Thomas A Heberlein
Biographic Data
| ID | 251878 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Thomas A Heberlein |
| GIVEN NAMES | Thomas A |
| FAMILY NAME | Heberlein |
| SIGNATURE | HEBERLEIN T A |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Wisconsin–Madison |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 51 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 613 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 51 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1970 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2020 |
| H-INDEX | 15 |
Why do normative encounter standards change? The social evolution of recreational crowding
Why do recreational carrying capacity standards change over time? When shared evaluative standards change at a recreational destination, what are the social processes that might lead people to evaluate “how many is too many” differently over time? This study examined how 24-year changes in personal, social, and experiential characteristics of boaters at the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore were related to changes in their evaluation of encounte…
The End of the (Research) World As We Know It? Understanding and Coping With Declining Response Rates to Mail Surveys
Mail surveys have long been a staple of social science research. Properly conducted, they can gather representative data about a population that provides important generalizations about that population. High response rates are one crucial element of this capacity to make such generalizations. Response rates to mail surveys–especially those targeting general populations–have declined substantially over the years, even when employing standard “best…
Stories from the Leopold Shack: Sand County Revisited
Stories from the Leopold Shack: Sand County Revisited." The Social Science Journal, 54(1), pp. 108–109
Conceptualization and Measurement of Catch-and-Release Norms
We used a structural model to describe social norms that identify an emerging catch-and-release norm. The norm for the entire sample of anglers showed low intensity and consensus, suggesting no general norm. However, a cluster analysis of ratings for keeping all or proportions of fish identified three clusters with different norms toward catch-and-release. The first cluster (25%) supported catch-and-release, the second (23%) was against, and the …
Navigating Environmental Attitudes
Solving environmental problems requires a scientific understanding of public attitudes. Bringing together theory and practice, 'Navigating Environmental Attitudes' provides a realistic understanding of why and how attitudes matter when it comes to environmental problems; and how, by balancing natural with social science, we can step back from false assumptions and unproductive, frustrating programs to work toward fostering successful, effective e…
Socially Amplified Risk: Attitude and Behavior Change in Response to CWD in Wisconsin Deer
When chronic wasting disease (CWD) was discovered in the Wisconsin deer herd in early 2002 few people had attitudes about the disease, although they had strong attitudes toward deer and deer hunting. Because deer are important in Wisconsin, major newspapers published CWD stories at a rate of more than one a day for the last 10 months of 2002. Within weeks new attitudes were created along with behavioral intentions and documented changes in behavi…
Female Hunting Participation in North America and Europe
Data from 13 European countries, 50 states in the United States, and 6 Canadian provinces/territories were used to examine the relationship of aggregate level variables on female participation in hunting. Overall, 8% of the hunters were female. The analysis showed a strong positive influence of the proportion of male hunters in society on female hunting participation. This key role of males is consistent with previous individual-level studies of …
Introduction to Special Issue: XXVIII Congress of the International Union of Game Biologists
This special issue of Human Dimensions of Wildlife represents a selection from among more than 50 human dimensions papers and posters presented at the XXVIII Congress of the International Union of
Life Course Changes and Competing Leisure Interests as Obstacles to Boating Specialization
Research has shown that most boaters do not follow a specialization trajectory resembling a progression from novice to expert. This paper asks what kept people from becoming boating specialists. A life course analysis was used to explore the relationship between changes in boating specialization and life course events (e.g., family changes, career changes, health issues, and new leisure interests). Marriage had a uniformly negative effect on five…
From Novice to Expert? A Panel Study of Specialization Progression and Change
The recreation specialization concept assumes that over time, participants in an activity move along a continuum of progression from beginner to expert. Past specialization research, however, has made exclusive use of cross sectional data and never specifically tested this proposition about change in leisure participation. This study used data from two panels of boaters at the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore: a three-wave panel contacted in 19…
Ties to the Countryside: Accounting for Urbanites Attitudes toward Hunting, Wolves, and Wildlife
Forty years ago Philip M. Hauser (1962) Hauser, P. M. 1962. “Demographic and ecological changes as factors in outdoor recreation”. In Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Commission Study Report 22, 27–59. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office. [Google Scholar] argued that classifying all urbanites without regard to their rural origins ignored the cultural effects of rural life on recreation. A population of urbanites who grew up in rural ar…
Fire in the Sistine Chapel”: How Wisconsin Responded to Chronic Wasting Disease
The discovery of CWD in the Wisconsin deer herd in February 2002 was treated by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources as if it was a fire. Rapid action led to abandoning stakeholder concerns while human dimensions expertise and research was largely ignored and opportunities to learn from innovations were missed. After two years, neither the biological nor the social goals of the program have been achieved. Hunters killed fewer rather than…
Changes in Skiing and Snowmobiling in Swedish Mountains
More Visitors, Less Crowding: Change and Stability of Norms Over Time at the Apostle Islands
Most recreation carrying capacity management is informed by cross-sectional research. But, what happens when visitor composition and perceptions change? This study used a longitudinal design to examine the relationships between changing visitor characteristics, behaviors, normative standards, and perceived crowding at the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore. Annual visitors more than doubled between 1975 and 1985, yet the perception of crowding am…
Peer-Reviewed Articles Too Many Hunters or Not Enough Deer? Human and Biological Determinants of Hunter Satisfaction and Quality
This paper explores how the human dimensions of wildlife management (hunter density, contact with others, perceived crowding) are related to the biological dimensions of deer management (deer population, seeing, shooting, bagging) to produce satisfying and high quality hunts
Current Tourism Patterns in the Swedish Mountain Region
Tourism has been part of the mountain economy in Sweden for the past century. With the current decline of the extractive industries in this rural area, tourism is taking on new significance for many communities. This article gives an overview of tourism in the extensive Swedish mountain region, with a focus on types of recreational activities and their regionality. The data presented are based on a national sample of participation in mountain tou…
Fairness in the contingent valuation of environmental public goods: Attitude toward paying for environmental improvements at two levels of scope
Hunting and Rural Socialization: Contingent Effects of the Rural Setting on Hunting Participation
This paper examines the relationship between rural socialization and hunting participation. Assessments of the cultural significance of hunting as a 'way of life' in rural areas echo traditional assertions of the importance of rurality, but do not consider the interplay between rural residence and other variables that affect hunting participation. Although previous research has demonstrated that rural residents are more likely to participate in h…
Hunting and the heart: Physiological response to seeing, shooting, and bagging game
Based on hunter reports, previous research, and psychophysiology theory, we expected that encounters with wildlife would act as a stimulus for physiological response. Based on its applicability to field settings, we focused on heart rate as our physiological variable. Data were collected from 10 hunters for 56 separate hunts, using four levels of encounter with game: (1) no game seen, (2) game seen, but no shot taken, (3) shot taken, but missed, …
The effects of hunter‐education requirements on hunting participation and recruitment in the United States
The effects of required hunter‐education programs on hunter recruitment and participation were examined using the 1980, 1985, and 1990 screener surveys from the U.S. National Surveys of Fishing, Hunting and Wildlife‐Associated Recreation. Information provided by states on their requirements for hunter education allowed us to determine whether people were required to take an education course before they could purchase a hunting license. We estimat…
Social Status, Self-Development, and the Process of Sailing Specialization
The specialization framework argues that participation in a leisure activity is a linear process of self-development where people progress from novice to expert. Aversa (1986) challenges this notion of a linear progression and argues that sailors enter the activity in different ways tied to one's social status. Some enter through yacht clubs, others through sailing schools, and still others through boat shows. Depending on the entry into sailing,…
The wolf, the tourist, and the recreational context: New opportunity or uncommon circumstance
A conceptual framework composed of three factors: the wolf, the tourist, and the recreational context is proposed as a means of understanding the wolf as a tourist attraction. Wolf tourists, as a subgroup of nonconsumptive wildlife users, are primarily interested in viewing, hearing, and photographing animals. But wild wolves are elusive, difficult to see, and occur in low population densities. To meet the demands of tourists, wolves are tracked …
Changes in U.S. hunting participation, 1980–90
Paper presented at The International Union of Game Biologists, Sofia, Bulgaria, September 4–8, 1995
Does specialization affect behavioral choices and quality judgments among hunters
In this study we examined the effect of specialization on behavioral choice among Wisconsin goose hunters, who were able to choose a relatively easy hunt at the Horicon Marsh or a more complex hunt in the exterior zones. Past research has shown that more specialized recreationists have differing motives, attitudes, satisfaction levels, crowding perceptions, environmental preferences, and management preferences. Our goal in this study was to exten…
Cognitive and Behavioral Adaptations To Perceived Crowding: A Panel Study of Coping and Displacement
This paper uses panel data of boaters at the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore to test the relationship of perceived crowding in 1975 to attitude changes (cognitive coping strategies), and behavioral shifts (intrasite displacement and discontinued participation at the Apostle Islands) in the following decade, based on a hierarchical coping model. Those feeling less crowded in 1975 should use either no coping strategies or cognitive coping strate…
Factors Affecting Response Rates to Mailed Questionnaires: A Quantitative Analysis of the Published Literature
Two hundred fourteen manipulations of the independent variables in 98 mailed questionnaire response rate experiments were treated as respondents to a survey, yielding a mean final response rate of 60.6% with slightly over two contacts. The number of contacts and the judged salience to the respondent were found to explain 51% of the variance in final response. Government organization sponsorship, the type of population, the length of the questionn…
Backcountry Encounter Norms: Theory, Method and Empirical Evidence
Efforts to understand the impacts resulting from visitors in backcountry settings have increasingly turned to normative explanations. This paper builds on earlier review articles by providing a conceptual framework for analyzing the structural characteristics of norms. Three normative characteristics—range of tolerable contacts, norms. intensity and norm crystallization—are identified and measured quantitatively using data from the Brule River to…
The End of the (Research) World As We Know It? Understanding and Coping With Declining Response Rates to Mail Surveys
Mail surveys have long been a staple of social science research. Properly conducted, they can gather representative data about a population that provides important generalizations about that population. High response rates are one crucial element of this capacity to make such generalizations. Response rates to mail surveys–especially those targeting general populations–have declined substantially over the years, even when employing standard “best…
Differences in Reported Satisfaction Ratings by Consumptive and Nonconsumptive Recreationists
This paper theorizes that participants in consumptive and nonconsumptive activities differ in terms of the specificity and clarity of their recreation goals and their control in achieving these goals. Such differences were predicted to influence the recreationists' reported overall satisfaction. Comparisons between consumptive and nonconsumptive recreationists were based on data collected in 12 separate studies across the United States. The 17 ac…
Cognitive and Behavioral Adaptations To Perceived Crowding: A Panel Study of Coping and Displacement
This paper uses panel data of boaters at the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore to test the relationship of perceived crowding in 1975 to attitude changes (cognitive coping strategies), and behavioral shifts (intrasite displacement and discontinued participation at the Apostle Islands) in the following decade, based on a hierarchical coping model. Those feeling less crowded in 1975 should use either no coping strategies or cognitive coping strate…
From Novice to Expert? A Panel Study of Specialization Progression and Change
The recreation specialization concept assumes that over time, participants in an activity move along a continuum of progression from beginner to expert. Past specialization research, however, has made exclusive use of cross sectional data and never specifically tested this proposition about change in leisure participation. This study used data from two panels of boaters at the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore: a three-wave panel contacted in 19…
Hunting and Rural Socialization: Contingent Effects of the Rural Setting on Hunting Participation
This paper examines the relationship between rural socialization and hunting participation. Assessments of the cultural significance of hunting as a 'way of life' in rural areas echo traditional assertions of the importance of rurality, but do not consider the interplay between rural residence and other variables that affect hunting participation. Although previous research has demonstrated that rural residents are more likely to participate in h…
Comparative analysis of crowding in multiple locations: Results from fifteen years of research
Crowding is one of the most frequently studied phenomena in the outdoor recreation literature, but almost all the research focuses on single populations or settings and individual‐level analysis. The present study uses comparative analysis of aggregate data to explore questions that single studies cannot answer. Data come from more than 17,000 individuals in 35 studies of 59 different settings or activities located throughout the northeast, midwe…
Attitudinal specificity and the prediction of behavior in a field setting
Social psychological explanations for the persistence of a conflict between paddling canoeists and motorcraft users in the boundary waters canoe area
A one‐way conflict has existed between paddling canoeists and motorcraft users in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area (BWCA) for over 15 years. Similar conflicts have been shown to occur between mechanized and nonmechanized recreationists in other settings. This paper, using social psychological attraction theory, attempts to explain why the conflict occurs and why it persists in a particular area. We examined perceived similarity, perceptions of the …
Expectations, preferences, and feeling crowded in recreation activities∗
Efforts to reduce crowding often assume that increased density or encounter levels cause increased crowding. However, the social psychology literature argues that crowding involves an evaluative dimension and is thus susceptible to subjective factors. This paper explores the individual and combined effects of encounters, expectations, and preferences on perceived crowding, using six data sets representing over 3,000 people engaged in three differ…
Social Psychological Assumptions of User Attitude Surveys: The Case of the Wildernism Scale
Surveys of user attitudes often neither help managers meet user needs nor preserve recreational resources because these studies have little grounding in attitude theory.Three issues in attitude theory are discussed and their relevance for user attitude surveys illustrated with examples from the wildernism scale developed by Hendee and associates (1968).The organization of attitudes—vertical and horizontal structures and their centrality to the ac…
Life Course Changes and Competing Leisure Interests as Obstacles to Boating Specialization
Research has shown that most boaters do not follow a specialization trajectory resembling a progression from novice to expert. This paper asks what kept people from becoming boating specialists. A life course analysis was used to explore the relationship between changes in boating specialization and life course events (e.g., family changes, career changes, health issues, and new leisure interests). Marriage had a uniformly negative effect on five…
Does specialization affect behavioral choices and quality judgments among hunters
In this study we examined the effect of specialization on behavioral choice among Wisconsin goose hunters, who were able to choose a relatively easy hunt at the Horicon Marsh or a more complex hunt in the exterior zones. Past research has shown that more specialized recreationists have differing motives, attitudes, satisfaction levels, crowding perceptions, environmental preferences, and management preferences. Our goal in this study was to exten…
Process, goal, and social interaction differences in recreation: What makes an activity substitutable
In the present study two recreational activities, deer hunting and goose hunting, both similar in form, are compared. The study shows that the activity with the fewest perceived substitutes, deer hunting, also showed higher mean ratings on items measuring the importance of various elements of the experience, such as the process of participation, the goal of the activity, and the social interaction that accompanies the activity by the participants…
Perceptions of crowding and resource quality by early and more recent visitors
Previous literature suggests that a recreationist's current evaluations of a natural setting are influenced by the conditions that existed during the individual's initial exposure to the environment. Given the rapid growth in backcountry use and the ecological impairments associated with this use, it follows that each new generation of visitors will experience a different set of initial conditions. This paper explores the relationship between the…
Carrying Capacity, Values, and the Satisfaction Model: A Reply to Greist
David Greist contends that ratio measures of satisfaction are necessary in order to establish carrying capacity on the basis of a model which aims to maximize aggregate satisfaction. While this measurement problem may lead to invalid estimates of carrying capacity in the context of the satisfaction model, it does not in the study criticized because satisfaction does not vary with use level. While satisfaction scores should not be treated as ratio…
The Land Ethic Realized: Some Social Psychological Explanations for Changing Environmental Attitudes 1
Changing environmental attitudes from an economic to a moral orientation are discussed in terms of the activation of moral norms to guide and evaluate behavior. In controlled experimental situations, increasing levels of two variables (awareness of the negative interpersonal consequences and ascription of responsibility) increased the likelihood that moral norms influenced behavior. Changes in the social system are discussed which have increased …
Improving interdisciplinary research: Integrating the social and natural sciences
The relationship between social sciences and natural sciences in the natural resource area is explored. Five barriers to joint involvement of the social and natural sciences include the weakness of the social sciences, a perceived illegitimacy of the social sciences, the punishments associated with interdisciplinary research, the lack of disciplinary support structures, and conflicts over power and control. Progress toward bringing research toget…
A conceptual framework for carrying capacity determination
Establishing a carrying capacity involves both descriptive and evaluative components. The descriptive component includes management parameters, the factors that managers can manipulate, and impact parameters, which describe the consequences of different management regimes. Different types of capacities (ecological, social, physical, or facility) focus on different types of impact. The evaluative component involves value judgments regarding the ty…
Systematic Observation of Use Levels, Campsite Selection and Visitor Characteristics at a High Mountain Lake
More Visitors, Less Crowding: Change and Stability of Norms Over Time at the Apostle Islands
Most recreation carrying capacity management is informed by cross-sectional research. But, what happens when visitor composition and perceptions change? This study used a longitudinal design to examine the relationships between changing visitor characteristics, behaviors, normative standards, and perceived crowding at the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore. Annual visitors more than doubled between 1975 and 1985, yet the perception of crowding am…
Social Status, Self-Development, and the Process of Sailing Specialization
The specialization framework argues that participation in a leisure activity is a linear process of self-development where people progress from novice to expert. Aversa (1986) challenges this notion of a linear progression and argues that sailors enter the activity in different ways tied to one's social status. Some enter through yacht clubs, others through sailing schools, and still others through boat shows. Depending on the entry into sailing,…
Changes in Skiing and Snowmobiling in Swedish Mountains
Migration Consequences for Household Energy Consumption in a Nonmetropolitan Recreation‐Retirement Area 1
We consider here the energy consumption characteristics of migrants and nonmigrants in two northern Wisconsin counties characterized by relatively rapid growth as areas of retirement and recreational activities. Migrants from metropolitan areas use more electricity when measured at the meter and report driving more. Both of these differentials are sustained even after controlling for personal and behavioral variables, appliance ownership, and typ…
Validity and the Multitrait-Multimethod Matrix
The Land Ethic Realized: Some Social Psychological Explanations for Changing Environmental Attitudes 1
Changing environmental attitudes from an economic to a moral orientation are discussed in terms of the activation of moral norms to guide and evaluate behavior. In controlled experimental situations, increasing levels of two variables (awareness of the negative interpersonal consequences and ascription of responsibility) increased the likelihood that moral norms influenced behavior. Changes in the social system are discussed which have increased …
Social Psychological Assumptions of User Attitude Surveys: The Case of the Wildernism Scale
Surveys of user attitudes often neither help managers meet user needs nor preserve recreational resources because these studies have little grounding in attitude theory.Three issues in attitude theory are discussed and their relevance for user attitude surveys illustrated with examples from the wildernism scale developed by Hendee and associates (1968).The organization of attitudes—vertical and horizontal structures and their centrality to the ac…
What we say/What we do: Sentiments and Acts
Attitudinal specificity and the prediction of behavior in a field setting
Carrying Capacity, Values, and the Satisfaction Model: A Reply to Greist
David Greist contends that ratio measures of satisfaction are necessary in order to establish carrying capacity on the basis of a model which aims to maximize aggregate satisfaction. While this measurement problem may lead to invalid estimates of carrying capacity in the context of the satisfaction model, it does not in the study criticized because satisfaction does not vary with use level. While satisfaction scores should not be treated as ratio…
Norm Activation and Environmental Action: A Rejoinder to R. E. Dunlap and K. D. Van Liere
Factors Affecting Response Rates to Mailed Questionnaires: A Quantitative Analysis of the Published Literature
Two hundred fourteen manipulations of the independent variables in 98 mailed questionnaire response rate experiments were treated as respondents to a survey, yielding a mean final response rate of 60.6% with slightly over two contacts. The number of contacts and the judged salience to the respondent were found to explain 51% of the variance in final response. Government organization sponsorship, the type of population, the length of the questionn…
Measuring Values of Extramarket Goods: Are Indirect Measures Biased?
Systematic Observation of Use Levels, Campsite Selection and Visitor Characteristics at a High Mountain Lake
Perceptions of crowding and resource quality by early and more recent visitors
Previous literature suggests that a recreationist's current evaluations of a natural setting are influenced by the conditions that existed during the individual's initial exposure to the environment. Given the rapid growth in backcountry use and the ecological impairments associated with this use, it follows that each new generation of visitors will experience a different set of initial conditions. This paper explores the relationship between the…
Process, goal, and social interaction differences in recreation: What makes an activity substitutable
In the present study two recreational activities, deer hunting and goose hunting, both similar in form, are compared. The study shows that the activity with the fewest perceived substitutes, deer hunting, also showed higher mean ratings on items measuring the importance of various elements of the experience, such as the process of participation, the goal of the activity, and the social interaction that accompanies the activity by the participants…
The Effectiveness of the Heberlein-Baumgartner Models for Predicting Response Rates to Mailed Questionnaires: European and U.S. Examples
Is a Questionnaire Necessary in a Second Mailing
Current Research This section of POQ is reserved for brief reports of research in progress, discussions of unresolved problems, methodological studies, and public opinion data not extensively analyzed or interpreted. Succinct case histories are welcomed, as well as hypotheses and insights that may be useful to other students of public opinion. Usually, material in this section is shorter, more informal, and more tentative than in preceding pages
Social psychological explanations for the persistence of a conflict between paddling canoeists and motorcraft users in the boundary waters canoe area
A one‐way conflict has existed between paddling canoeists and motorcraft users in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area (BWCA) for over 15 years. Similar conflicts have been shown to occur between mechanized and nonmechanized recreationists in other settings. This paper, using social psychological attraction theory, attempts to explain why the conflict occurs and why it persists in a particular area. We examined perceived similarity, perceptions of the …
Satisfaction, Commitment, and Knowledge of Customers on a Mandatory Participation Time-of-Day Electricity Pricing Experiment
Customer satisfaction, commitment, and knowledge were measured in a mandatory participation time-of-day electricity pricing experiment. Even with peak to off-peak price ratios as high as 8:1 and peak periods as long as 12 hours, customer satisfaction remained high. Over 80 percent of the customers reported some commitment to shifting appliance use, although customer knowledge of peak hours and price ratios was incomplete
Differences in Reported Satisfaction Ratings by Consumptive and Nonconsumptive Recreationists
This paper theorizes that participants in consumptive and nonconsumptive activities differ in terms of the specificity and clarity of their recreation goals and their control in achieving these goals. Such differences were predicted to influence the recreationists' reported overall satisfaction. Comparisons between consumptive and nonconsumptive recreationists were based on data collected in 12 separate studies across the United States. The 17 ac…
The influence of price and attitude on shifting residential electricity consumption from on- to off-peak periods
Expectations, preferences, and feeling crowded in recreation activities∗
Efforts to reduce crowding often assume that increased density or encounter levels cause increased crowding. However, the social psychology literature argues that crowding involves an evaluative dimension and is thus susceptible to subjective factors. This paper explores the individual and combined effects of encounters, expectations, and preferences on perceived crowding, using six data sets representing over 3,000 people engaged in three differ…
A conceptual framework for carrying capacity determination
Establishing a carrying capacity involves both descriptive and evaluative components. The descriptive component includes management parameters, the factors that managers can manipulate, and impact parameters, which describe the consequences of different management regimes. Different types of capacities (ecological, social, physical, or facility) focus on different types of impact. The evaluative component involves value judgments regarding the ty…
Using a social carrying capacity model to estimate the effects of marina development at the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore
This research focuses on a policy question: What will be the effects of adding additional marina slips on the boating experience at the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore? It also explores a more basic research issue. Can a social carrying capacity model developed on relatively linear wilderness systems be useful in more complex systems involving nonwilderness type recreation? Descriptive data determined the number of boats leaving the existing m…
Backcountry Encounter Norms: Theory, Method and Empirical Evidence
Efforts to understand the impacts resulting from visitors in backcountry settings have increasingly turned to normative explanations. This paper builds on earlier review articles by providing a conceptual framework for analyzing the structural characteristics of norms. Three normative characteristics—range of tolerable contacts, norms. intensity and norm crystallization—are identified and measured quantitatively using data from the Brule River to…
Improving interdisciplinary research: Integrating the social and natural sciences
The relationship between social sciences and natural sciences in the natural resource area is explored. Five barriers to joint involvement of the social and natural sciences include the weakness of the social sciences, a perceived illegitimacy of the social sciences, the punishments associated with interdisciplinary research, the lack of disciplinary support structures, and conflicts over power and control. Progress toward bringing research toget…
Comparative analysis of crowding in multiple locations: Results from fifteen years of research
Crowding is one of the most frequently studied phenomena in the outdoor recreation literature, but almost all the research focuses on single populations or settings and individual‐level analysis. The present study uses comparative analysis of aggregate data to explore questions that single studies cannot answer. Data come from more than 17,000 individuals in 35 studies of 59 different settings or activities located throughout the northeast, midwe…
Attitudes and Environmental Management
Attitude studies are useful for environmental managers because they provide (1) information about public support and beliefs, (2) information about goals necessary to set standards, and (3) information about the current and future behavior of relevant parties. Three cases are described to show how attitude studies can play a role in environmental management—helping to set user limits for float trips on the Colorado River, establish the feasibilit…
Psychology (31 works) · Political science (25 works) · Geography (23 works) · Social Psychology (23 works) · Sociology (23 works) · Social Psychology (22 works) · Recreation, Leisure, Wilderness Management (19 works) · Recreation (16 works) · Computer Science (15 works) · Ecology (15 works)