Jan M Hoem
Biographic Data
| ID | 249881 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Jan M Hoem |
| GIVEN NAMES | Jan M |
| FAMILY NAME | Hoem |
| SIGNATURE | HOEM J M |
| AFFILIATIONS | Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 53 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 967 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 53 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1975 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2016 |
| H-INDEX | 18 |
The dangers of using 'negative durations' to estimate pre- and post-migration fertility
To keep childbearing that occurs before and after migration separate from each other, many analysts apply a technique that uses 'negative durations' to estimate the childbearing risks that migrants have before they migrate. This strategy can lead to incorrect results and should be abandoned. In this research note, we use data for births and internal migration in Sweden to highlight how the two types of behaviour can be kept apart conceptually and…
Life Table
The dangers of conditioning on the time of occurrence of one demographic process in the analysis of another
In studies of the fertility of migrants in which the data are confined to the migrants only, estimation bias will normally appear in comparisons of childbearing before and after migration. The same issue arises in studies of union formation before and after first birth, marriage formation before and after home purchase, and in any other comparison of behaviour before and after an index event if one confines the study only to those who have experi…
Caractéristiques récentes de la fécondité des couples mariés et non mariés en Roumanie
Jusqu'à la fin des années 1980, l'union libre était rare en Roumanie. Après la chute du régime socialiste, cette proportion a progressivement augmenté pour atteindre environ 10 % en 2005, évolution qui a eu des conséquences sur la fécondité. Cet article présente certaines caractéristiques de la fécondité des couples mariés et non mariés entre 1985 et 2005 à partir des données de l'enquête GGS réalisée en Roumanie en 2005, par le calcul des taux d…
Immigrant fertility in Sweden, 2000-2011: A descriptive note
Modern Scandinavian population registers provide excellent data sources that allow a user to quickly gain an impression of the level of fertility and its structure across subpopulations. This may also allow the analyst to check a feature of the much-cited
Recent fertility patterns of Finnish women by union status: A descriptive account
Remarkably little is known about the significance of consensual unions for fertility. This is true everywhere, but the lacuna is more important in the Nordic countries where there is so much childbearing outside of marriage, mostly in consensual unions. Th
The Total Marital Fertility Rate and Its Extensions
An Extension of the Conventional TFR
Italy’s Non-Negligible Cohabitational Unions: La cohabitation hors mariage en Italie: un phénomène non négligeable
Italy has long been regarded as the country with negligible non-marital cohabitation par excellence, but lately the pattern has begun to change and entry into consensual unions has increased strongly in younger Italian generations. This article is devoted to a study of such features between 1980 and 2003 based on the data from the Italian variant of the Gender and Generations Survey, Round 1. We consider entry into marriage and entry into cohabit…
Levels of recent union formation: Six European countries compared
We offer a comparison between the age profiles of risks of formation of marital and non-marital unions in Russia, Romania, Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Italy. We show that there is considerable variability across these populations in the level and ag
The negative educational gradients in Romanian fertility
In Western countries, rates of second and third births typically increase with educational attainment, a feature that usually disappears if unobserved heterogeneity is brought into the event-history analysis. By contrast, in a country like Romania, sec
The structure of recent first-union formation in Romania
By European standards, consensual first unions have been rare in Romania, and they remain so even though their incidence has increased by a factor of almost five since the early 1960s. Rates of conversion of consensual unions into marriages have been cut in half over the same four decades or so, and marriage rates have declined by a similar factor since the fall of state socialism, which is more dramatic because this period is so much shorter. Th…
Traces of the Second Demographic Transition in Four Selected Countries in Central and Eastern Europe: Union Formation as a Demographic Manifestation
Using data from the first round of the national Gender and Generations Surveys of Russia, Romania, and Bulgaria, and from a similar survey of Hungary, which were all collected in recent years, we study rates of entry into marital and non-marital unions. We have used elements from the narrative of the Second Demographic Transition (SDT) as a vehicle to give our analysis of the data from the four countries some coherence, and find what can be trace…
Education and permanent childlessness: Austria vs. Sweden; a research note
In this research note we extend our previous study of the association between educational attainment and permanent childlessness in Sweden In both investigations we have defined educational attainment in terms of both educational level and educational field. We find largely the same pattern of childlessness by educational field in both countries; in particular at each educational level women educated for teaching jobs or for health occupations ty…
Preface: Childbearing Trends and Policies in Europe
The editors of the present Special Collection of the electronic journal Demographic Research take pleasure in making the Collection available to the research community and the general public. The Collectionâ s principal focus is the demographic analysis
Summary and general conclusions: Childbearing Trends and Policies in Europe
European fertility early in the 21st century was at its lowest level since the Second World War. This study explores contemporary childbearing trends and policies in Europe, and gives detailed attention to the past two or three decades. We felt motivat
Overview Chapter 8: The impact of public policies on European fertility
This chapter outlines the positions in the current debate about the possibility of using public policies to influence fertility. We note the polarization between, on the one hand, those who view public policies as obvious means for lifting the currentl
Early traces of the Second Demographic Transition in Bulgaria: A joint analysis of marital and non-marital union formation, 1960-2004
We explore trends in first-union formation in Bulgaria from 1960, using data from the national Gender and Generations Survey of 2004. We analyse jointly the transition into cohabitation and directly into marriage. The standardized marriage rate falls dramatically from the early 1980s; the corresponding rate of entry into cohabitation has already increased from the early 1960s but (surprisingly) falls moderately toward the end of our period. Cohab…
Marriage formation as a process intermediary between migration and childbearing
In studies of differences in fertility between migrants and non-migrants, marriage interferes because migration can be motivated by an impending marriage or can entail entry into a marriage market with new opportunities. One would therefore expect elev
The reporting of statistical significance in scientific journals: A reflexion
Scientific journals in most empirical disciplines have regulations about how authors should report the precision of their estimates of model parameters and other model elements. Some journals that overlap fully or partly with the field of demography de
Demography, present and future
There is an interesting tension between optimism and pessimism in the considerations in the original essay. I find myself largely in agreement with the author's sentiments, but on a number of items
La démographie, aujourd'hui et demain
Generations and Gender Survey (GGS): Towards a better understanding of relationships and processes in the life course
The Generations and Gender Survey (GGS) is one of the two pillars of the Generations and Gender Programme designed to improve understanding of demographic and social development and of the factors that influence these developments. This article describ
Anticipatory analysis and its alternatives in life-course research: Part 2: Marriage and first birth
In the second part of these reflections, we use the connection between marriage and first childbearing to demonstrate further issues involved in anticipatory analysis. We show that an anticipatory approach cannot be used to represent intentionality: Pe
Anticipatory analysis and its alternatives in life-course research: Part 1: Education and first childbearing
Procedures that seek to explain current behavior by future outcomes (anticipatory analysis) constitute a widespread but problematic approach in life-course analysis because they disturb the role of time and the temporal order of events. Nevertheless th
Generations and Gender Survey (GGS): Towards a better understanding of relationships and processes in the life course
The Generations and Gender Survey (GGS) is one of the two pillars of the Generations and Gender Programme designed to improve understanding of demographic and social development and of the factors that influence these developments. This article describ
Public Policy as the Fuel of Fertility: Effects of a Policy Reform on the Pace of Childbearing in Sweden in the 1980s
In 1980, Sweden made a 'speed premium' on childbearing statutory by letting parents retain the parental leave benefits paid after the birth of one child until after the next birth if it arnved within two years; in 1986 this eligibility interval was extended to thirty months. For longer birth intervals, benefit rights must be re-established by earning a work-related income. During a period of a general rise in fertility in Sweden, parents reacted …
Anticipatory analysis and its alternatives in life-course research: Part 1: Education and first childbearing
Procedures that seek to explain current behavior by future outcomes (anticipatory analysis) constitute a widespread but problematic approach in life-course analysis because they disturb the role of time and the temporal order of events. Nevertheless th
Couple childbearing plans and births in Sweden
We use data from a nationally representative sample of Swedish couples to estimate effects of partners’ childbearing plans on the rate of subsequent childbearing. Only 11% of the couples in this sample expressed plans in opposite directions (plan to have a child versus not to have a child), but 24% had differing levels of certainty about their plans. Of the couples in which both partners said they definitely planned to have another child, 44% had…
Educational Gradients in Divorce Risks in Sweden in Recent Decades
This paper is concerned with the influence of a womans educational status on the risk that her marriage will break down as manifested in divorce levels of Swedish women in their first marriage between the late 1960s and 1991. We shall show that the risk of a first marriage breaking down has increased considerably in recent cohorts but that the increase has been concentrated in women with lower educational attainments....It is easily conceivable t…
Education and childlessness: The relationship between educational field, educational level, and childlessness among Swedish women born in 1955-59
In this paper we extend the concept of educational attainment to cover the field of education taken in addition to the conventional level of education attained. Our empirical investigation uses register records containing childbearing and educational h
The Impact of Women's Employment on Second and Third Births in Modern Sweden
This paper demonstrates some striking and sometimes initially surprising differentials and developments in Swedish fertility patterns during the 1960s and 1970s. The surprise will often have been due to untenable preconceptions. For instance, we question the assumption that the opportunity cost of a second or third birth is necessarily higher for Swedish women with a better education, or otherwise with a firm position in the labour force than for…
The impact of education on modern family-union initiation
Stepfamily fertility in contemporary Sweden: The impact of childbearing before the current union
We focus on the fertility of Swedish men and women who lived in a consensual or marital union in the 1970s and 1980s, and where at least one of the partners had children before they entered that union. Couples without any children before the current union were included for contrast. We find clear evidence that couples wanted a shared biological child, essentially regardless of how many children (if any) they had before their current union. The sh…
Social Policy and Recent Fertility Change in Sweden
Swedens total fertility rate (TFR) after a period of decline began rising in the mid-1980s to 2.02 in 1989 which means surpassing the replacement in 1990. This trend is unlike other European or developed countries except for Iceland and Ireland with their higher TFRs. The rise occurs for women 25 years and older since the 1970s and 20-24 year olds recently which reverses the trend in the 1970s with higher fertility in the 20s instead of the 30s. …
Autonomy or conservative adjustment? The effect of public policies and educational attainment on third births in Austria, 1975-96
Die Quote der dritten Geburten ist in Oesterreich im Zeitraum zwischen dem Ende der 1970er Jahre und der Mitte der 1990er Jahre um ueber 50% gesunken. In den Jahren bis 1991/92 wurden die dritten Geburten zudem hinausgezoegert. Diese Tendenz endete mit dem Inkrafttreten neuer Regelungen zum Elternurlaub, durch die Frauen beguenstigt wurden, die ihr zweites oder folgendes Kind kurz nach dem vorhergehenden bekamen. Es finden sich keine Anzeichen da…
Traces of the Second Demographic Transition in Four Selected Countries in Central and Eastern Europe: Union Formation as a Demographic Manifestation
Using data from the first round of the national Gender and Generations Surveys of Russia, Romania, and Bulgaria, and from a similar survey of Hungary, which were all collected in recent years, we study rates of entry into marital and non-marital unions. We have used elements from the narrative of the Second Demographic Transition (SDT) as a vehicle to give our analysis of the data from the four countries some coherence, and find what can be trace…
Educational attainment and ultimate fertility among Swedish women born in 1955-59
This is the second of two companion papers addressing the association between educational attainment and fertility for some sixty educational groups of Swedish women, defined according to field of education as well as level of education. The first pape
Social differentials in speed-premium effects in childbearing in Sweden
In Sweden, parents receive a parental-leave allowance of a high percentage (currently 80%) of their pre-birth salary for about a year in connection with any birth. If they space their births sufficiently closely, they avoid a reduction in the allowance
Anticipatory analysis and its alternatives in life-course research: Part 2: Marriage and first birth
In the second part of these reflections, we use the connection between marriage and first childbearing to demonstrate further issues involved in anticipatory analysis. We show that an anticipatory approach cannot be used to represent intentionality: Pe
Overview Chapter 8: The impact of public policies on European fertility
This chapter outlines the positions in the current debate about the possibility of using public policies to influence fertility. We note the polarization between, on the one hand, those who view public policies as obvious means for lifting the currentl
Why does Sweden have such high fertility
By current European standards, Sweden has had a relatively high fertility in recent decades. During the 1980s and 1990s, the annual Total Fertility Rate (TFR) for Sweden undulated considerably around a level just under 1.8, which is a bit lower than
Early traces of the Second Demographic Transition in Bulgaria: A joint analysis of marital and non-marital union formation, 1960-2004
We explore trends in first-union formation in Bulgaria from 1960, using data from the national Gender and Generations Survey of 2004. We analyse jointly the transition into cohabitation and directly into marriage. The standardized marriage rate falls dramatically from the early 1980s; the corresponding rate of entry into cohabitation has already increased from the early 1960s but (surprisingly) falls moderately toward the end of our period. Cohab…
Experiments in Modelling Recent Danish Fertility Curves
This paper reports the outcome of an exercise in curve fitting to annual sets of Danish age-specific fertility rates for the years 1962 to 1971 by means of least squares. Functions fitted were a cubic spline, the Hadwiger and Coale-Trussell functions, the gamma and beta densities, two versions of a polynomial, and two of Brass's relational procedures, as well as the Gompertz curve. The spline function fitted all curves far better than any of the …
Italy’s Non-Negligible Cohabitational Unions: La cohabitation hors mariage en Italie: un phénomène non négligeable
Italy has long been regarded as the country with negligible non-marital cohabitation par excellence, but lately the pattern has begun to change and entry into consensual unions has increased strongly in younger Italian generations. This article is devoted to a study of such features between 1980 and 2003 based on the data from the Italian variant of the Gender and Generations Survey, Round 1. We consider entry into marriage and entry into cohabit…
To Marry, Just in Case: The Swedish Widow's-Pension Reform and the Peak in Marriages in December 1989
On 1 January 1990, new regulations were introduced for the Swedish National Widow's Pension Scheme. The transitional provisions of the reform made it advantageous for many people to marry before the end of 1989 rather than later. The result was an abnormally large number of weddings in December 1989. This highlights the lack of firm norms that govern whether Swedish couples choose to marry or to live in consensual union. It also raises questions …
Summary and general conclusions: Childbearing Trends and Policies in Europe
European fertility early in the 21st century was at its lowest level since the Second World War. This study explores contemporary childbearing trends and policies in Europe, and gives detailed attention to the past two or three decades. We felt motivat
Modern family initiation in sweden: Experience of women born between 1936 and 1960
The dangers of conditioning on the time of occurrence of one demographic process in the analysis of another
In studies of the fertility of migrants in which the data are confined to the migrants only, estimation bias will normally appear in comparisons of childbearing before and after migration. The same issue arises in studies of union formation before and after first birth, marriage formation before and after home purchase, and in any other comparison of behaviour before and after an index event if one confines the study only to those who have experi…
The negative educational gradients in Romanian fertility
In Western countries, rates of second and third births typically increase with educational attainment, a feature that usually disappears if unobserved heterogeneity is brought into the event-history analysis. By contrast, in a country like Romania, sec
The construction of increment-decrement life tables: A comment on articles by R. Schoen and V. Nelson
In two papers recently published by Demography, Schoen and Nelson (1974) and Schoen (1975) discuss construction of what they call increment-decrement life tables. Their treatment is quite elementary, but reader is given impression that they are plowing new ground. Indeed, Schoen and Nelson (1974, p. 268) state that to their knowledge, the literature does not contain any thorough and systematic discussion of how to deal with life tables that have …
Starting Age and Subsequent Birth Intervals in Cohabitational Unions in Current Danish Cohorts, 1975
This paper presents some main results of an investigation by life table methods of birth interval data in cohabitational unions (marriages as well as consensual unions) in current Danish cohorts. Our results confirm previous findings that an early age at the start of recorded exposure to childbearing risk is indicative of a rapid pace and high level of subsequent fertility. The analysis modifies previous results and adds several new details regar…
Experiments in Modelling Recent Danish Fertility Curves
This paper reports the outcome of an exercise in curve fitting to annual sets of Danish age-specific fertility rates for the years 1962 to 1971 by means of least squares. Functions fitted were a cubic spline, the Hadwiger and Coale-Trussell functions, the gamma and beta densities, two versions of a polynomial, and two of Brass's relational procedures, as well as the Gompertz curve. The spline function fitted all curves far better than any of the …
Distortions caused by nonobservation of periods of cohabitation before the latest
In retrospective studies of individual life histories, some or all of the information pertaining to periods prior to the latest event interval of interest will sometimes be left out. This simplifies data collection, and it may improve the reliability of the data actually obtained by reducing misreporting. Unfortunately, it may also introduce serious distortion in estimates based on such data. This paper investigates the extent of such distortion …
The negligible influence of premarital cohabitation on marital fertility in current danish cohorts, 1975
This paper studies the influence of premarital cohabitation on marital fertility by applying life table methods to data for cohorts of Danish women born in 1926–1955, collected in retrospective interviews made in 1975. For each five-year cohort, the data have been analyzed by duration of marriage or by duration since previous birth, for women who had no reported births before marriage. Our main empirical results are: (a) that women who married at…
Modern family initiation in sweden: Experience of women born between 1936 and 1960
The impact of education on modern family-union initiation
Demographic Reproduction Rates and the Estimation of an Expected Total Count Per Person in an Open Population
The Swedish Family: Aspects of Contemporary Developments
Changes in family-related demographic behavior in Sweden since the early 1960s have included a rise in early consensual union formation postponement of both marriage and motherhood substantial increases in female employment rates and more divorces. Much of the fertility decline that began in the mid-1960s has been caused by a sharp drop in 3rd-birth rates. These changes are largely attributable to public policy features that are unique to Sweden …
The Impact of Women's Employment on Second and Third Births in Modern Sweden
This paper demonstrates some striking and sometimes initially surprising differentials and developments in Swedish fertility patterns during the 1960s and 1970s. The surprise will often have been due to untenable preconceptions. For instance, we question the assumption that the opportunity cost of a second or third birth is necessarily higher for Swedish women with a better education, or otherwise with a firm position in the labour force than for…
Social Policy and Recent Fertility Change in Sweden
Swedens total fertility rate (TFR) after a period of decline began rising in the mid-1980s to 2.02 in 1989 which means surpassing the replacement in 1990. This trend is unlike other European or developed countries except for Iceland and Ireland with their higher TFRs. The rise occurs for women 25 years and older since the 1970s and 20-24 year olds recently which reverses the trend in the 1970s with higher fertility in the 20s instead of the 30s. …
To Marry, Just in Case: The Swedish Widow's-Pension Reform and the Peak in Marriages in December 1989
On 1 January 1990, new regulations were introduced for the Swedish National Widow's Pension Scheme. The transitional provisions of the reform made it advantageous for many people to marry before the end of 1989 rather than later. The result was an abnormally large number of weddings in December 1989. This highlights the lack of firm norms that govern whether Swedish couples choose to marry or to live in consensual union. It also raises questions …
La standardisation indirecte améliorée et son application à la divortialité en Suède (1971-1989)
Jan M.)- - Standardisation indirecte améliorée et son application à la divor- tialité en Suède (1971-1989). Les risques de divorce en Suède sont généralement considérés comme élevés et croissants. On analyse dans cet article les tendances et les caractéristiques de la divortialité en Suède dans les années 1970 et 1980 et on en fait ressortir les différences par nombre d'enfants déjà nés, par âge au mariage et par rang du mariage. On retrouve ains…
Public Policy as the Fuel of Fertility: Effects of a Policy Reform on the Pace of Childbearing in Sweden in the 1980s
In 1980, Sweden made a 'speed premium' on childbearing statutory by letting parents retain the parental leave benefits paid after the birth of one child until after the next birth if it arnved within two years; in 1986 this eligibility interval was extended to thirty months. For longer birth intervals, benefit rights must be re-established by earning a work-related income. During a period of a general rise in fertility in Sweden, parents reacted …
Harmless omission in the standardization of demographic rates
Educational Gradients in Divorce Risks in Sweden in Recent Decades
This paper is concerned with the influence of a womans educational status on the risk that her marriage will break down as manifested in divorce levels of Swedish women in their first marriage between the late 1960s and 1991. We shall show that the risk of a first marriage breaking down has increased considerably in recent cohorts but that the increase has been concentrated in women with lower educational attainments....It is easily conceivable t…
Couple childbearing plans and births in Sweden
We use data from a nationally representative sample of Swedish couples to estimate effects of partners’ childbearing plans on the rate of subsequent childbearing. Only 11% of the couples in this sample expressed plans in opposite directions (plan to have a child versus not to have a child), but 24% had differing levels of certainty about their plans. Of the couples in which both partners said they definitely planned to have another child, 44% had…
Trajectories of fetal loss in the czech republic
Using data for 555,038 pregnancies conceived in the Czech Republic in 1987-1990, we show that pronounced differences in fetal survival in the middle trimester of pregnancy by marital status, educational level, and labor force attachment become much smaller at full term; survival differences by age at conception and number of previous deliveries show relatively constant proportional hazards throughout gestation. Social inequalities in postpartum l…
Stepfamily fertility in contemporary Sweden: The impact of childbearing before the current union
We focus on the fertility of Swedish men and women who lived in a consensual or marital union in the 1970s and 1980s, and where at least one of the partners had children before they entered that union. Couples without any children before the current union were included for contrast. We find clear evidence that couples wanted a shared biological child, essentially regardless of how many children (if any) they had before their current union. The sh…
Systematic Patterns of Zero Exposures in Event-History Analysis
Users of intensity-regression techniques in event-history analysis based on occurrence and exposure matrices frequently encounter zero-valued exposures where there is no observation for selected combinations of factor levels, either because they are logically impossible or because the observational design leaves them out. For example, higher educational levels cannot be attained at very young ages, and observations collected over a given calendar…
Autonomy or conservative adjustment? The effect of public policies and educational attainment on third births in Austria
The standardised rate of third births declined by over 50 percent in Austria between the late 1970s and the mid-1990s. The third birth was also postponed gradually over the years up through 1991-92, after which the tempo of childbearing suddenly increased in response to a change in the parental-leave policy. This new policy inadvertently favoured women who had their second or subsequent child shortly after their previous one. We cannot find any i…
Autonomy or conservative adjustment? The effect of public policies and educational attainment on third births in Austria, 1975-96
Die Quote der dritten Geburten ist in Oesterreich im Zeitraum zwischen dem Ende der 1970er Jahre und der Mitte der 1990er Jahre um ueber 50% gesunken. In den Jahren bis 1991/92 wurden die dritten Geburten zudem hinausgezoegert. Diese Tendenz endete mit dem Inkrafttreten neuer Regelungen zum Elternurlaub, durch die Frauen beguenstigt wurden, die ihr zweites oder folgendes Kind kurz nach dem vorhergehenden bekamen. Es finden sich keine Anzeichen da…
Childbearing patterns for Swedish mothers of twins, 1961-1999
The Nordic population registers provide a unique possibility to study the demographic behavior of very small population groups and rare events. In this paper, we study the childbearing behavior of Swedish mothers of twins between 1961 and 1999, inclusi
Why does Sweden have such high fertility?
By current European standards, Sweden has had a relatively high fertility in recent decades. During the 1980s and 1990s, the annual Total Fertility Rate (TFR) for Sweden undulated considerably around a level just under 1.8, which is a bit lower than the corresponding level in France and well above the level in West Germany. (In 2004 the Swedish TFR reached 1.76 on an upward trend.) The Swedish completed Cohort Fertility Rate (CFR) was rather cons…
Why does Sweden have such high fertility
By current European standards, Sweden has had a relatively high fertility in recent decades. During the 1980s and 1990s, the annual Total Fertility Rate (TFR) for Sweden undulated considerably around a level just under 1.8, which is a bit lower than
Sociology (46 works) · Demography (43 works) · Economics (36 works) · Family Dynamics and Relationships (31 works) · Population (31 works) · Demographic economics (29 works) · Fertility (27 works) · Geography (26 works) · Political science (25 works) · Demographic Trends and Gender Preferences (17 works)