggests that social support can improve ART adherence and retention in care. Further, HIV status disclosure plays a role in mediating so…
Twin epidemics
Our results indicate that HIV and elevated blood pressure are acting as separate, non-interacting epidemics affecting high proportions of the older adult population. PLWH with unsuppressed viral load were at higher mortality risk compared to those uninfected. Systolic blood pressure was a mortality risk factor independent of HIV status. As antiretroviral therapy becomes more widespread, further longitudinal follow-up is needed to understand how t…
Mitigating the Spread of Covid-19
Racially minoritized groups have disproportionately borne the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic in America. We draw on Public Health Critical Race Praxis to investigate racial differences in college students' attitudes about mitigation efforts to limit the spread of COVID-19 and concerns about one's own and others' actions in these efforts. We used survey data from a random sample of Midwestern undergraduates (n = 620) who participated in a fall 2…
The Meaning of Health in Rural South Africa
This article examines the meaning of health among middle-aged and older adults in a rural South African setting, where 72 percent of adults aged 40 and over are living with a major chronic condition, and 81 percent report good or very good health. We draw on a unique mixed-methods dataset that includes a population-based survey with disease biomarkers (hypertension, diabetes, HIV), self-assessments of health including self-rated health, functiona…
Who is at Risk? Social Support, Relationship Dissolution, and Illness in a Rural Context
This study focuses on a cohort of adults (40-plus) in rural South Africa to unpack associations between physical health and receipt of social support, and the extent to which these associations were moderated by marital status. We use logistic regression to estimate the odds of having received emotional, physical, or financial support separately for men (N = 2247) and women (N = 2609). Our results suggest having an Activity of Daily Living (ADL) …
From “Secret” to “Sensitive Issue”
Particularly as the epidemic ages in South Africa and globally, tracing changes in older persons' views on disclosure is an important step in developing messaging that could enhance treatment as prevention and ART adherence
Without Qualitative Health Data, Precision Health Will Be Imprecise
You Have to Withstand That Because You Have Come for What You Have Come for
Nationwide rollout of antiretroviral treatment (ART) is increasing the number of older persons living with HIV (OPLWH) in South Africa. Yet, little is known about how the sociological aspects of ageing - stigma, finances and family dynamics - impact access to ART. Qualitative interviews with 23 persons aged 50-plus living near Cape Town highlight the barriers and facilitators to the acceptability, affordability and availability of ART access amon…
A Nowadays Disease
Why do some people adapt successfully to change while others do not? We examine this question in the context of a severe HIV/AIDS epidemic in South Africa, where adapting (or not) to social change has borne life and death consequences. Applying an age-period-cohort lens to the analysis of qualitative life history interviews among middle-aged and older adults, we consider the role of the life course and gendered sexuality in informing Africans' st…
Support in times of need
The relationship between mental health and receipt of social support is not well understood in low- and middle-income countries. In this paper, we focus on a cohort of older adults (40-plus) in rural South Africa to unpack associations between mental health and receipt of social support, and the extent to which marital status modifies these associations. We use baseline data from a population-based study, Health and Aging in Africa: A Longitudina…
The end of Aids? HIV and the new landscape of illness in rural South Africa
The global HIV/AIDS scientific community has begun to hail the dawn of 'the End of AIDS' with widespread anti-retroviral therapy (ART) and dramatic declines in AIDS-related mortality. Drawing on community focus groups and in-depth individual interviews conducted in rural South Africa, we examine the complex unfolding of the end of AIDS in a hard-hit setting. We find that while widespread ART has led to declines in AIDS-related deaths, stigma pers…
Clusters of HIV Risk and Protective Sexual Behaviors in Agincourt, Rural South Africa
Methods in the Time of Covid-19
Methods in the Time of Covid-19
Caring and Contributing
The impact of pensions on health and wellbeing in rural South Africa
Child Mobility, Maternal Status, and Household Composition in Rural South Africa
This article examines the influence of maternal status, socioeconomic status of the household, and household composition on the mobility of children aged 0–14 in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa, from 1999 to 2008. Using data from the Agincourt Health and Demographic Surveillance System, we found that children whose mothers were temporary migrants, living elsewhere, or dead had higher odds of moving than children whose mothers were coresident. O…
Female-headed households contending with Aids-related hardship in rural South Africa
Mainstream research and the popular media often equate female-headship with household vulnerability, crisis, and disorganization. Epidemic levels of HIV/AIDS in some parts of sub-Saharan Africa compound this portrait of hopelessness. In South Africa, the impact of HIV/AIDS on households depends on race, class, and place. As female-headed households increase in number, we need to better understand how female-heads in poor rural areas contend with …
My heart is very painful”
The meanings of health and illness as well as people's beliefs about the required response to illness vary widely according to time and place and represents the culture and society in which people live. A double burden of disease in rural South Africa – an emerging epidemic of non-communicable diseases alongside high HIV-prevalence – defines illness as a ‘normal’ part of older persons' everyday lives. Against this background we analyze qualitativ…
Rationale and procedures for nesting semi-structured interviews in surveys or censuses
Demographers who use survey data and census data from health and demographic surveillance areas can gain substantially from expanding their repertoire of methods to make use of qualitative methods. Similarly, those who conduct and analyse data primarily from semi-structured interviews or focus groups can benefit from information provided by survey research. This paper presents a systematic mixed-methods model-data-linked nested studies-for sampli…
Older Female Caregivers and HIV/Aids-Related Secondary Stigma in Rural South Africa
South Africa's HIV/AIDS epidemic poses a major public health threat with multi-faceted harmful impacts and 'socially complex' outcomes. While some outcomes relate to structural issues, others stem from society's attitudinal milieu. Due to negative attitudes toward People Living with HIV/AIDS, stigmatisation mars their own experience and often extends to those close to them, in particular their caregivers. Many of the caregivers in South Africa ar…
Effect of HIV/Aids-related mortality on household dependency ratios in rural South Africa, 2000-2005
UNLABELLED: With data from a surveillance system that uses verbal autopsies to identify cause of death in rural South Africa, we investigated whether mortality from HIV/AIDS differs from other causes of death in its effect on household dependency ratio, and to what extent the effect is mediated by the baseline dependency ratio. FINDINGS: (i) the impact of death from HIV/AIDS on the dependency ratio in 2005 is marginally positive compared with oth…
The Meaning of Health in Rural South Africa
This article examines the meaning of health among middle-aged and older adults in a rural South African setting, where 72 percent of adults aged 40 and over are living with a major chronic condition, and 81 percent report good or very good health. We draw on a unique mixed-methods dataset that includes a population-based survey with disease biomarkers (hypertension, diabetes, HIV), self-assessments of health including self-rated health, functiona…
Comparing, Contextualizing, and Conceptualizing
Demographic research mainly focuses on objective variables found in census and survey data. As demographers' interests expand to socially constructed phenomena, the discipline needs to incorporate new tools appropriate for understanding more subjective
Living Arrangements, Disability and Gender of Older Adults Among Rural South Africa
This study underscores the need to examine living arrangements and disability through a gendered lens, with particular attention to heterogeneity among multigenerational living arrangements. Some living arrangements may take a greater toll on older persons than others. Important policy implications for South Africa and other LMICs emerge among vibrant debates about the role of social welfare programs in improving the health of older individuals
Rural Poverty Dynamics and Refugee Communities in South Africa
The assimilation of refugees into their host community economic structures is often problematic. The paper investigates the ability of refugees in rural South Africa to accumulate assets over time relative to their host community. Bayesian spatial-temporal modelling was employed to analyse a longitudinal database that indicated that the asset accumulation rate of former Mozambican refugee households was similar to their host community; however, t…
A Nowadays Disease
Why do some people adapt successfully to change while others do not? We examine this question in the context of a severe HIV/AIDS epidemic in South Africa, where adapting (or not) to social change has borne life and death consequences. Applying an age-period-cohort lens to the analysis of qualitative life history interviews among middle-aged and older adults, we consider the role of the life course and gendered sexuality in informing Africans' st…
Reframing Vulnerability
They ‘don't cure old age’
Uganda's population is ageing, which comes with increased and varied burdens of disease and health-care needs. At the same time, gerontological care in Uganda remains neglected. This paper examines the factors that cause older Ugandans to delay health-care access. We conduct a thematic analysis of data drawn from nine focus groups held with rural Ugandans aged 60-plus. Our analysis highlights the factors that delay older persons’ access to health…
Social Positioning of Older Persons in Rural South Africa
The South African context challenges the conventional categorisation of older persons as dependent after a certain age. The concurrence of old-age pensions, high unemployment, high HIV prevalence, and frailty related to ageing necessitate a more dynamic approach to understanding older persons' social positioning. We examine the extent of change in older persons' social positioning within their households and the correlates of change in a rural co…
Working with teams of 'insiders
The convergence of two qualitative methodological strategies - working in "teams" and with "insiders" - can facilitate access, efficiency, and insights into research questions of interest to demographers. Even though this approach is becoming more common a
How to “Live a Good Life”
We conclude with recommendations to increase HIV testing uptake among older adults including home testing, couples testing, and HIV testing concurrently with noncommunicable diseases
Intergenerational care for and by children
Childrenâ s wellbeing in sub-Saharan Africa depends on immediate family resources and capabilities, and on extended kin. Evidence suggests that older persons contribute extensively to childrenâ s financial, social, psychosocial, and physical needs. Young peo
Unpacking the black box of latent class analysis using qualitative life history interviews
BACKGROUNDSexual behaviors are determined by present-day factors and past/future considerations.Previous work utilizing latent class analysis on a population-based cross-sectional survey of rural South Africans aged 15-plus showed how sexual behaviors cluster in distinct population subgroups (Class 1: Single with consistent protective behaviors; Class 2: Risky behaviors; Class 3: In union with lack of protective behaviors) and their associations …
Understanding Household Dynamics From the Ground Up
Investigations into household structure in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) provide important insight into how families manage domestic life in response to resource allocation and caregiving needs during periods of rapid sociopolitical and health-related challenges. Recent evidence on household structure in many LMICs contrasts with long-standing viewpoints of worldwide convergence to a Western nuclearized household model. Here, we adopt …
You Have to Withstand That Because You Have Come for What You Have Come for
Nationwide rollout of antiretroviral treatment (ART) is increasing the number of older persons living with HIV (OPLWH) in South Africa. Yet, little is known about how the sociological aspects of ageing - stigma, finances and family dynamics - impact access to ART. Qualitative interviews with 23 persons aged 50-plus living near Cape Town highlight the barriers and facilitators to the acceptability, affordability and availability of ART access amon…
Clusters of HIV Risk and Protective Sexual Behaviors in Agincourt, Rural South Africa
Comparing, Contextualizing, and Conceptualizing
Demographic research mainly focuses on objective variables found in census and survey data. As demographers' interests expand to socially constructed phenomena, the discipline needs to incorporate new tools appropriate for understanding more subjective
Politics of the Womb
Take your mat and go!’
In much of HIV/AIDS prevention literature, women are depicted as passive and ill-equipped to confront the epidemic without external support to enhance their status, autonomy, and negotiation skills. This paper critically evaluates this depiction, using data from in-depth interviews conducted with married couples in rural Malawi. It focuses on the extent to which married women perceive that they have the ability to protect themselves from infectio…
Taking care of my own blood''
Aim: This paper examines financial, emotional, and physical responsibilities elderly women are being asked to take on due to the incapacity of their adult children to care for the next generation; such incapacity is likely to increase as the HIV/AIDS epidemic worsens. Methods: This paper combines quantitative and qualitative data. Census data from the Agincourt health and demographic surveillance system (AHDSS) describe the presence of the elderl…
Caring and Contributing
Reframing Vulnerability
Effect of HIV/Aids-related mortality on household dependency ratios in rural South Africa, 2000-2005
UNLABELLED: With data from a surveillance system that uses verbal autopsies to identify cause of death in rural South Africa, we investigated whether mortality from HIV/AIDS differs from other causes of death in its effect on household dependency ratio, and to what extent the effect is mediated by the baseline dependency ratio. FINDINGS: (i) the impact of death from HIV/AIDS on the dependency ratio in 2005 is marginally positive compared with oth…
Improving public health training and research capacity in Africa
BACKGROUND: Research training for public health professionals is key to the future of public health and policy in Africa. A growing number of schools of public health are connected to health and socio-demographic surveillance system field sites in developing countries, in Africa and Asia in particular. Linking training programs with these sites provides important opportunities to improve training, build local research capacity, foreground local h…
Female-headed households contending with Aids-related hardship in rural South Africa
Mainstream research and the popular media often equate female-headship with household vulnerability, crisis, and disorganization. Epidemic levels of HIV/AIDS in some parts of sub-Saharan Africa compound this portrait of hopelessness. In South Africa, the impact of HIV/AIDS on households depends on race, class, and place. As female-headed households increase in number, we need to better understand how female-heads in poor rural areas contend with …
Rural Poverty Dynamics and Refugee Communities in South Africa
The assimilation of refugees into their host community economic structures is often problematic. The paper investigates the ability of refugees in rural South Africa to accumulate assets over time relative to their host community. Bayesian spatial-temporal modelling was employed to analyse a longitudinal database that indicated that the asset accumulation rate of former Mozambican refugee households was similar to their host community; however, t…
My heart is very painful”
The meanings of health and illness as well as people's beliefs about the required response to illness vary widely according to time and place and represents the culture and society in which people live. A double burden of disease in rural South Africa – an emerging epidemic of non-communicable diseases alongside high HIV-prevalence – defines illness as a ‘normal’ part of older persons' everyday lives. Against this background we analyze qualitativ…
Older Female Caregivers and HIV/Aids-Related Secondary Stigma in Rural South Africa
South Africa's HIV/AIDS epidemic poses a major public health threat with multi-faceted harmful impacts and 'socially complex' outcomes. While some outcomes relate to structural issues, others stem from society's attitudinal milieu. Due to negative attitudes toward People Living with HIV/AIDS, stigmatisation mars their own experience and often extends to those close to them, in particular their caregivers. Many of the caregivers in South Africa ar…
Measuring gender and reproductive health in Africa using demographic and health surveys
Understanding gender in Africa is essential to creating policy and designing interventions to address key reproductive-health issues such as HIV/AIDS and maternal mortality that are particularly pressing for the continent and are strongly related to gender inequality. The addition of questions to capture women's empowerment and autonomy on the MEASURE/Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) in the late-1990s expanded opportunities to examine the rel…
Child Mobility, Maternal Status, and Household Composition in Rural South Africa
This article examines the influence of maternal status, socioeconomic status of the household, and household composition on the mobility of children aged 0–14 in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa, from 1999 to 2008. Using data from the Agincourt Health and Demographic Surveillance System, we found that children whose mothers were temporary migrants, living elsewhere, or dead had higher odds of moving than children whose mothers were coresident. O…
The impact of pensions on health and wellbeing in rural South Africa
Rationale and procedures for nesting semi-structured interviews in surveys or censuses
Demographers who use survey data and census data from health and demographic surveillance areas can gain substantially from expanding their repertoire of methods to make use of qualitative methods. Similarly, those who conduct and analyse data primarily from semi-structured interviews or focus groups can benefit from information provided by survey research. This paper presents a systematic mixed-methods model-data-linked nested studies-for sampli…
If the doctors see that they don't know how to cure the disease, they say it's Aids’
South Africa, like other sub-Saharan African countries, is in the midst of the AIDS epidemic. Older women, here defined as aged 60 years and older, while at lower risk of infection than those aged 20–50, are amongst those deeply ‘affected’ by the epidemic. In rural areas, older women, who have always played central roles in social reproduction in South African households and families, bear the brunt of care giving for the sick and dying. For this…
“My Legs Affect Me a Lot. … I Can No Longer Walk to the Forest to Fetch Firewood”
Compromised health negatively impacts older persons' ability to participate in expected social roles. Researchers have published little empirical work, however, to explore these issues in HIV endemic African settings. Qualitative interviews with 30 women, aged 60-plus, in rural South Africa, provide insight into the relationship between health and daily activities, with attention to the fulfillment of social roles. In this poor HIV endemic contex…
Gender, ageing and carework in East and Southern Africa
Who Benefits—Or Does not—From South Africa’s Old Age Pension? Evidence from Characteristics of Rural Pensioners and Non-Pensioners
Social protection grants play a critical role in survival and livelihoods of elderly individuals in South Africa. Rarely is it possible to assess how well a social program reaches its target population. Using a 2010 survey and Agincourt Health Demographic Surveillance System census data we conduct multivariate logistic regression to predict pension receipt in rural South Africa. We find only 80% of age-eligible individuals report pension receipt.…
Gender perspectives in care provision and care receipt among older people infected and affected by HIV in Uganda
The objective of this study was to examine gender roles in the provision and receipt of care among older Ugandans. Survey data on care work were collected in 2009-2010 from 510 older people infected or affected by HIV/AIDS, at one rural and one semi-urban site. The questionnaire was adapted from the WHO Study on global AGEing and adult health survey. The type of care work done by older men and women for children in their households differs, yet, …
Giving meaning to health
Working with teams of 'insiders
The convergence of two qualitative methodological strategies - working in "teams" and with "insiders" - can facilitate access, efficiency, and insights into research questions of interest to demographers. Even though this approach is becoming more common a
Chronic disease, risk factors and disability in adults aged 50 and above living with and without HIV
BACKGROUND: Data on the prevalence of chronic conditions, their risk factors, and their associations with disability in older people living with and without HIV are scarce in sub-Saharan Africa. OBJECTIVES: In older people living with and without HIV in sub-Saharan Africa: 1) to describe the prevalence of chronic conditions and their risk factors and 2) to draw attention to associations between chronic conditions and disability. METHODS: Cross-se…
Living Arrangements, Disability and Gender of Older Adults Among Rural South Africa
This study underscores the need to examine living arrangements and disability through a gendered lens, with particular attention to heterogeneity among multigenerational living arrangements. Some living arrangements may take a greater toll on older persons than others. Important policy implications for South Africa and other LMICs emerge among vibrant debates about the role of social welfare programs in improving the health of older individuals
Medicine (48 obras) · Sociology (43 obras) · Psychology (38 obras) · Gerontology (33 obras) · Population (24 obras) · Geography (23 obras) · Demography (22 obras) · HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions (22 obras) · Environmental health (20 obras) · Economic growth (18 obras)