Carlos Jalali
Biographic Data
| ID | 2548009 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Carlos Jalali |
| GIVEN NAMES | Carlos |
| FAMILY NAME | Jalali |
| SIGNATURE | JALALI C |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Aveiro |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-1246-7391 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 25 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 112 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 25 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2006 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 7 |
New partners on the street? Cooperation between radical left parties and progressive social movements in Portugal
Preaching to the non-practising: Religiosity, Chega and electoral change in Portugal
Portugal’s 2024 election marked a major electoral shift, driven by the radical right populist Chega. This article examines religious voting in 2024, situating it within trends since 2002. Crucially, 2024 changes previous patterns. Rather than separating the Socialist Party from the centre-right and the radical left, the religious divide is relocated, distinguishing Chega from other parties. Despite its religious populism, Chega fails to mobilise …
They (don’t) really care about us: Youth representation in Portuguese political parties
Political parties rely on youth wings for the political representation and mobilisation of youth. This article examines the role of youth wings within political parties; youth wing members assess the role that their organisations play in promoting youth political representation in their mother parties. Empirically, it draws on 58 semi-structured interviews with high-ranking Portuguese youth party members, comparing the perspectives in parties wit…
Which cues matter: The effect of content cues on European Union support
This article experimentally examines how content cues politicising the European Union (EU) influence citizens’ EU attitudes, assessing the pessimist and optimist top-down models of politicisation. The former approach posits that politicisation emphasises criticism of the EU and weakens citizens’ EU support. The latter model asserts that politicisation fosters greater EU support when focusing on the EU's positive aspects. Results align with the pe…
Too young to party, ready to say enough? Youth turnout and the rise of Chega in Portugal
Think Tanks Beyond the West: The Case of the Western Balkans
The emergence of think tanks beyond the West raises the question of how well existing classifications translate to new environments. This article assesses this question in the Western Balkans region, examining how the organisation of local think tanks differs from the Western model. Drawing on an original dataset of 68 organisations, we find that a majority reflect the think tank model outlined in the literature. Yet, while not entirely lost in t…
Dealing with the Facts of Life: The Management of Intra-Party Factionalism in the Iberian Radical Left Parties
Factionalism is an important element in parties' internal life, affecting their policies, strategies, electoral performance and even survival. Yet little is known about how parties manage factionalism. This study examines how radical left parties (RLPs) manage factionalism, drawing on a comparative case study of four RLPs – the Spanish Podemos and United Left (IU), and the Portuguese Left Bloc (BE) and Communist Party (PCP) – from 2010 to 2019. D…
Youth with clipped wings: Bridging the gap from youth recruitment to representation in candidate lists
This article assesses the extent to which party youth wings participate in candidate selection and the factors that explain their (lack of) success, focusing on the interplay of formal and informal mechanisms with institutional rules. The results indicate an iceberg-shaped political recruitment ladder, with a stark compression of youth wing representation in the visible steps of candidates and MPs. More youth wing candidates are included in party…
Empirical validation study and psychometric evaluation of the properties of the populist attitudes scale for the portuguese population
Psychometric analysis supports the POP-AS as a valid and reliable instrument for measuring populist attitudes among Portuguese citizens. A validation framework for measurement instruments in political science was proposed. Implications of the findings are discussed
When do parties put Europe in the centre? Evidence from the 2019 European Parliament election campaign
European elections have been described as second-order phenomena for voters, the media, but also parties. Yet, since 2009, there exists evidence that not only voters, but also political parties assign increasing significance to European elections. While initially ‘issue entrepreneurs’ were held responsible for this development, the latest campaigns have raised the question of whether mainstream parties are finally also campaigning on European iss…
A fistful of followers: The Resilience of the Second-Order Campaign Model
EP elections are widely regarded as the archetypal second-order national election. Although parties’ strategic moves are frequently mediated by traditional media, parties are increasingly using alternative communication strategies, as social media, to communicate directly to their electorate. Social media can be particularly relevant in ‘bridging the gap’ with voters in second-order elections. After 2014, EP elections took place in a context wher…
When do European election campaigns become about Europe
This article examines which parties included European issues in their 2014 European Parliament campaigns, and what influenced whether they did so, based on innovative data from the content analysis of 9,100 press releases in seven countries. Overall, established and especially governing parties no longer shied away from EU issues, referring to them as often as challenger parties did. The likelihood of EU issues in campaigns derives from a combina…
In the Shadow of the ‘Government of the Left: The 2019 Legislative Elections in Portugal
This article examines the Portuguese 2019 legislative election, which took place after a period of unprecedented and unexpected cooperation of the pro-European centre left and eurosceptic radical left. Initially dismissed as a 'contraption', this alliance belied the initial expectations and increasingly became a reference for South European social democratic parties. Yet, despite a seemingly reinforced popular mandate, it was not maintained after…
Explaining perceptions of autonomy in the last chain of delegation
This article explores the impact of consolidated principles of delegation on top civil servants’ perceptions of autonomy in management and policy-making processes across European parliamentary democracies. Particular attention is devoted to the extent to which bureaucratic capacity can be equated as a principle of delegation, considering the lenses and perspectives of bureaucrats instead of relying on politicians’ formal mechanisms to control bur…
The times (may) be a-changin’? The Portuguese party system in the twenty-first century
As the first third wave democracy, Portugal provides an interesting case when examining the party systems of third wave democracies. The Portuguese party system institutionalized rapidly. On the surface, Portugal appears to be remarkably stable, not least compared to other bailout countries. Voting behavior post-bailout closely approximated that in the pre-bailout elections of 2009, and considerably more so than the other bailout countries. Moreo…
A Resurgent Presidency? Portuguese Semi-Presidentialism and the 2016 Elections
This article analyses the Portuguese presidential elections of January 2016, setting these within the backdrop of recent semi-presidential practice in Portugal. The election took place in the context of an apparent hollowing of the presidency, a pattern that potentially reflects the bailout that marked most of the second term of the outgoing president, Cavaco Silva. This pattern also helps explain the second-order nature of this presidential elec…
The professionals speak: Practitioners’ perspectives on professional election campaigning
Faced with some fundamental changes in the socio-cultural, political and media environment, political parties in post-industrialized democracies have started to initiate substantial transformations of both their organizational structures and communicative practices. Those innovations, described as professionalization, become most obvious during election campaigns. In recent times, the number of empirical studies measuring the degree of political …
The many faces of (party) appointments: Party government and patronage in Portugal, 1995–2009
For Whom the Bailout Tolls? The Implications of the 2013 Local Elections for the Portuguese Party System
Local elections have generally provided useful pointers for overall party system patterns in Portugal. The 2013 local elections are of additional interest because they were the first nationwide elections in Portugal since the substantive start of the country's economic adjustment programme, initiated in mid 2011. As such, they also constitute the first electoral milestone by which to assess the Portuguese party system in a bailout context. Unlike…
Sourcing the News: Comparing Source Use and Media Framing of the 2009 European Parliamentary Elections
The relationship between journalists and their sources has been described as an interdependent relationship where each part needs the other. For political actors, this relationship is particularly important during election campaigns, when their need to reach voters through the media is even more urgent than usual. This is particularly true with respect to European Parliamentary election campaigns, as these are often less salient and as people's n…
Campaigning Against Europe? The Role of Euroskeptic Fringe and Mainstream Parties in the 2009 European Parliament Election
In this article, we analyze political parties' campaign communication during the 2009 European Parliamentary election in 11 countries (Austria, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, The Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the UK). We study which types of issues Euroskeptic fringe and Euroskeptic mainstream parties put on their campaign agendas and the kind and extent of EU opposition they voice. Further, we seek to understand …
Givers and takers: Parties, state resources and civil society in Portugal
This article assesses the relationship between parties and civil society in Portugal between 1999 and 2009, examining the mediating role of parties in patterns of state funding to civil society organizations. We find evidence of a relationship between parties and organized civil society – albeit an instrumental one, largely based on reward-motivated linkages. The analysis of state grants indicates that parties act as brokers between the state and…
The 2011 Portuguese Presidential Elections: Incumbency Advantage in Semi-presidentialism
The 2011 Portuguese presidential election resulted in a comfortable victory for the incumbent president, Cavaco Silva, an outcome consistent with the notion of substantial incumbency advantages. However, as this article demonstrates, the Portuguese case is part of a broader pattern, with semi-presidentialism in post-war Western Europe generating a considerable pro-incumbency bias in presidential elections. Using the Portuguese elections as a case…
The Trials of a Socialist Government: Right-Wing Victories in Local and Presidential Elections in Portugal, 2005–2006
The October 2005 local elections and January 2006 presidential election were both marked by defeats for the Socialist Party, which mere months earlier had obtained its first parliamentary majority since democratization. While in both instances the defeats cannot be dissociated from poor strategic choices by the Socialists, they also suggest a shortening of the political cycle in Portugal, with remarkably short honeymoon periods for national gover…
The Woes of Being in Opposition: The PSD since 1995
This article examines the evolution of the Portuguese Partido Social Democrata (Social Democratic Party, PSD) since 1995. The analysis centres on four key dimensions: patterns of change in party values and programmes; party organization, resources and intra-party dynamics; the party's competitive strategies; and the evolution in the party's electoral campaigning. Overall, the past decade highlights the importance of power for party functioning in…
When do parties put Europe in the centre? Evidence from the 2019 European Parliament election campaign
European elections have been described as second-order phenomena for voters, the media, but also parties. Yet, since 2009, there exists evidence that not only voters, but also political parties assign increasing significance to European elections. While initially ‘issue entrepreneurs’ were held responsible for this development, the latest campaigns have raised the question of whether mainstream parties are finally also campaigning on European iss…
In the Shadow of the ‘Government of the Left: The 2019 Legislative Elections in Portugal
This article examines the Portuguese 2019 legislative election, which took place after a period of unprecedented and unexpected cooperation of the pro-European centre left and eurosceptic radical left. Initially dismissed as a 'contraption', this alliance belied the initial expectations and increasingly became a reference for South European social democratic parties. Yet, despite a seemingly reinforced popular mandate, it was not maintained after…
A Resurgent Presidency? Portuguese Semi-Presidentialism and the 2016 Elections
This article analyses the Portuguese presidential elections of January 2016, setting these within the backdrop of recent semi-presidential practice in Portugal. The election took place in the context of an apparent hollowing of the presidency, a pattern that potentially reflects the bailout that marked most of the second term of the outgoing president, Cavaco Silva. This pattern also helps explain the second-order nature of this presidential elec…
Givers and takers: Parties, state resources and civil society in Portugal
This article assesses the relationship between parties and civil society in Portugal between 1999 and 2009, examining the mediating role of parties in patterns of state funding to civil society organizations. We find evidence of a relationship between parties and organized civil society – albeit an instrumental one, largely based on reward-motivated linkages. The analysis of state grants indicates that parties act as brokers between the state and…
When do European election campaigns become about Europe
This article examines which parties included European issues in their 2014 European Parliament campaigns, and what influenced whether they did so, based on innovative data from the content analysis of 9,100 press releases in seven countries. Overall, established and especially governing parties no longer shied away from EU issues, referring to them as often as challenger parties did. The likelihood of EU issues in campaigns derives from a combina…
The professionals speak: Practitioners’ perspectives on professional election campaigning
Faced with some fundamental changes in the socio-cultural, political and media environment, political parties in post-industrialized democracies have started to initiate substantial transformations of both their organizational structures and communicative practices. Those innovations, described as professionalization, become most obvious during election campaigns. In recent times, the number of empirical studies measuring the degree of political …
The many faces of (party) appointments: Party government and patronage in Portugal, 1995–2009
Sourcing the News: Comparing Source Use and Media Framing of the 2009 European Parliamentary Elections
The relationship between journalists and their sources has been described as an interdependent relationship where each part needs the other. For political actors, this relationship is particularly important during election campaigns, when their need to reach voters through the media is even more urgent than usual. This is particularly true with respect to European Parliamentary election campaigns, as these are often less salient and as people's n…
The 2011 Portuguese Presidential Elections: Incumbency Advantage in Semi-presidentialism
The 2011 Portuguese presidential election resulted in a comfortable victory for the incumbent president, Cavaco Silva, an outcome consistent with the notion of substantial incumbency advantages. However, as this article demonstrates, the Portuguese case is part of a broader pattern, with semi-presidentialism in post-war Western Europe generating a considerable pro-incumbency bias in presidential elections. Using the Portuguese elections as a case…
For Whom the Bailout Tolls? The Implications of the 2013 Local Elections for the Portuguese Party System
Local elections have generally provided useful pointers for overall party system patterns in Portugal. The 2013 local elections are of additional interest because they were the first nationwide elections in Portugal since the substantive start of the country's economic adjustment programme, initiated in mid 2011. As such, they also constitute the first electoral milestone by which to assess the Portuguese party system in a bailout context. Unlike…
The Trials of a Socialist Government: Right-Wing Victories in Local and Presidential Elections in Portugal, 2005–2006
The October 2005 local elections and January 2006 presidential election were both marked by defeats for the Socialist Party, which mere months earlier had obtained its first parliamentary majority since democratization. While in both instances the defeats cannot be dissociated from poor strategic choices by the Socialists, they also suggest a shortening of the political cycle in Portugal, with remarkably short honeymoon periods for national gover…
Dealing with the Facts of Life: The Management of Intra-Party Factionalism in the Iberian Radical Left Parties
Factionalism is an important element in parties' internal life, affecting their policies, strategies, electoral performance and even survival. Yet little is known about how parties manage factionalism. This study examines how radical left parties (RLPs) manage factionalism, drawing on a comparative case study of four RLPs – the Spanish Podemos and United Left (IU), and the Portuguese Left Bloc (BE) and Communist Party (PCP) – from 2010 to 2019. D…
Campaigning Against Europe? The Role of Euroskeptic Fringe and Mainstream Parties in the 2009 European Parliament Election
In this article, we analyze political parties' campaign communication during the 2009 European Parliamentary election in 11 countries (Austria, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, The Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the UK). We study which types of issues Euroskeptic fringe and Euroskeptic mainstream parties put on their campaign agendas and the kind and extent of EU opposition they voice. Further, we seek to understand …
The Woes of Being in Opposition: The PSD since 1995
This article examines the evolution of the Portuguese Partido Social Democrata (Social Democratic Party, PSD) since 1995. The analysis centres on four key dimensions: patterns of change in party values and programmes; party organization, resources and intra-party dynamics; the party's competitive strategies; and the evolution in the party's electoral campaigning. Overall, the past decade highlights the importance of power for party functioning in…
Youth with clipped wings: Bridging the gap from youth recruitment to representation in candidate lists
This article assesses the extent to which party youth wings participate in candidate selection and the factors that explain their (lack of) success, focusing on the interplay of formal and informal mechanisms with institutional rules. The results indicate an iceberg-shaped political recruitment ladder, with a stark compression of youth wing representation in the visible steps of candidates and MPs. More youth wing candidates are included in party…
Too young to party, ready to say enough? Youth turnout and the rise of Chega in Portugal
Explaining perceptions of autonomy in the last chain of delegation
This article explores the impact of consolidated principles of delegation on top civil servants’ perceptions of autonomy in management and policy-making processes across European parliamentary democracies. Particular attention is devoted to the extent to which bureaucratic capacity can be equated as a principle of delegation, considering the lenses and perspectives of bureaucrats instead of relying on politicians’ formal mechanisms to control bur…
The Trials of a Socialist Government: Right-Wing Victories in Local and Presidential Elections in Portugal, 2005–2006
The October 2005 local elections and January 2006 presidential election were both marked by defeats for the Socialist Party, which mere months earlier had obtained its first parliamentary majority since democratization. While in both instances the defeats cannot be dissociated from poor strategic choices by the Socialists, they also suggest a shortening of the political cycle in Portugal, with remarkably short honeymoon periods for national gover…
The Woes of Being in Opposition: The PSD since 1995
This article examines the evolution of the Portuguese Partido Social Democrata (Social Democratic Party, PSD) since 1995. The analysis centres on four key dimensions: patterns of change in party values and programmes; party organization, resources and intra-party dynamics; the party's competitive strategies; and the evolution in the party's electoral campaigning. Overall, the past decade highlights the importance of power for party functioning in…
The 2011 Portuguese Presidential Elections: Incumbency Advantage in Semi-presidentialism
The 2011 Portuguese presidential election resulted in a comfortable victory for the incumbent president, Cavaco Silva, an outcome consistent with the notion of substantial incumbency advantages. However, as this article demonstrates, the Portuguese case is part of a broader pattern, with semi-presidentialism in post-war Western Europe generating a considerable pro-incumbency bias in presidential elections. Using the Portuguese elections as a case…
Givers and takers: Parties, state resources and civil society in Portugal
This article assesses the relationship between parties and civil society in Portugal between 1999 and 2009, examining the mediating role of parties in patterns of state funding to civil society organizations. We find evidence of a relationship between parties and organized civil society – albeit an instrumental one, largely based on reward-motivated linkages. The analysis of state grants indicates that parties act as brokers between the state and…
Sourcing the News: Comparing Source Use and Media Framing of the 2009 European Parliamentary Elections
The relationship between journalists and their sources has been described as an interdependent relationship where each part needs the other. For political actors, this relationship is particularly important during election campaigns, when their need to reach voters through the media is even more urgent than usual. This is particularly true with respect to European Parliamentary election campaigns, as these are often less salient and as people's n…
Campaigning Against Europe? The Role of Euroskeptic Fringe and Mainstream Parties in the 2009 European Parliament Election
In this article, we analyze political parties' campaign communication during the 2009 European Parliamentary election in 11 countries (Austria, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, The Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the UK). We study which types of issues Euroskeptic fringe and Euroskeptic mainstream parties put on their campaign agendas and the kind and extent of EU opposition they voice. Further, we seek to understand …
For Whom the Bailout Tolls? The Implications of the 2013 Local Elections for the Portuguese Party System
Local elections have generally provided useful pointers for overall party system patterns in Portugal. The 2013 local elections are of additional interest because they were the first nationwide elections in Portugal since the substantive start of the country's economic adjustment programme, initiated in mid 2011. As such, they also constitute the first electoral milestone by which to assess the Portuguese party system in a bailout context. Unlike…
The professionals speak: Practitioners’ perspectives on professional election campaigning
Faced with some fundamental changes in the socio-cultural, political and media environment, political parties in post-industrialized democracies have started to initiate substantial transformations of both their organizational structures and communicative practices. Those innovations, described as professionalization, become most obvious during election campaigns. In recent times, the number of empirical studies measuring the degree of political …
The many faces of (party) appointments: Party government and patronage in Portugal, 1995–2009
A Resurgent Presidency? Portuguese Semi-Presidentialism and the 2016 Elections
This article analyses the Portuguese presidential elections of January 2016, setting these within the backdrop of recent semi-presidential practice in Portugal. The election took place in the context of an apparent hollowing of the presidency, a pattern that potentially reflects the bailout that marked most of the second term of the outgoing president, Cavaco Silva. This pattern also helps explain the second-order nature of this presidential elec…
The times (may) be a-changin’? The Portuguese party system in the twenty-first century
As the first third wave democracy, Portugal provides an interesting case when examining the party systems of third wave democracies. The Portuguese party system institutionalized rapidly. On the surface, Portugal appears to be remarkably stable, not least compared to other bailout countries. Voting behavior post-bailout closely approximated that in the pre-bailout elections of 2009, and considerably more so than the other bailout countries. Moreo…
When do European election campaigns become about Europe
This article examines which parties included European issues in their 2014 European Parliament campaigns, and what influenced whether they did so, based on innovative data from the content analysis of 9,100 press releases in seven countries. Overall, established and especially governing parties no longer shied away from EU issues, referring to them as often as challenger parties did. The likelihood of EU issues in campaigns derives from a combina…
In the Shadow of the ‘Government of the Left: The 2019 Legislative Elections in Portugal
This article examines the Portuguese 2019 legislative election, which took place after a period of unprecedented and unexpected cooperation of the pro-European centre left and eurosceptic radical left. Initially dismissed as a 'contraption', this alliance belied the initial expectations and increasingly became a reference for South European social democratic parties. Yet, despite a seemingly reinforced popular mandate, it was not maintained after…
Explaining perceptions of autonomy in the last chain of delegation
This article explores the impact of consolidated principles of delegation on top civil servants’ perceptions of autonomy in management and policy-making processes across European parliamentary democracies. Particular attention is devoted to the extent to which bureaucratic capacity can be equated as a principle of delegation, considering the lenses and perspectives of bureaucrats instead of relying on politicians’ formal mechanisms to control bur…
When do parties put Europe in the centre? Evidence from the 2019 European Parliament election campaign
European elections have been described as second-order phenomena for voters, the media, but also parties. Yet, since 2009, there exists evidence that not only voters, but also political parties assign increasing significance to European elections. While initially ‘issue entrepreneurs’ were held responsible for this development, the latest campaigns have raised the question of whether mainstream parties are finally also campaigning on European iss…
A fistful of followers: The Resilience of the Second-Order Campaign Model
EP elections are widely regarded as the archetypal second-order national election. Although parties’ strategic moves are frequently mediated by traditional media, parties are increasingly using alternative communication strategies, as social media, to communicate directly to their electorate. Social media can be particularly relevant in ‘bridging the gap’ with voters in second-order elections. After 2014, EP elections took place in a context wher…
Empirical validation study and psychometric evaluation of the properties of the populist attitudes scale for the portuguese population
Psychometric analysis supports the POP-AS as a valid and reliable instrument for measuring populist attitudes among Portuguese citizens. A validation framework for measurement instruments in political science was proposed. Implications of the findings are discussed
Think Tanks Beyond the West: The Case of the Western Balkans
The emergence of think tanks beyond the West raises the question of how well existing classifications translate to new environments. This article assesses this question in the Western Balkans region, examining how the organisation of local think tanks differs from the Western model. Drawing on an original dataset of 68 organisations, we find that a majority reflect the think tank model outlined in the literature. Yet, while not entirely lost in t…
Dealing with the Facts of Life: The Management of Intra-Party Factionalism in the Iberian Radical Left Parties
Factionalism is an important element in parties' internal life, affecting their policies, strategies, electoral performance and even survival. Yet little is known about how parties manage factionalism. This study examines how radical left parties (RLPs) manage factionalism, drawing on a comparative case study of four RLPs – the Spanish Podemos and United Left (IU), and the Portuguese Left Bloc (BE) and Communist Party (PCP) – from 2010 to 2019. D…
Youth with clipped wings: Bridging the gap from youth recruitment to representation in candidate lists
This article assesses the extent to which party youth wings participate in candidate selection and the factors that explain their (lack of) success, focusing on the interplay of formal and informal mechanisms with institutional rules. The results indicate an iceberg-shaped political recruitment ladder, with a stark compression of youth wing representation in the visible steps of candidates and MPs. More youth wing candidates are included in party…
They (don’t) really care about us: Youth representation in Portuguese political parties
Political parties rely on youth wings for the political representation and mobilisation of youth. This article examines the role of youth wings within political parties; youth wing members assess the role that their organisations play in promoting youth political representation in their mother parties. Empirically, it draws on 58 semi-structured interviews with high-ranking Portuguese youth party members, comparing the perspectives in parties wit…
Which cues matter: The effect of content cues on European Union support
This article experimentally examines how content cues politicising the European Union (EU) influence citizens’ EU attitudes, assessing the pessimist and optimist top-down models of politicisation. The former approach posits that politicisation emphasises criticism of the EU and weakens citizens’ EU support. The latter model asserts that politicisation fosters greater EU support when focusing on the EU's positive aspects. Results align with the pe…
Too young to party, ready to say enough? Youth turnout and the rise of Chega in Portugal
New partners on the street? Cooperation between radical left parties and progressive social movements in Portugal
Preaching to the non-practising: Religiosity, Chega and electoral change in Portugal
Portugal’s 2024 election marked a major electoral shift, driven by the radical right populist Chega. This article examines religious voting in 2024, situating it within trends since 2002. Crucially, 2024 changes previous patterns. Rather than separating the Socialist Party from the centre-right and the radical left, the religious divide is relocated, distinguishing Chega from other parties. Despite its religious populism, Chega fails to mobilise …
Political science (21 works) · Politics (19 works) · Law (18 works) · Law (17 works) · Political economy (15 works) · Public Administration (12 works) · Sociology (12 works) · Public Administration (11 works) · Economics (10 works) · Social Policy and Reform Studies (10 works)