R Kramer
Biographic Data
| ID | 25035 |
|---|---|
| NAME | R Kramer |
| GIVEN NAMES | R |
| FAMILY NAME | Kramer |
| SIGNATURE | KRAMER R |
| AFFILIATIONS | Villanova University |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-7949-6429 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 24 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 238 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 24 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2008 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 9 |
Is Racial Justice a Gospel Issue? Mapping the Relationship between Race, Christianity, and Justice
Introduction to the Special Issue: Racism of Omission
Racism, in both the popular imagination and academic conceptualizations, is often characterized as an act of commission. Scholarship sees racism as the actions of individuals, organizations, and states whose choices and policies disadvantage marginalized groups. Discrimination is conceptualized as actions that deny access to housing, work, schooling, or other resources, or as differential treatment once people of color gain entrance to white-domi…
Racing to Zipf's law: Race and metropolitan population size 1910–2020
Scholarship demonstrates that urban systems follow a power law population distribution if the population has full labor mobility. Theoretically, subpopulations should also follow a power law population distribution if that subpopulation also has full labor mobility. Examining city population distributions for White and Black Americans across US metropolitan areas from 1910 to 2020 shows that the White distribution mostly conforms to both Zipf's a…
Race, Gender, and Police Violence in the Shadow of Controlling Images
Despite the emergence of the #SayHerName movement alongside #BlackLivesMatter, research on police encounters is rarely intersectional and has largely neglected the potentially violent consequences of gendered and racialized 'controlling images.' Using New York City investigatory stop data (2007-2014), and drawing on controlling images theory, our analysis shows that Black men and women experience higher rates of police violence than White men and…
Young, Gifted and Diverse: Origins of the New Black Elite
Democracy for whom? How criminal punishment marginalizes the political voices of Black and Brown Americans
U.S. racialized punishment practices have long harmed communities of color in sundry ways, including access to democratic processes. Synthesizing scholarship on punishment and democracy that centers the lived experiences and political subjectivities of Black and Brown Americans, we argue that criminal punishment is a powerful form of political marginalization that diminishes the political voices of Black and Brown Americans en masse and simultane…
Police-Related Deaths in the United States
The Slow Violence of Contemporary Policing
An estimated 61.5 million Americans encounter police annually and more than one million are threatened or subjected to police use of force during these encounters. Much research exists on the efficacy for crime control of the policing practices that produce those encounters, but outside of formal consequences such as incarceration, the criminology of police harms has been slower to emerge. In this review, we describe the slow violence that contem…
Rejecting white distraction: A Critique of the White Logic and White Methods in Academic Publishing
This critical reply engages in a critique of the prominence of "white logic" and "white methods" (Zuberi, Tukufu, and Eduardo Bonilla-Silva, eds. 2008. White Logic, White Methods: Racism and Methodology. Lanham, MA: Rowman & Littlefield) in academic publishing. We assess how the construction and proliferation of white knowledge(s) shapes analysis and interpretation, argumentation, peer review, and ultimately, publication. We call for a rejection …
Diversifying but not Integrating: Entropic Measures of Local Segregation
Scholars of segregation have struggled to adapt indices designed to model two‐group segregation for cities with large populations drawn from more than two racial/ethnic groups. Considering segregation as a social form of entropy resolves that struggle and introduces a family of related measures that offer means of analysing segregation at both the local (neighbourhood) level and the greater (city/region) area. A case study of Philadelphia's level…
Testing the role of barriers in shaping segregation profiles: The importance of visualizing the local neighborhood
“Egocentric” segregation profiles allow researchers to avoid a reliance on a priori definitions of local neighborhoods that contribute an unknown amount of error to measures of segregation. To date, however, such profiles have used distance-decay techniques that rely on “as the crow flies” measures of space. Yet we know that major roads, railroads, and other physical attributes of space mean that such techniques may introduce error into the measu…
Stop, Frisk, and Assault? Racial Disparities in Police Use of Force During Investigatory Stops
Black civilians are more likely to be stopped by police than white civilians net of relevant factors. Less is known about whether or not racial inequalities exist in police use of force during stops. Using data on over 2 million police stops in New York City from 2007 to 2014 and drawing on literatures on race, policing, and the Black Lives Matter movement, we test hypotheses regarding the associations between race, civilian behavior, age, and po…
Race, Space, and Surveillance: Understanding the Relationship between Criminal Justice Contact and Institutional Involvement
Ethnographies of young men of color offer competing theories regarding how individuals react to criminal justice contact. System avoidance theory suggests that black and Latino men in segregated neighborhoods avoid formal institutions because of fear of surveillance, while Rios contends that they frame their criminal justice contact as a racial injustice and become activists. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent to Adult…
Shifting Power
While prisoners cannot vote, they are counted as residents of the often rural legislative districts where they are incarcerated rather than their home districts. We examine the extent to which incarceration shifts the balance of a representative democracy by considering its impact on legislative apportionment. Drawing on data from the Census, Pennsylvania Department of Corrections, and Pennsylvania Redistricting Commission, we develop a counterfa…
Defensible Spaces in Philadelphia: Exploring Neighborhood Boundaries Through Spatial Analysis
Rory Kramer, Defensible Spaces in Philadelphia: Exploring Neighborhood Boundaries Through Spatial Analysis, RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences, Vol. 3, No. 2, Spatial Foundations of Inequality (February 2017), pp. 81-101
Designing for and against Symbolic Boundaries
I argue that, via the mixture of physical and symbolic boundaries, placemaking and urban design reinforce inequality, albeit less overtly than the architecture of fear Davis identifies and shifted in response to the new political economy. That shift also offers an opportunity to reimagine an urban design that subverts that inequality. To understand urban design today, urban planner Marlon Williams pointedly asks, â As urban planners, are we revol…
Racial Rigidity in the United States: Comment on Saperstein and Penner
Previous articleNext article FreeCommentary and DebateRacial Rigidity in the United States: Comment on Saperstein and Penner1Rory Kramer, Robert DeFina, and Lance HannonRory KramerVillanova University Search for more articles by this author , Robert DeFinaVillanova University Search for more articles by this author , and Lance HannonVillanova University Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUSFull TextSupplemental Material Add to favor…
When Change Doesn't Matter: Racial Identity (In)consistency and Adolescent Well-being
Most theories of racial self-identity argue that a racially inconsistent identity indicates emotional distress and internal turmoil. However, empirical research on racial identity and consistency indicates that racial inconsistency is more common than previously believed, and some argue that it can be a positive adaptation for individuals. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent Health, we explore the degree to which racial…
Intragroup Heterogeneity and Blackness: Effects of Racial Classification, Immigrant Origins, Social Class, and Social Context on the Racial Identity of Elite College Students
Durable Change: Race, Inequality, and the City
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
Out with the Old, In with the New? Habitus and Social Mobility at Selective Colleges
Sociologists have long recognized that cultural differences help explain the perpetuation of inequality by invisibly limiting access to elite cultural norms. However, there has been little investigation of the ways students reconcile shifts in habitus gained in educational settings with existing, nonelite habitus. The authors use both qualitative and quantitative data to examine the ways students navigate what Bourdieu called a 'cleft habitus.' I…
Who is Really Doing it? Peer Embeddedness and Substance Use during Adolescence
Using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health ( n = 15,355), this article examines the relationship between adolescent embeddedness and substance use. Unlike most previous work on substance use, the authors focus on the size of an individual's social network (embeddedness) instead of the characteristics of individuals in that network. They examine four levels of embeddedness (isolated, marginal, typical, and saturated) and the variat…
Continuities and Discontinuities in Childhood and Adult Moral Development
Diversifiers at Elite Schools
This article examines how a nonprofit organization prepares low-income students of diverse racial backgrounds to enter elite private high schools in the fall of the ninth grade. Combining ethnographic fieldwork completed during the program with follow-up interviews with ten students after their first semester at boarding school, this article addresses how students interact with and integrate into wealthy, predominantly White schools in an attempt…
Out with the Old, In with the New? Habitus and Social Mobility at Selective Colleges
Sociologists have long recognized that cultural differences help explain the perpetuation of inequality by invisibly limiting access to elite cultural norms. However, there has been little investigation of the ways students reconcile shifts in habitus gained in educational settings with existing, nonelite habitus. The authors use both qualitative and quantitative data to examine the ways students navigate what Bourdieu called a 'cleft habitus.' I…
Stop, Frisk, and Assault? Racial Disparities in Police Use of Force During Investigatory Stops
Black civilians are more likely to be stopped by police than white civilians net of relevant factors. Less is known about whether or not racial inequalities exist in police use of force during stops. Using data on over 2 million police stops in New York City from 2007 to 2014 and drawing on literatures on race, policing, and the Black Lives Matter movement, we test hypotheses regarding the associations between race, civilian behavior, age, and po…
When Change Doesn't Matter: Racial Identity (In)consistency and Adolescent Well-being
Most theories of racial self-identity argue that a racially inconsistent identity indicates emotional distress and internal turmoil. However, empirical research on racial identity and consistency indicates that racial inconsistency is more common than previously believed, and some argue that it can be a positive adaptation for individuals. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent Health, we explore the degree to which racial…
The Slow Violence of Contemporary Policing
An estimated 61.5 million Americans encounter police annually and more than one million are threatened or subjected to police use of force during these encounters. Much research exists on the efficacy for crime control of the policing practices that produce those encounters, but outside of formal consequences such as incarceration, the criminology of police harms has been slower to emerge. In this review, we describe the slow violence that contem…
Race, Space, and Surveillance: Understanding the Relationship between Criminal Justice Contact and Institutional Involvement
Ethnographies of young men of color offer competing theories regarding how individuals react to criminal justice contact. System avoidance theory suggests that black and Latino men in segregated neighborhoods avoid formal institutions because of fear of surveillance, while Rios contends that they frame their criminal justice contact as a racial injustice and become activists. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent to Adult…
Rejecting white distraction: A Critique of the White Logic and White Methods in Academic Publishing
This critical reply engages in a critique of the prominence of "white logic" and "white methods" (Zuberi, Tukufu, and Eduardo Bonilla-Silva, eds. 2008. White Logic, White Methods: Racism and Methodology. Lanham, MA: Rowman & Littlefield) in academic publishing. We assess how the construction and proliferation of white knowledge(s) shapes analysis and interpretation, argumentation, peer review, and ultimately, publication. We call for a rejection …
Diversifiers at Elite Schools
This article examines how a nonprofit organization prepares low-income students of diverse racial backgrounds to enter elite private high schools in the fall of the ninth grade. Combining ethnographic fieldwork completed during the program with follow-up interviews with ten students after their first semester at boarding school, this article addresses how students interact with and integrate into wealthy, predominantly White schools in an attempt…
Racial Rigidity in the United States: Comment on Saperstein and Penner
Previous articleNext article FreeCommentary and DebateRacial Rigidity in the United States: Comment on Saperstein and Penner1Rory Kramer, Robert DeFina, and Lance HannonRory KramerVillanova University Search for more articles by this author , Robert DeFinaVillanova University Search for more articles by this author , and Lance HannonVillanova University Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUSFull TextSupplemental Material Add to favor…
Shifting Power
While prisoners cannot vote, they are counted as residents of the often rural legislative districts where they are incarcerated rather than their home districts. We examine the extent to which incarceration shifts the balance of a representative democracy by considering its impact on legislative apportionment. Drawing on data from the Census, Pennsylvania Department of Corrections, and Pennsylvania Redistricting Commission, we develop a counterfa…
Defensible Spaces in Philadelphia: Exploring Neighborhood Boundaries Through Spatial Analysis
Rory Kramer, Defensible Spaces in Philadelphia: Exploring Neighborhood Boundaries Through Spatial Analysis, RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences, Vol. 3, No. 2, Spatial Foundations of Inequality (February 2017), pp. 81-101
Race, Gender, and Police Violence in the Shadow of Controlling Images
Despite the emergence of the #SayHerName movement alongside #BlackLivesMatter, research on police encounters is rarely intersectional and has largely neglected the potentially violent consequences of gendered and racialized 'controlling images.' Using New York City investigatory stop data (2007-2014), and drawing on controlling images theory, our analysis shows that Black men and women experience higher rates of police violence than White men and…
Diversifying but not Integrating: Entropic Measures of Local Segregation
Scholars of segregation have struggled to adapt indices designed to model two‐group segregation for cities with large populations drawn from more than two racial/ethnic groups. Considering segregation as a social form of entropy resolves that struggle and introduces a family of related measures that offer means of analysing segregation at both the local (neighbourhood) level and the greater (city/region) area. A case study of Philadelphia's level…
Intragroup Heterogeneity and Blackness: Effects of Racial Classification, Immigrant Origins, Social Class, and Social Context on the Racial Identity of Elite College Students
Who is Really Doing it? Peer Embeddedness and Substance Use during Adolescence
Using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health ( n = 15,355), this article examines the relationship between adolescent embeddedness and substance use. Unlike most previous work on substance use, the authors focus on the size of an individual's social network (embeddedness) instead of the characteristics of individuals in that network. They examine four levels of embeddedness (isolated, marginal, typical, and saturated) and the variat…
Democracy for whom? How criminal punishment marginalizes the political voices of Black and Brown Americans
U.S. racialized punishment practices have long harmed communities of color in sundry ways, including access to democratic processes. Synthesizing scholarship on punishment and democracy that centers the lived experiences and political subjectivities of Black and Brown Americans, we argue that criminal punishment is a powerful form of political marginalization that diminishes the political voices of Black and Brown Americans en masse and simultane…
Introduction to the Special Issue: Racism of Omission
Racism, in both the popular imagination and academic conceptualizations, is often characterized as an act of commission. Scholarship sees racism as the actions of individuals, organizations, and states whose choices and policies disadvantage marginalized groups. Discrimination is conceptualized as actions that deny access to housing, work, schooling, or other resources, or as differential treatment once people of color gain entrance to white-domi…
Durable Change: Race, Inequality, and the City
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
Diversifiers at Elite Schools
This article examines how a nonprofit organization prepares low-income students of diverse racial backgrounds to enter elite private high schools in the fall of the ninth grade. Combining ethnographic fieldwork completed during the program with follow-up interviews with ten students after their first semester at boarding school, this article addresses how students interact with and integrate into wealthy, predominantly White schools in an attempt…
Continuities and Discontinuities in Childhood and Adult Moral Development
Who is Really Doing it? Peer Embeddedness and Substance Use during Adolescence
Using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health ( n = 15,355), this article examines the relationship between adolescent embeddedness and substance use. Unlike most previous work on substance use, the authors focus on the size of an individual's social network (embeddedness) instead of the characteristics of individuals in that network. They examine four levels of embeddedness (isolated, marginal, typical, and saturated) and the variat…
Out with the Old, In with the New? Habitus and Social Mobility at Selective Colleges
Sociologists have long recognized that cultural differences help explain the perpetuation of inequality by invisibly limiting access to elite cultural norms. However, there has been little investigation of the ways students reconcile shifts in habitus gained in educational settings with existing, nonelite habitus. The authors use both qualitative and quantitative data to examine the ways students navigate what Bourdieu called a 'cleft habitus.' I…
Durable Change: Race, Inequality, and the City
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
When Change Doesn't Matter: Racial Identity (In)consistency and Adolescent Well-being
Most theories of racial self-identity argue that a racially inconsistent identity indicates emotional distress and internal turmoil. However, empirical research on racial identity and consistency indicates that racial inconsistency is more common than previously believed, and some argue that it can be a positive adaptation for individuals. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent Health, we explore the degree to which racial…
Intragroup Heterogeneity and Blackness: Effects of Racial Classification, Immigrant Origins, Social Class, and Social Context on the Racial Identity of Elite College Students
Racial Rigidity in the United States: Comment on Saperstein and Penner
Previous articleNext article FreeCommentary and DebateRacial Rigidity in the United States: Comment on Saperstein and Penner1Rory Kramer, Robert DeFina, and Lance HannonRory KramerVillanova University Search for more articles by this author , Robert DeFinaVillanova University Search for more articles by this author , and Lance HannonVillanova University Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUSFull TextSupplemental Material Add to favor…
Defensible Spaces in Philadelphia: Exploring Neighborhood Boundaries Through Spatial Analysis
Rory Kramer, Defensible Spaces in Philadelphia: Exploring Neighborhood Boundaries Through Spatial Analysis, RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences, Vol. 3, No. 2, Spatial Foundations of Inequality (February 2017), pp. 81-101
Designing for and against Symbolic Boundaries
I argue that, via the mixture of physical and symbolic boundaries, placemaking and urban design reinforce inequality, albeit less overtly than the architecture of fear Davis identifies and shifted in response to the new political economy. That shift also offers an opportunity to reimagine an urban design that subverts that inequality. To understand urban design today, urban planner Marlon Williams pointedly asks, â As urban planners, are we revol…
Testing the role of barriers in shaping segregation profiles: The importance of visualizing the local neighborhood
“Egocentric” segregation profiles allow researchers to avoid a reliance on a priori definitions of local neighborhoods that contribute an unknown amount of error to measures of segregation. To date, however, such profiles have used distance-decay techniques that rely on “as the crow flies” measures of space. Yet we know that major roads, railroads, and other physical attributes of space mean that such techniques may introduce error into the measu…
Stop, Frisk, and Assault? Racial Disparities in Police Use of Force During Investigatory Stops
Black civilians are more likely to be stopped by police than white civilians net of relevant factors. Less is known about whether or not racial inequalities exist in police use of force during stops. Using data on over 2 million police stops in New York City from 2007 to 2014 and drawing on literatures on race, policing, and the Black Lives Matter movement, we test hypotheses regarding the associations between race, civilian behavior, age, and po…
Race, Space, and Surveillance: Understanding the Relationship between Criminal Justice Contact and Institutional Involvement
Ethnographies of young men of color offer competing theories regarding how individuals react to criminal justice contact. System avoidance theory suggests that black and Latino men in segregated neighborhoods avoid formal institutions because of fear of surveillance, while Rios contends that they frame their criminal justice contact as a racial injustice and become activists. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent to Adult…
Shifting Power
While prisoners cannot vote, they are counted as residents of the often rural legislative districts where they are incarcerated rather than their home districts. We examine the extent to which incarceration shifts the balance of a representative democracy by considering its impact on legislative apportionment. Drawing on data from the Census, Pennsylvania Department of Corrections, and Pennsylvania Redistricting Commission, we develop a counterfa…
Diversifying but not Integrating: Entropic Measures of Local Segregation
Scholars of segregation have struggled to adapt indices designed to model two‐group segregation for cities with large populations drawn from more than two racial/ethnic groups. Considering segregation as a social form of entropy resolves that struggle and introduces a family of related measures that offer means of analysing segregation at both the local (neighbourhood) level and the greater (city/region) area. A case study of Philadelphia's level…
Rejecting white distraction: A Critique of the White Logic and White Methods in Academic Publishing
This critical reply engages in a critique of the prominence of "white logic" and "white methods" (Zuberi, Tukufu, and Eduardo Bonilla-Silva, eds. 2008. White Logic, White Methods: Racism and Methodology. Lanham, MA: Rowman & Littlefield) in academic publishing. We assess how the construction and proliferation of white knowledge(s) shapes analysis and interpretation, argumentation, peer review, and ultimately, publication. We call for a rejection …
The Slow Violence of Contemporary Policing
An estimated 61.5 million Americans encounter police annually and more than one million are threatened or subjected to police use of force during these encounters. Much research exists on the efficacy for crime control of the policing practices that produce those encounters, but outside of formal consequences such as incarceration, the criminology of police harms has been slower to emerge. In this review, we describe the slow violence that contem…
Young, Gifted and Diverse: Origins of the New Black Elite
Democracy for whom? How criminal punishment marginalizes the political voices of Black and Brown Americans
U.S. racialized punishment practices have long harmed communities of color in sundry ways, including access to democratic processes. Synthesizing scholarship on punishment and democracy that centers the lived experiences and political subjectivities of Black and Brown Americans, we argue that criminal punishment is a powerful form of political marginalization that diminishes the political voices of Black and Brown Americans en masse and simultane…
Police-Related Deaths in the United States
Racing to Zipf's law: Race and metropolitan population size 1910–2020
Scholarship demonstrates that urban systems follow a power law population distribution if the population has full labor mobility. Theoretically, subpopulations should also follow a power law population distribution if that subpopulation also has full labor mobility. Examining city population distributions for White and Black Americans across US metropolitan areas from 1910 to 2020 shows that the White distribution mostly conforms to both Zipf's a…
Race, Gender, and Police Violence in the Shadow of Controlling Images
Despite the emergence of the #SayHerName movement alongside #BlackLivesMatter, research on police encounters is rarely intersectional and has largely neglected the potentially violent consequences of gendered and racialized 'controlling images.' Using New York City investigatory stop data (2007-2014), and drawing on controlling images theory, our analysis shows that Black men and women experience higher rates of police violence than White men and…
Is Racial Justice a Gospel Issue? Mapping the Relationship between Race, Christianity, and Justice
Introduction to the Special Issue: Racism of Omission
Racism, in both the popular imagination and academic conceptualizations, is often characterized as an act of commission. Scholarship sees racism as the actions of individuals, organizations, and states whose choices and policies disadvantage marginalized groups. Discrimination is conceptualized as actions that deny access to housing, work, schooling, or other resources, or as differential treatment once people of color gain entrance to white-domi…
Sociology (21 works) · Political science (16 works) · Psychology (15 works) · Gender Studies (10 works) · Social Psychology (9 works) · Law (8 works) · Criminology (7 works) · Urban, Neighborhood, and Segregation Studies (7 works) · Law (6 works) · Critical Race Theory in Education (5 works)