Ian Kirkpatrick
Biographic Data
| ID | 249708 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Ian Kirkpatrick |
| GIVEN NAMES | Ian |
| FAMILY NAME | Kirkpatrick |
| SIGNATURE | KIRKPATRICK I |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Leeds |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-4105-5548 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 31 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 312 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 31 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1995 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2023 |
| H-INDEX | 11 |
Management reforms, re-stratification and the adaptation of professional status hierarchies: The case of medicine in publicly owned hospitals
Public management reforms worldwide have triggered processes of re-stratification in professions leading to the emergence of ‘administrative elites’ and potential changes in the nature of social status hierarchies. We investigate the nature of these adjustments and their supporting conditions in the context of English publicly owned hospitals. Applying fsQCA, our analysis shows a form of adaptation of the social status hierarchy of medicine to ma…
Hybrid professional managers in healthcare: An expanding or thwarted occupational interest
Despite growing interest on the impact of hybrid professional manager roles in public sector organizations, less attention has focused on their population and whether they have advanced as an occupational interest. Using a longitudinal administrative dataset, we explore trends in the growth, characteristics and organizational positions of medical managers in the UK NHS. While they seem to have reinforced their position at the strategic apex of ho…
Beyond hollowing out: Public sector managers and the use of external management consultants
Expenditure on management consultants in public sector organizations is generally seen as contributing to a “hollowing out” of the state through the substitution of internal management capability. However, there is little systematic evidence for this view which also ignores how public sector managers may, themselves, drive consulting use. Looking at 125 English public hospitals over 6 years, we explore the relationship between the development and…
Corporatization, Administrative Intensity, and the Performance of Public Sector Organizations
The process of corporatization in public services has led to the emergence of new, more autonomous organizational forms. However, while these reforms have been centrally about the development of management capabilities in public sector organizations, we know surprisingly little about what this process involves. To address this concern, we draw on the literature on administrative intensity (AI) to frame hypotheses about the likely relationship bet…
The Evolution of Professionalism as a Mode of Regulation: Evidence from the United States
Opinion is divided on how far and in what ways professionalism as a mode of regulation has evolved. To date, attention has focused on the impact of neoliberal political and economic ideologies that challenge the idea that professions should be trusted to regulate themselves. This article further examines the impact of these attacks on professionalism and assesses whether they have triggered a process of decline. Drawing on a range of documentary …
The management consultancy effect: Demand inflation and its consequences in the sourcing of external knowledge
The growing use of external management consultancy services by public sector organizations has generated controversy. Some claim that users have become overreliant on, or even addicted to, this source of knowledge. However, our understanding of this phenomenon and the precise nature of its risks is underdeveloped. In this article, we address these concerns by focusing on whether using consulting services inflates future demand and on its conseque…
The impact of management consultants on public service efficiency
Public sector organisations often make use of management consultants in policy implementation, but we know little about the outcomes. The paper reports one of the first quantitative evaluations of the impact of consulting advice on efficiency of public sector organisations. We employ an extensive dataset covering English NHS acute care hospital trusts over a four-year period. Based on PCSEs estimations, the findings show a significantly positive …
Are Public Sector Managers a “Bureaucratic Burden”? The Case of English Public Hospitals
Although managers are, globally, a central part of the new public management reform agenda, in recent years policy makers, the media and the general public have raised concerns about their effectiveness and contribution. In some countries, notably the UK and the US, this debate has been heavily influenced by Public Choice Theory (PCT), which depicts ‘bureaucrats’ as rent seeking, self-serving individuals. In this study, focusing on the case of ac…
Business Experts on Public Sector Boards: What Do They Contribute
Although public management reforms around the world have given business experts an enhanced role in the governance of public sector organizations, the impact of this change is poorly understood. Drawing from the literature on board human capital as a theoretical framework and focusing on the case of hospital boards in the English National Health Service, this concern is addressed by investigating whether increasing the presence of individuals wit…
Exploring regionalism in public management reforms: The case of the Italian hospital sector
Although comparative research on new public management reforms has identified variable pathways of change between countries, less is known about variations within countries where there has been significant political and administrative decentralisation to regional tiers of government. In this paper we address this concern, focusing on public hospital management reforms in the Italian Servizio Sanitario Nazionale (SSN) as an illustrative case. Draw…
Clinical Leadership and the Changing Governance of Public Hospitals: Implications for Patient Experience
A growing evidence base suggests that increasing the involvement of clinical professionals on governing boards of hospitals has a positive impact on organizational performance. However, less is known about the wider conditions that influence this process and whether recent moves to restructure the governance of public hospitals, extending their formal autonomy, has made any difference to the outcome of clinical involvement on patient experience. …
Clear, rigorous and relevant: Publishing quantitative research articles in Work, employment and society
This article was published in the journal, Work, Employment and Society [Sage Publications / © The Authors]. The definitive version is available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0950017014526448
Writing articles for Work, Employment and Society: Different Voices, Same Language
Writing articles for Work, Employment and Society : different voices, same language Foreward
The more things change… towards 25 years of Work, Employment and Society
Outsourcing the procurement of agency workers: The impact of vendor managed services in English social care
In recent years marked changes have occurred in the way employers recruit and select agency workers, with this activity increasingly being outsourced to third party organizations providing 'vendor managed services' (VMS). Drawing on data from a study of English social services, this article explores the consequences of this outsourcing. The findings reveal that although VMS has delivered cost savings, it has also resulted in less effective placem…
Professions, organizations and the state: Applying the sociology of the professions to the case of management consultancy
In the recent literature on knowledge-based occupations it is frequently noted that some groups, such as management consultants, have been far less successful than others in developing a system of professional regulation and organization. This is generally attributed to the functional characteristics of their knowledge base, which is too elusive, fuzzy and perishable to sustain traditional professionalization projects. It is also suggested that t…
Obituary: Peter Kragh Jespersen (1946-2010)
The contested terrain of hospital management: Professional projects and healthcare reforms in Denmark
Although much has been written on the changing management of professional services organizations, only limited attention has been given to the way in which management itself might represent a contested terrain. Drawing on concepts from the sociology of professions, this article develops this idea in relation to the Danish hospital sector. The analysis of secondary sources reveals how, from the mid-1980s, both the nursing and medical professions i…
Introduction: Professions and organizations - a conceptual framework
This collection seeks to reconnect two separate streams of work on professional organizations and professional occupations. In particular the articles collected here identify two key themes: (1) the challenges and opportunities that professional organizations pose for established and emerging professionalization projects and (2) the extent to which professional organizations create, institutionalize and manipulate new forms of professionalism and…
Medicine and management in a comparative perspective: The case of Denmark and England
In health systems around the world the current trend has been for doctors to increase their participation in management. This has been taken to imply a common process of re-stratification with new divisions emerging between medical elites and the rank and file. However, our understanding of this change remains limited and it is open to question just how far one can generalise. In this paper we investigate this matter drawing on path dependency th…
Making the Core Contingent: Professional Agency Work and Its Consequences in Uk Social Services
In recent times, the UK has witnessed a steady growth in the use of agency workers to fill core professional roles in public sector organizations. Similar trends have been noted elsewhere, particularly in Australia and the US. In this paper our objective is to explore some of the consequences of this growth, drawing on case study research on social services. We point to a number of problems associated with the management of agency workers and to …
Public Management Reform in the Uk and Its Consequences for Professional Organization: A Comparative Analysis
It is often assumed in the literature on public management reforms that radical changes in values, work and organization have occurred or are under way. In this paper our aim is to raise questions about this account. Focusing on three services in the UK, each dominated by organized professions – health care, housing, and social services – significant variations in the effectiveness of reforms are noted. The available research also suggests that t…
A retreat from permanent employment: Accounting for the rise of professional agency work in UK public services
The last five years have witnessed a steady growth in the use of agency workers to fill core professional roles in public sector organizations. Whereas in the past the use of agency workers was driven mainly by employer demands for improved flexibility, this current expansion is predominantly supply led occurring against a backdrop of increasingly tight labour markets. In this article our objective is to explore some of the factors that lie behin…
The New Managerialism and Public Service Professions: Change in Health, Social Services and Housing
The New Managerialism and Public Service Professionals is a fresh and insightful analysis of the changes that have taken place in the UK public sector over the past twenty years. Unlike many other recent accounts it is not assumed that these policy goals were always implemented or that new approaches to the management of services are necessarily effective. Drawing on an extensive review of major published research it considers developments in thr…
Archetype Theory and the Changing Professional Organization: A Critique and Alternative
In recent years there has been growing interest in analysing processes of change in professional service organizations drawing on the concepts of archetype theory. In this article, our primary goal is to question the validity of these ideas. A key weakness, we argue, stems from the continued legacy of functionalism in this approach and the limited role given to human agency. A further problem is the uncritical generalization of assumptions about …
Public Management Reform in the Uk and Its Consequences for Professional Organization: A Comparative Analysis
It is often assumed in the literature on public management reforms that radical changes in values, work and organization have occurred or are under way. In this paper our aim is to raise questions about this account. Focusing on three services in the UK, each dominated by organized professions – health care, housing, and social services – significant variations in the effectiveness of reforms are noted. The available research also suggests that t…
Non-Standard Employment in the Management and Professional Workforce: Training, Consultation and Gender Implications
Over the past decade, important changes have occurred in the occupational mix of the non-standard workforce, with a rising number of professionals and managers entering part-time and temporary forms of employment. However, while this shift is widely acknowledged, there remains some confusion regarding its consequences. One strand in the literature argues that, at higher occupational levels, the tendency for non-standard employees to experience ma…
Introduction: Professions and organizations - a conceptual framework
This collection seeks to reconnect two separate streams of work on professional organizations and professional occupations. In particular the articles collected here identify two key themes: (1) the challenges and opportunities that professional organizations pose for established and emerging professionalization projects and (2) the extent to which professional organizations create, institutionalize and manipulate new forms of professionalism and…
Medicine and management in a comparative perspective: The case of Denmark and England
In health systems around the world the current trend has been for doctors to increase their participation in management. This has been taken to imply a common process of re-stratification with new divisions emerging between medical elites and the rank and file. However, our understanding of this change remains limited and it is open to question just how far one can generalise. In this paper we investigate this matter drawing on path dependency th…
A retreat from permanent employment: Accounting for the rise of professional agency work in UK public services
The last five years have witnessed a steady growth in the use of agency workers to fill core professional roles in public sector organizations. Whereas in the past the use of agency workers was driven mainly by employer demands for improved flexibility, this current expansion is predominantly supply led occurring against a backdrop of increasingly tight labour markets. In this article our objective is to explore some of the factors that lie behin…
The impact of management consultants on public service efficiency
Public sector organisations often make use of management consultants in policy implementation, but we know little about the outcomes. The paper reports one of the first quantitative evaluations of the impact of consulting advice on efficiency of public sector organisations. We employ an extensive dataset covering English NHS acute care hospital trusts over a four-year period. Based on PCSEs estimations, the findings show a significantly positive …
Professions, organizations and the state: Applying the sociology of the professions to the case of management consultancy
In the recent literature on knowledge-based occupations it is frequently noted that some groups, such as management consultants, have been far less successful than others in developing a system of professional regulation and organization. This is generally attributed to the functional characteristics of their knowledge base, which is too elusive, fuzzy and perishable to sustain traditional professionalization projects. It is also suggested that t…
Introduction: The Contract State and the Future of Public Management
This Special Issue looks at some of the radical changes which have taken place in the management and organisation of the UK public sector, focusing in particular on the separation of purchaser and provider roles and on the extensive use of contract and market relations. Most of the articles in this issue originate from the 1994 Employment Research Unit conference 'The Contract State? The Future of Public Management'. Specialist contributors addre…
Beyond hollowing out: Public sector managers and the use of external management consultants
Expenditure on management consultants in public sector organizations is generally seen as contributing to a “hollowing out” of the state through the substitution of internal management capability. However, there is little systematic evidence for this view which also ignores how public sector managers may, themselves, drive consulting use. Looking at 125 English public hospitals over 6 years, we explore the relationship between the development and…
The management consultancy effect: Demand inflation and its consequences in the sourcing of external knowledge
The growing use of external management consultancy services by public sector organizations has generated controversy. Some claim that users have become overreliant on, or even addicted to, this source of knowledge. However, our understanding of this phenomenon and the precise nature of its risks is underdeveloped. In this article, we address these concerns by focusing on whether using consulting services inflates future demand and on its conseque…
Making the Core Contingent: Professional Agency Work and Its Consequences in Uk Social Services
In recent times, the UK has witnessed a steady growth in the use of agency workers to fill core professional roles in public sector organizations. Similar trends have been noted elsewhere, particularly in Australia and the US. In this paper our objective is to explore some of the consequences of this growth, drawing on case study research on social services. We point to a number of problems associated with the management of agency workers and to …
Clinical Leadership and the Changing Governance of Public Hospitals: Implications for Patient Experience
A growing evidence base suggests that increasing the involvement of clinical professionals on governing boards of hospitals has a positive impact on organizational performance. However, less is known about the wider conditions that influence this process and whether recent moves to restructure the governance of public hospitals, extending their formal autonomy, has made any difference to the outcome of clinical involvement on patient experience. …
Business Experts on Public Sector Boards: What Do They Contribute
Although public management reforms around the world have given business experts an enhanced role in the governance of public sector organizations, the impact of this change is poorly understood. Drawing from the literature on board human capital as a theoretical framework and focusing on the case of hospital boards in the English National Health Service, this concern is addressed by investigating whether increasing the presence of individuals wit…
The contested terrain of hospital management: Professional projects and healthcare reforms in Denmark
Although much has been written on the changing management of professional services organizations, only limited attention has been given to the way in which management itself might represent a contested terrain. Drawing on concepts from the sociology of professions, this article develops this idea in relation to the Danish hospital sector. The analysis of secondary sources reveals how, from the mid-1980s, both the nursing and medical professions i…
Introduction To The Symposium on New Labour and The Modernization of Public Management
Corporatization, Administrative Intensity, and the Performance of Public Sector Organizations
The process of corporatization in public services has led to the emergence of new, more autonomous organizational forms. However, while these reforms have been centrally about the development of management capabilities in public sector organizations, we know surprisingly little about what this process involves. To address this concern, we draw on the literature on administrative intensity (AI) to frame hypotheses about the likely relationship bet…
Are Public Sector Managers a “Bureaucratic Burden”? The Case of English Public Hospitals
Although managers are, globally, a central part of the new public management reform agenda, in recent years policy makers, the media and the general public have raised concerns about their effectiveness and contribution. In some countries, notably the UK and the US, this debate has been heavily influenced by Public Choice Theory (PCT), which depicts ‘bureaucrats’ as rent seeking, self-serving individuals. In this study, focusing on the case of ac…
Clear, rigorous and relevant: Publishing quantitative research articles in Work, employment and society
This article was published in the journal, Work, Employment and Society [Sage Publications / © The Authors]. The definitive version is available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0950017014526448
Outsourcing the procurement of agency workers: The impact of vendor managed services in English social care
In recent years marked changes have occurred in the way employers recruit and select agency workers, with this activity increasingly being outsourced to third party organizations providing 'vendor managed services' (VMS). Drawing on data from a study of English social services, this article explores the consequences of this outsourcing. The findings reveal that although VMS has delivered cost savings, it has also resulted in less effective placem…
The Evolution of Professionalism as a Mode of Regulation: Evidence from the United States
Opinion is divided on how far and in what ways professionalism as a mode of regulation has evolved. To date, attention has focused on the impact of neoliberal political and economic ideologies that challenge the idea that professions should be trusted to regulate themselves. This article further examines the impact of these attacks on professionalism and assesses whether they have triggered a process of decline. Drawing on a range of documentary …
Exploring regionalism in public management reforms: The case of the Italian hospital sector
Although comparative research on new public management reforms has identified variable pathways of change between countries, less is known about variations within countries where there has been significant political and administrative decentralisation to regional tiers of government. In this paper we address this concern, focusing on public hospital management reforms in the Italian Servizio Sanitario Nazionale (SSN) as an illustrative case. Draw…
Writing articles for Work, Employment and Society: Different Voices, Same Language
Writing articles for Work, Employment and Society : different voices, same language Foreward
Workplace assimilation and conflict in professional service organisations: The Case of University Libraries
To date, only limited attention has been given in the literature to how, in a context of work intensification, many professional service organisations have engaged in a delegation of tasks to non-professional, subordinate groups. While some studies have reported this process, little is known more generally about its wider impact. A particular concern is the extent to which delegation, as well as being a necessary response to budgetary constraint,…
Face to Face with the 'Sovereign Consumer: Service Quality and the Changing Role of Professional Academic Librarians
This article considers the impact of service quality initiatives on the role of professional academic librarians.1 It is argued that these initiatives - by asserting the dominant role of 'sovereign' consumers - offer a powerful legitimating device which is currently being used to support radical changes in professional work. One possible outcome of this is a weakening of professional autonomy and power to unilaterally determine levels and standar…
Introduction: The Contract State and the Future of Public Management
This Special Issue looks at some of the radical changes which have taken place in the management and organisation of the UK public sector, focusing in particular on the separation of purchaser and provider roles and on the extensive use of contract and market relations. Most of the articles in this issue originate from the 1994 Employment Research Unit conference 'The Contract State? The Future of Public Management'. Specialist contributors addre…
Un-charted Territory? Experiences of the Purchaser/Provider Split in Local Authority Children's Services
A primary goal of Conservative government policy, expressed in the 1990 National Health Service and Community Care Act, was to encourage the development of market mechanisms through the separation of purchaser and provider roles. The main target for reform was to be adult services although, in the absence of specific guidance, a number of local authorities also implemented purchaser/provider structures in services for children and families. To da…
Workplace assimilation and conflict in professional service organisations: The Case of University Libraries
To date, only limited attention has been given in the literature to how, in a context of work intensification, many professional service organisations have engaged in a delegation of tasks to non-professional, subordinate groups. While some studies have reported this process, little is known more generally about its wider impact. A particular concern is the extent to which delegation, as well as being a necessary response to budgetary constraint,…
Introduction To The Symposium on New Labour and The Modernization of Public Management
Archetype Theory and the Changing Professional Organization: A Critique and Alternative
In recent years there has been growing interest in analysing processes of change in professional service organizations drawing on the concepts of archetype theory. In this article, our primary goal is to question the validity of these ideas. A key weakness, we argue, stems from the continued legacy of functionalism in this approach and the limited role given to human agency. A further problem is the uncritical generalization of assumptions about …
Non-Standard Employment in the Management and Professional Workforce: Training, Consultation and Gender Implications
Over the past decade, important changes have occurred in the occupational mix of the non-standard workforce, with a rising number of professionals and managers entering part-time and temporary forms of employment. However, while this shift is widely acknowledged, there remains some confusion regarding its consequences. One strand in the literature argues that, at higher occupational levels, the tendency for non-standard employees to experience ma…
The New Managerialism and Public Service Professions: Change in Health, Social Services and Housing
The New Managerialism and Public Service Professionals is a fresh and insightful analysis of the changes that have taken place in the UK public sector over the past twenty years. Unlike many other recent accounts it is not assumed that these policy goals were always implemented or that new approaches to the management of services are necessarily effective. Drawing on an extensive review of major published research it considers developments in thr…
A retreat from permanent employment: Accounting for the rise of professional agency work in UK public services
The last five years have witnessed a steady growth in the use of agency workers to fill core professional roles in public sector organizations. Whereas in the past the use of agency workers was driven mainly by employer demands for improved flexibility, this current expansion is predominantly supply led occurring against a backdrop of increasingly tight labour markets. In this article our objective is to explore some of the factors that lie behin…
Making the Core Contingent: Professional Agency Work and Its Consequences in Uk Social Services
In recent times, the UK has witnessed a steady growth in the use of agency workers to fill core professional roles in public sector organizations. Similar trends have been noted elsewhere, particularly in Australia and the US. In this paper our objective is to explore some of the consequences of this growth, drawing on case study research on social services. We point to a number of problems associated with the management of agency workers and to …
Public Management Reform in the Uk and Its Consequences for Professional Organization: A Comparative Analysis
It is often assumed in the literature on public management reforms that radical changes in values, work and organization have occurred or are under way. In this paper our aim is to raise questions about this account. Focusing on three services in the UK, each dominated by organized professions – health care, housing, and social services – significant variations in the effectiveness of reforms are noted. The available research also suggests that t…
Medicine and management in a comparative perspective: The case of Denmark and England
In health systems around the world the current trend has been for doctors to increase their participation in management. This has been taken to imply a common process of re-stratification with new divisions emerging between medical elites and the rank and file. However, our understanding of this change remains limited and it is open to question just how far one can generalise. In this paper we investigate this matter drawing on path dependency th…
The more things change… towards 25 years of Work, Employment and Society
Outsourcing the procurement of agency workers: The impact of vendor managed services in English social care
In recent years marked changes have occurred in the way employers recruit and select agency workers, with this activity increasingly being outsourced to third party organizations providing 'vendor managed services' (VMS). Drawing on data from a study of English social services, this article explores the consequences of this outsourcing. The findings reveal that although VMS has delivered cost savings, it has also resulted in less effective placem…
Professions, organizations and the state: Applying the sociology of the professions to the case of management consultancy
In the recent literature on knowledge-based occupations it is frequently noted that some groups, such as management consultants, have been far less successful than others in developing a system of professional regulation and organization. This is generally attributed to the functional characteristics of their knowledge base, which is too elusive, fuzzy and perishable to sustain traditional professionalization projects. It is also suggested that t…
Obituary: Peter Kragh Jespersen (1946-2010)
The contested terrain of hospital management: Professional projects and healthcare reforms in Denmark
Although much has been written on the changing management of professional services organizations, only limited attention has been given to the way in which management itself might represent a contested terrain. Drawing on concepts from the sociology of professions, this article develops this idea in relation to the Danish hospital sector. The analysis of secondary sources reveals how, from the mid-1980s, both the nursing and medical professions i…
Introduction: Professions and organizations - a conceptual framework
This collection seeks to reconnect two separate streams of work on professional organizations and professional occupations. In particular the articles collected here identify two key themes: (1) the challenges and opportunities that professional organizations pose for established and emerging professionalization projects and (2) the extent to which professional organizations create, institutionalize and manipulate new forms of professionalism and…
Writing articles for Work, Employment and Society: Different Voices, Same Language
Writing articles for Work, Employment and Society : different voices, same language Foreward
Clear, rigorous and relevant: Publishing quantitative research articles in Work, employment and society
This article was published in the journal, Work, Employment and Society [Sage Publications / © The Authors]. The definitive version is available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0950017014526448
Clinical Leadership and the Changing Governance of Public Hospitals: Implications for Patient Experience
A growing evidence base suggests that increasing the involvement of clinical professionals on governing boards of hospitals has a positive impact on organizational performance. However, less is known about the wider conditions that influence this process and whether recent moves to restructure the governance of public hospitals, extending their formal autonomy, has made any difference to the outcome of clinical involvement on patient experience. …
Exploring regionalism in public management reforms: The case of the Italian hospital sector
Although comparative research on new public management reforms has identified variable pathways of change between countries, less is known about variations within countries where there has been significant political and administrative decentralisation to regional tiers of government. In this paper we address this concern, focusing on public hospital management reforms in the Italian Servizio Sanitario Nazionale (SSN) as an illustrative case. Draw…
Business Experts on Public Sector Boards: What Do They Contribute
Although public management reforms around the world have given business experts an enhanced role in the governance of public sector organizations, the impact of this change is poorly understood. Drawing from the literature on board human capital as a theoretical framework and focusing on the case of hospital boards in the English National Health Service, this concern is addressed by investigating whether increasing the presence of individuals wit…
The impact of management consultants on public service efficiency
Public sector organisations often make use of management consultants in policy implementation, but we know little about the outcomes. The paper reports one of the first quantitative evaluations of the impact of consulting advice on efficiency of public sector organisations. We employ an extensive dataset covering English NHS acute care hospital trusts over a four-year period. Based on PCSEs estimations, the findings show a significantly positive …
Are Public Sector Managers a “Bureaucratic Burden”? The Case of English Public Hospitals
Although managers are, globally, a central part of the new public management reform agenda, in recent years policy makers, the media and the general public have raised concerns about their effectiveness and contribution. In some countries, notably the UK and the US, this debate has been heavily influenced by Public Choice Theory (PCT), which depicts ‘bureaucrats’ as rent seeking, self-serving individuals. In this study, focusing on the case of ac…
Political science (26 works) · Public relations (21 works) · Economics (20 works) · Sociology (19 works) · Business (17 works) · Law (12 works) · Public sector (12 works) · Public Policy and Administration Research (11 works) · Engineering (10 works) · Economic growth (9 works)