Richard Lilford
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 250534 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Richard Lilford |
| PRENOMES | Richard |
| SOBRENOME | Lilford |
| ASSINATURA | LILFORD R |
| AFILIAÇÕES | University of Birmingham |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-0634-984X |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 37 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 103 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 37 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1988 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 5 |
Cancelled Elective Operations in NHS England
Objectives: The English National Health Service introduced a policy in 2002 whereby a financial penalty was levied when a patient did not receive their operation within 28 days of a last-minute cancellation of an elective surgical procedure. This study investigates the impact of the 2002 policy change, the global recession, and the Covid-19 pandemic on cancelled operations and breaches of the above 28-day standard. Our purpose is to use England a…
Effect of cancer waiting time standards in NHS England
Background: The English National Health Service has multiple waiting time standards relating to cancer diagnosis and treatment. Such targets can have unintended effects, such as prioritisation based on targets instead of clinical need. If such an effect exists, a spike in the number of hospitals just meeting the target would appear, referred to as a `threshold effect’. Approach: We conducted a retrospective study of publicly available cancer wait…
A scoping review to evaluate the efficacy of combining traditional healing and modern psychiatry in global mental healthcare
Traditional faith healers (TFHs) are often consulted for serious mental illness (SMIs) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Involvement of TFHs in mental healthcare could provide an opportunity for early identification and intervention to reduce the mental health treatment gap in LMICs. The aim of this study was to identify models of collaboration between TFHs and biomedical professionals, determine the outcomes of these collaborative mod…
A Mixed-Methods Cluster Randomised Waitlist-Controlled Trial of a Goal-Based Behaviour Change Intervention Implemented in Workplaces
Previous research suggests a goal-based intervention called 'mental contrasting and implementation intentions' improves participants' health and wellbeing. The present study sought to extend these findings to workplaces in the United Kingdom. A mixed-methods cluster randomised controlled trial was conducted with 28 workplaces and 225 staff. All participants deliberated on wishes (potential goals) about improving their health and wellbeing. In the…
Low cost and real-time surveillance of enteric infection and diarrhoeal disease using rapid diagnostic tests in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh
With an appropriate correction for diagnostic performance RDTs can be used to generate reliable prevalence estimates, maps, and well-calibrated uncertainty estimates at a significantly lower cost than lab-based studies, providing a useful approach for disease surveillance in these settings
Evaluation of an organisational-level monetary incentive to promote the health and wellbeing of workers in small and medium-sized enterprises
We conducted an independent evaluation on the effectiveness of an organisational-level monetary incentive to encourage small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to improve employees’ health and wellbeing. This was A mixed-methods cluster randomised trial with four arms: high monetary incentive, low monetary incentive, and two no monetary incentive controls (with or without baseline measurements to examine ‘reactivity’ The consequence of particpan…
What influences slum residents’ choices of healthcare providers for common illnesses? Findings of a Discrete Choice Experiment in Ibadan, Nigeria
Urban slum residents have access to a broad range of facilities of varying quality. The choices they make can significantly influence their health outcomes. Discrete Choice Experiments (DCEs) are a widely-used health economic methodology for understanding how individuals make trade-offs between attributes of goods or services when choosing between them. We carried out a DCE to understand these trade-offs for residents of an urban slum in Ibadan, …
Perceived quality of care and choice of healthcare provider in informal settlements
When a person chooses a healthcare provider, they are trading off cost, convenience, and a latent third factor: “perceived quality”. In urban areas of lower- and middle-income countries (LMICs), including slums, individuals have a wide range of choice in healthcare provider, and we hypothesised that people do not choose the nearest and cheapest provider. This would mean that people are willing to incur additional cost to visit a provider they wou…
Economic evaluation of self-help group interventions for health in LMICs
This scoping review aims to identify and critically appraise published economic evaluations of self-help group (SHG) interventions in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) that seek to improve health and potentially also non-health outcomes. Through a systematic search of MEDLINE ALL (Ovid), EMBASE Ovid, PsychINFO, EconLit (Ovid) and Global Index Medicus, we identified studies published between 2014 and 2020 that were based in LMICs, included …
Evaluations of water, sanitation and hygiene interventions should not use diarrhoea as (primary) outcome
Water, sanitation and hygiene interventions have been the subject of cluster trials of unprecedented size, scale and cost in recent years. However, the question ‘what works in water, sanitation, hygiene (WASH)?’ remains poorly understood. Evaluations of community interventions to prevent infectious disease typically use lab-confirmed infection as a primary outcome; however, WASH trials mostly use reported diarrhoea. While diarrhoea is a significa…
Prevalence and determinants of oral health conditions and treatment needs among slum and non-slum urban residents
Oral diseases constitute a neglected epidemic in Low and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs). An understanding of its distribution and severity in different settings can aid the planning of preventive and therapeutic services. This study assessed the oral health conditions, risk factors, and treatment needs among adult residents in the slum and compared findings with non-slum urban residents in Ibadan, Nigeria. The Multistage sampling was used to sel…
Analysis of OpenStreetMap Data Quality at Different Stages of a Participatory Mapping Process
This paper examines OpenStreetMap data quality at different stages of a participatory mapping process in seven slums in Africa and Asia. Data were drawn from an OpenStreetMap-based participatory mapping process developed as part of a research project focusing on understanding inequalities in healthcare access of slum residents in the Global South. Descriptive statistics and qualitative analysis were employed to examine the following research ques…
A household-based community health worker programme for non-communicable disease, malnutrition, tuberculosis, HIV and maternal health
BACKGROUND: Community health worker (CHW) programmes are a valuable component of primary care in resource-poor settings. The evidence supporting their effectiveness generally shows improvements in disease-specific outcomes relative to the absence of a CHW programme. In this study, we evaluated expanding an existing HIV and tuberculosis (TB) disease-specific CHW programme into a polyvalent, household-based model that subsequently included non-comm…
Methodological issues in economic evaluations of emergency transport systems in low-income and middle-income countries
A recent systematic review identified few papers on the economic evaluation of systems for emergency transport of acutely ill or injured patients. In addition, we found no articles dealing with the methodological challenges posed by such studies in low-income or middle-income countries. We therefore carried out an analysis of issues that are of particular salience to this important topic. This is an intellectual study in which we develop models, …
Effect of a baby‐friendly workplace support intervention on exclusive breastfeeding in Kenya
Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) during the first 6 months of life is crucial for optimizing child growth, development and survival, as well as the mother's wellbeing. Mother's employment may hinder optimal breastfeeding, especially in the first 6 months. We assessed the effectiveness of a baby-friendly workplace support intervention on EBF in Kenya. This pre-post intervention study was conducted between 2016 and 2018 on an agricultural farm in Keri…
Evaluation of a self-help intervention to promote the health and wellbeing of marginalised people including those living with leprosy in Nepal
This research will provide information on the effectiveness of combined self-help and self-care groups, on quality of life, social integration and economic wellbeing for people living with leprosy, disability or who are socially and economically marginalised in low- and middle- income countries
Impact of the societal response to Covid-19 on access to healthcare for non-Covid-19 health issues in slum communities of Bangladesh, Kenya, Nigeria and Pakistan
INTRODUCTION: With COVID-19, there is urgency for policymakers to understand and respond to the health needs of slum communities. Lockdowns for pandemic control have health, social and economic consequences. We consider access to healthcare before and during COVID-19 with those working and living in slum communities. METHODS: In seven slums in Bangladesh, Kenya, Nigeria and Pakistan, we explored stakeholder perspectives and experiences of healthc…
Nuclear war, public health, the Covid-19 epidemic
TEST 02 - Elsevier's Scopus, the largest abstract and citation database of peer-reviewed literature. Search and access research from the science, technology, medicine, social sciences and arts and humanities fields
Local response in health emergencies
This paper highlights the major challenges and considerations for addressing COVID-19 in informal settlements. It discusses what is known about vulnerabilities and how to support local protective action. There is heightened concern about informal urban settlements because of the combination of population density and inadequate access to water and sanitation, which makes standard advice about social distancing and washing hands implausible. There …
Prioritising allocation of donor human breast milk amongst very low birthweight infants in middle‐income countries
The use of donor human breast milk instead of formula reduces the risk of necrotising enterocolitis in preterm infants when their mother's own milk is insufficient. Use of donor milk is limited by the cost of establishing a milk bank and a lack of donors, but the optimal rationing of limited donor milk is unclear. This paper uses an economic model to explore how a limited donor milk supply should be allocated across very low birthweight infants i…
Improving the health and welfare of people who live in slums
Methods for medical device and equipment procurement and prioritization within low- and middle-income countries
Use of traditional medicine in middle-income countries
It is frequently stated in the scientific literature, official reports and the press that 80% of Asian and African populations use traditional medicine (TM) to meet their healthcare needs; however, this statistic was first reported in 1983. This study aimed to update knowledge of the prevalence of TM use and the characteristics of those who access it, to inform health policy-makers as countries seek to fulfil the WHO TM strategy 2014-23 and harne…
The stepped wedge cluster randomised trial
The stepped wedge cluster randomised controlled trial is a relatively new study design that is increasing in popularity. It is an alternative to parallel cluster trial designs, which are commonly used for the evaluation of service delivery or policy interventions delivered at the level of the cluster. The design includes an initial period in which no clusters are exposed to the intervention. Subsequently, at regular intervals (the "steps") one cl…
A multistudy analysis investigating systematic differences in cardiovascular trial results between Europe and Asia
OBJECTIVE: To assess whether there are differences in the results of cardiovascular trials between Europe and Asia using data from an extensive collection of randomised controlled trials. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: All meta-analyses containing randomised controlled trials (RCT's) for the treatment or prevention of cardiovascular diseases were searched for in The Cochrane Library (2000-2008) and MEDLINE (2005-2008). Analysis was then conducted with…
Local response in health emergencies
This paper highlights the major challenges and considerations for addressing COVID-19 in informal settlements. It discusses what is known about vulnerabilities and how to support local protective action. There is heightened concern about informal urban settlements because of the combination of population density and inadequate access to water and sanitation, which makes standard advice about social distancing and washing hands implausible. There …
Informed consent for clinical trials
Health-related quality of life and the transformation of symptoms
This paper traces the development of health-related Quality of Life instruments over the last half century. It identifies the emergence of key components of quality of life measurement in other health status questionnaires between about 1950 and 1980 and their formalisation in Quality of Life instruments in the mid 1980s. The common developmental thread that linked these Quality of Life instruments and their precursors was the identification of '…
Lay conceptions of the ethical and scientific justifications for random allocation in clinical trials
Assessing and understanding quality of care in a labour ward
Does demographic entrapment challenge the two-child paradigm
Local demographic entrapment has been discussed informally for many years, but is taboo to the UN agencies and to much of academia. There are also indications that the world as a whole may be demographically trapped in that global per capita grain production is falling. Arguments for and against recognizing entrapment are discussed. Policy implications of entrapment are outlined in the light of the 1994 International Conference on Population and …
The use of equipoise in clinical trials
Use of traditional medicine in middle-income countries
It is frequently stated in the scientific literature, official reports and the press that 80% of Asian and African populations use traditional medicine (TM) to meet their healthcare needs; however, this statistic was first reported in 1983. This study aimed to update knowledge of the prevalence of TM use and the characteristics of those who access it, to inform health policy-makers as countries seek to fulfil the WHO TM strategy 2014-23 and harne…
How can Action Research Apply to Health Services
The authors ask whether and how action research can apply to health services research, given action research's claim to be radically different from mainstream research. They analyze the key tenets of an idealized version of action research, comparing them with those of the approach characteristic of mainstream research. The authors conclude, firstly, that action research deserves all credit for pioneering flexible and imaginative ways of working.…
Information presentation and decisions to enter clinical trials
Use of a Computer to Take Booking Histories in a Hospital Antenatal Clinic
An interactive computer system was used by midwives to acquire a full patient history at the first antenatal visit. The clinical efficacy of the system had been previously established. The present evaluation examined the effects of computer use on the interview process and on midwife-patient communications, and its acceptability to midwives and patients. Data included video recordings of 32 conventional interviews and of 63 interviews in which th…
Does demographic entrapment challenge the two-child paradigm
Local demographic entrapment has been discussed informally for many years, but is taboo to the UN agencies and to much of academia. There are also indications that the world as a whole may be demographically trapped in that global per capita grain production is falling. Arguments for and against recognizing entrapment are discussed. Policy implications of entrapment are outlined in the light of the 1994 International Conference on Population and …
Informed consent for clinical trials
The use of equipoise in clinical trials
Who's afraid Of Thomas Bayes
Sometimes direct evidence is so strong that a prescription for practice is decreed. Usually, things are not that simple—leaving aside the possibility that important trade offs may be involved, direct comparative data may be imprecise (especially in crucial sub-groups) or subject to possible bias, or there may be no direct comparative evidence; but still decisions have to be made. In these circumstances, indirect evidence—the plausibility of effec…
Information presentation and decisions to enter clinical trials
How can Action Research Apply to Health Services
The authors ask whether and how action research can apply to health services research, given action research's claim to be radically different from mainstream research. They analyze the key tenets of an idealized version of action research, comparing them with those of the approach characteristic of mainstream research. The authors conclude, firstly, that action research deserves all credit for pioneering flexible and imaginative ways of working.…
Lay conceptions of the ethical and scientific justifications for random allocation in clinical trials
Health-related quality of life and the transformation of symptoms
This paper traces the development of health-related Quality of Life instruments over the last half century. It identifies the emergence of key components of quality of life measurement in other health status questionnaires between about 1950 and 1980 and their formalisation in Quality of Life instruments in the mid 1980s. The common developmental thread that linked these Quality of Life instruments and their precursors was the identification of '…
Choosing between CT colonography and colonoscopy in the diagnostic context
Objective To explore information needs and preferences on diagnostic bowel tests and elicit preferences for CT colonography (CTC) vs. colonoscopy (CC). Background CTC is a new technology for large‐bowel imaging that has been widely assumed to be more acceptable than CC because it is non‐invasive. Design Semi‐structured focus groups discussing information choices and procedure preferences. Setting and participants Non‐patient sample of 26 asymptom…
Assessing and understanding quality of care in a labour ward
PP07 Are Cardiovascular Trial Results Systematically different between Europe and North America? A Multi-Study Analysis
Background Concerns that there are international differences in treatment effectiveness have led many countries to be reluctant to extrapolate foreign clinical data to use as the basis of their guideline recommendations and in the approval of new interventions. Much of the evidence on which these concerns are based, however, comes from a limited data set, with few studies directly assessing international differences in treatment effectiveness. Th…
The stepped wedge cluster randomised trial
The stepped wedge cluster randomised controlled trial is a relatively new study design that is increasing in popularity. It is an alternative to parallel cluster trial designs, which are commonly used for the evaluation of service delivery or policy interventions delivered at the level of the cluster. The design includes an initial period in which no clusters are exposed to the intervention. Subsequently, at regular intervals (the "steps") one cl…
A multistudy analysis investigating systematic differences in cardiovascular trial results between Europe and Asia
OBJECTIVE: To assess whether there are differences in the results of cardiovascular trials between Europe and Asia using data from an extensive collection of randomised controlled trials. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: All meta-analyses containing randomised controlled trials (RCT's) for the treatment or prevention of cardiovascular diseases were searched for in The Cochrane Library (2000-2008) and MEDLINE (2005-2008). Analysis was then conducted with…
Use of traditional medicine in middle-income countries
It is frequently stated in the scientific literature, official reports and the press that 80% of Asian and African populations use traditional medicine (TM) to meet their healthcare needs; however, this statistic was first reported in 1983. This study aimed to update knowledge of the prevalence of TM use and the characteristics of those who access it, to inform health policy-makers as countries seek to fulfil the WHO TM strategy 2014-23 and harne…
Improving the health and welfare of people who live in slums
Methods for medical device and equipment procurement and prioritization within low- and middle-income countries
Prioritising allocation of donor human breast milk amongst very low birthweight infants in middle‐income countries
The use of donor human breast milk instead of formula reduces the risk of necrotising enterocolitis in preterm infants when their mother's own milk is insufficient. Use of donor milk is limited by the cost of establishing a milk bank and a lack of donors, but the optimal rationing of limited donor milk is unclear. This paper uses an economic model to explore how a limited donor milk supply should be allocated across very low birthweight infants i…
Impact of the societal response to Covid-19 on access to healthcare for non-Covid-19 health issues in slum communities of Bangladesh, Kenya, Nigeria and Pakistan
INTRODUCTION: With COVID-19, there is urgency for policymakers to understand and respond to the health needs of slum communities. Lockdowns for pandemic control have health, social and economic consequences. We consider access to healthcare before and during COVID-19 with those working and living in slum communities. METHODS: In seven slums in Bangladesh, Kenya, Nigeria and Pakistan, we explored stakeholder perspectives and experiences of healthc…
Nuclear war, public health, the Covid-19 epidemic
TEST 02 - Elsevier's Scopus, the largest abstract and citation database of peer-reviewed literature. Search and access research from the science, technology, medicine, social sciences and arts and humanities fields
Local response in health emergencies
This paper highlights the major challenges and considerations for addressing COVID-19 in informal settlements. It discusses what is known about vulnerabilities and how to support local protective action. There is heightened concern about informal urban settlements because of the combination of population density and inadequate access to water and sanitation, which makes standard advice about social distancing and washing hands implausible. There …
Analysis of OpenStreetMap Data Quality at Different Stages of a Participatory Mapping Process
This paper examines OpenStreetMap data quality at different stages of a participatory mapping process in seven slums in Africa and Asia. Data were drawn from an OpenStreetMap-based participatory mapping process developed as part of a research project focusing on understanding inequalities in healthcare access of slum residents in the Global South. Descriptive statistics and qualitative analysis were employed to examine the following research ques…
A household-based community health worker programme for non-communicable disease, malnutrition, tuberculosis, HIV and maternal health
BACKGROUND: Community health worker (CHW) programmes are a valuable component of primary care in resource-poor settings. The evidence supporting their effectiveness generally shows improvements in disease-specific outcomes relative to the absence of a CHW programme. In this study, we evaluated expanding an existing HIV and tuberculosis (TB) disease-specific CHW programme into a polyvalent, household-based model that subsequently included non-comm…
Methodological issues in economic evaluations of emergency transport systems in low-income and middle-income countries
A recent systematic review identified few papers on the economic evaluation of systems for emergency transport of acutely ill or injured patients. In addition, we found no articles dealing with the methodological challenges posed by such studies in low-income or middle-income countries. We therefore carried out an analysis of issues that are of particular salience to this important topic. This is an intellectual study in which we develop models, …
Effect of a baby‐friendly workplace support intervention on exclusive breastfeeding in Kenya
Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) during the first 6 months of life is crucial for optimizing child growth, development and survival, as well as the mother's wellbeing. Mother's employment may hinder optimal breastfeeding, especially in the first 6 months. We assessed the effectiveness of a baby-friendly workplace support intervention on EBF in Kenya. This pre-post intervention study was conducted between 2016 and 2018 on an agricultural farm in Keri…
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