Peter Warr
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 257085 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Peter Warr |
| PRENOMES | Peter |
| SOBRENOME | Warr |
| ASSINATURA | WARR P |
| AFILIAÇÕES | University of Sheffield |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-5034-1730 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 69 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 276 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 69 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1964 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2024 |
| ÍNDICE H | 10 |
Pandemic‐induced De‐urbanization in Indonesia
In Indonesia, the negative health impact of COVID‐19 and the initial, direct loss of employment have been largest in urban, not rural areas. But the second‐round effects on labor markets have been very different. They have included a huge, empirically documented migration of newly unemployed urban workers from urban to rural areas, in urgent search of employment, food, and safety from the pandemic. We call this “de‐urbanization.” It placed the mi…
Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory, approach-affect and avoidance-affect
This paper brings together Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory and other perspectives on wellbeing to test predictions about dimensions of affect which are linked to approach motivation or avoidance motivation. Valence and activation are jointly conceptualised as either approach-affect or avoidance-affect through the diagonal axes of an affective circumplex. Across four studies in three different countries, predictions about Reinforcement Sensitivit…
Benign growth
Between 1981 and 2017, real gross domestic product in Thailand grew at an average annual rate of 5.7 per cent. Agricultural output grew more slowly than industry or services, and its gross domestic product share consequently declined. Industry’s gross domestic product share increased, and the share of services remained relatively constant. Agriculture’s employment share declined, but most new jobs were in services. Concurrently, poverty incidence…
Urbanisation and the Demand for Food
Is the demand for food influenced by urbanisation, and if so, in what way? This article reviews the relevant literature on this question and conducts an empirical investigation for Indonesia, asking whether the relationship between food demand and the conventional economic variables explaining demand is altered by structural changes in the degree of urbanisation. Urbanisation is associated with changes in levels of both household expenditures and…
Land consolidation as technical change
Poverty and inequality impact of a natural disaster
Work Orientations, Well-Being and Job Content of Self-Employed and Employed Professionals
Drawing on psychology-derived theories and methods, a questionnaire survey compared principal kinds of work orientation, job content and mental well-being between self-employed and organisationally employed professional workers. Self-employment was found to be particularly associated with energised well-being in the form of job engagement. The presence in self-employment of greater challenge, such as an enhanced requirement for personal innovatio…
Four-quadrant investigation of job-related affects and behaviours
Emphasizing differences in activation as well as valence, six studies across a range of situations examined relations between types of job-related core affect and 13 self-reported work behaviours. A theory-based measure of affect was developed, and its four-quadrant structure was found to be supported across studies. Also consistent with hypotheses, high-activation pleasant affect was more strongly correlated with positive behaviours than were lo…
Public Services and the Poor in Laos
Thailand ́ s Crisis Overload
Introduction Thailand has endured a succession of recent crises: the Asian financial crisis of 1997-99, originating with the collapse of its own currency and reducing investor confidence for the entire decade since; the terrible tsunami of December 2004; outbreaks of SARS and Avian Influenza; rural drought; an interminable insurrection in its southernmost Muslim provinces, producing more than 4,000 deaths; and growing concern about the consequenc…
Agricultural Protection in Indonesia
Throughout the second half of the 20th century, Indonesia's trade policies favoured the modern manufacturing sector relative to agriculture. Within agriculture, they favoured import-competing sectors at the expense of export-competing sectors. Rice is the most important import-competing agricultural sector and, until 2000, assistance to rice growers came mainly from input subsidies. The extent of subsidies to rice and other import-competing agric…
Poverty Reduction through Fiscal Restructuring
A method is developed to simulate the impact that changes in the composition of taxes and public expenditures may have on poverty incidence and inequality. The paper then applies this framework to Thailand. We find that significant effects on poverty can be achieved though moderate, once-only redistributions of the total tax burden towards taxes that fall predominantly on the rich, including personal and corporate income taxes, and comparable rea…
Thailand ́ s Paradoxical Recovery
In Thailand's February 2005 parliamentary elections Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra's Thai Rak Thai (Thais Love Thais) Party achieved a sweeping victory. It had already formed the first elected government in Thai history to serve a full four-year term and was now the first individual party to be elected to a full parliamentary majority, and that a massive one.1 The party's electoral success owes much to the Prime Minister's own political skills…
Thailand ́ s Paradoxical Recovery
Older people's well-being as a function of employment, retirement, environmental characteristics and role preference
The life satisfaction and affective well-being of employed, unemployed and retired men and women aged between 50 and 74 were examined as a function of characteristics of their environment and the degree to which their current role was personally preferred. Early-retired and late-employed individuals had particularly high affective well-being. Role preference (e.g. to be in a job) was significantly associated with both indicators, with better well…
Thailand ́s Non‐Recovery
Poverty, Inequality, and Economic Growth
Thailand has recently experienced a prolonged economic boom followed by a collapse. During the boom the incidence of absolute poverty fell dramatically but relative inequality increased. The collapse of 1997 had the reverse effects. The poor initially became significantly worse off in an absolute sense but proportionately less so than the rich. Inequality thus declined. The significance of these events depends on a fundamental question: does the …
The Failure of Myanmar ́ Agricultural Policies
Indirect processes in criterion-related validity
Four indirect processes affecting the relationship between self-reported personality attributes and rated job behaviors were examined: through correlated personality attributes which are conceptually concordant with a criterion, through correlated cognitive ability conceptually concordant with a criterion, through correlated concepts in general, and in terms of an emphasis on motivation. It was shown that all four indirect processes contributed t…
Learning strategies, learning anxiety and knowledge acquisition
In a study of adult technical trainees, it was found that four reported learning strategies were significantly associated with learning gain: Rehearsal, Interpersonal Help-seeking, Emotion Control and Motivation Control. However, all those associations were negative. A prior measure of learning anxiety (but not learning ability or learning motivation) was shown to account for that pattern, and several learning strategies and learning anxiety were…
Associative Learning and Short-Term Forgetting as a Function of Age, Perceptual Speed, and Central Executive Functioning
In a study of two components of associative learning, it was found that during acquisition older people were more likely to forget material on which they were previously correct, but only for associations which were not well learned. Older people also formed fewer correct associations in the course of the task. Differences in learners' perceptual speed were found to account for some of the age deficit in the number of learning attempts, but speed…
The Thai Economy
Following elections in November 1996 a new coalition government took office in Thailand, led by incoming Prime Minister and New Aspiration Party leader General Chawalit Yongchaiyut. The new administration began its work in an atmosphere of great concern about the state of the Thai economy. Throughout 1996 Thai economic commentary was dominated by signs that the export-led boom that began in the late 1980s may be coming to an end. Most important o…
Testing the small‐country assumption
The familiar ‘small‐country’ assumption is tested empirically in this paper, focusing upon the long‐run international demand for Thailand's rice exports and drawing upon recent developments in the statistical analysis of economic time series. A relatively robust long‐run price elasticity of export demand is obtained, at just under 2. The literature on the export demand for manufactured goods has shown the central importance of the ‘normalization’…
The Uruguay Round and the Developing Countries
Is job satisfaction U‐shaped in age?
It is generally believed that job satisfaction increases linearly with age. However, there are persuasive arguments, and some empirical evidence, that the relationship is U‐shaped, declining from a moderate level in the early years of employment and then increasing steadily up to retirement. This paper investigates that relationship, using survey responses from a large sample of British employees. For overall job satisfaction, satisfaction with p…
Paid employment and women's psychological well-being
On the independence of positive and negative affect
Unemployment and Mental Health
Within the context of the British labor market, 11 investigations into the mental health impact of unemployment are described. These reveal significant decrements for people of all ages as a result of moving into unemployment, and for middle‐aged men additional effects of continuing joblessness. Research into factors mediating the harmful impact of unemployment has covered time since job loss, employment commitment, social relationships, gender, …
Adapting to the unemployed role
Social class and psychological ill-health during unemployment
This study explores psychological health and the experience of being unemployed for between 6 and 11 months in two social class groups: unskilled and semi-skilled workers v. white-collar, managerial and professional workers. The respondents were British married men aged between 25 and 39. Information was obtained through interviews about financial and other problems, perceived threats associated with unemployment, anxiety, depression, general psy…
A study of psychological well-being
The concept of psychological well-being is introduced, and scales to measure three of its different facets are described and applied to 1655 British respondents. Results from measures of positive and negative affect are compared with North American findings, and hypotheses are broadly confirmed. Two clusters of specific anxiety items are identified, to do with financial and family anxiety and with health anxiety. The third measure (ratings of pre…
Land consolidation as technical change
Experiences of strain and pleasure among British adults
The Development and Standardization of a Balanced F-Scale
(1969). The Development and Standardization of a Balanced F-Scale. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 81, No. 1, pp. 109-129
Older people's well-being as a function of employment, retirement, environmental characteristics and role preference
The life satisfaction and affective well-being of employed, unemployed and retired men and women aged between 50 and 74 were examined as a function of characteristics of their environment and the degree to which their current role was personally preferred. Early-retired and late-employed individuals had particularly high affective well-being. Role preference (e.g. to be in a job) was significantly associated with both indicators, with better well…
The experience of unemployment among black and white urban teenagers
The psychological health and labour market commitment of 1150 unemployed 17-year-olds in 11 urban areas of England were examined. Distress levels were significantly higher than among comparable employed samples, and symptoms had usually commenced after the onset of unemployment. Unemployed black respondents (of Afro-Caribbean descent) were found to exhibit significantly lower levels of distress and depression than whites. However, no differences …
The Experience of Work
Poverty and inequality impact of a natural disaster
Agricultural Protection in Indonesia
Throughout the second half of the 20th century, Indonesia's trade policies favoured the modern manufacturing sector relative to agriculture. Within agriculture, they favoured import-competing sectors at the expense of export-competing sectors. Rice is the most important import-competing agricultural sector and, until 2000, assistance to rice growers came mainly from input subsidies. The extent of subsidies to rice and other import-competing agric…
Learning strategies, learning anxiety and knowledge acquisition
In a study of adult technical trainees, it was found that four reported learning strategies were significantly associated with learning gain: Rehearsal, Interpersonal Help-seeking, Emotion Control and Motivation Control. However, all those associations were negative. A prior measure of learning anxiety (but not learning ability or learning motivation) was shown to account for that pattern, and several learning strategies and learning anxiety were…
Work Orientations, Well-Being and Job Content of Self-Employed and Employed Professionals
Drawing on psychology-derived theories and methods, a questionnaire survey compared principal kinds of work orientation, job content and mental well-being between self-employed and organisationally employed professional workers. Self-employment was found to be particularly associated with energised well-being in the form of job engagement. The presence in self-employment of greater challenge, such as an enhanced requirement for personal innovatio…
Comparative Advantage and Protection in Indonesia 1
The comparative advantage of Indonesia's traded goods producing sectors is examined in this paper. Comparative advantage is studied by computing the domestic resource costs of foreign exchange earned or saved in each of the 138 such sectors defined in the 1985 input-output tables for Indonesia. The paper also computes measures of effective rates of protection. It is found that these two types of measures are highly correlated across industries. T…
Exchange Rate Protection in Indonesia∗
∗ Discussions with W.M. Corden and Hans Roden and the detailed comments of H.W. Arndt, Rodney Falvey, Peter B. Kenen, Ross H. McLeod and the editors are gratefully acknowledged. The author is solely responsible for the views presented and any errors
Pollyanna's personal judgments
The Pollyanna hypothesis is extended into the field of intertrait inference to predict that inferential thresholds for positively evaluated characteristics will be lower than those for negatively evaluated characteristics. This prediction is confirmed, and is shown to have important implications for models of inference rules. Data from several studies are analysed to reveal that the Pollyanna threshold effect is reliably greater for women than fo…
The Jakarta Export Processing Zone
(1983). The Jakarta Export Processing Zone: Benefits and Costs. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies: Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 28-49
Three weighting criteria in impression formation
When several items of information are combined to give an overall judgement, it is usually found that some kinds of item are given greater weight than others. This study examines the relations between three criteria which judges may use in deciding how to apportion these weights. The criteria of evaluative direction and extremity have of ten been studied within impression formation, while demonstrations of the influence of ambiguity have produced…
Inference magnitude, range, and elevative direction as factors affecting relative importance of cues in impression formation
Combining information about people
Public Services and the Poor in Laos
Poverty Reduction through Fiscal Restructuring
A method is developed to simulate the impact that changes in the composition of taxes and public expenditures may have on poverty incidence and inequality. The paper then applies this framework to Thailand. We find that significant effects on poverty can be achieved though moderate, once-only redistributions of the total tax burden towards taxes that fall predominantly on the rich, including personal and corporate income taxes, and comparable rea…
The Relative Importance of Proactive Inhibition and Degree of Learning in Retention of Paired Associate Items
It has been reported that recall scores tend to decline with increasing numbers of lists learned. This has been attributed to proactive inhibition from the earlier lists. Two experiments are reported which test the hypothesis that this variation in recall score is more dependent on variations in mean degree of learning of items. This more economic explanation is supported by the findings, but analysis of the data indicates that a second factor pl…
A study of cojudgment processes
A Content Analysis of the English National Daily Press
The Effect of Position and Layout On the Readership of News Items
In an experiment using four systematically varied versions of a news paper page, the authors find evidence to show how readership of an item is related to size of headline, size and layout of item, and the item's position on the page
Repetition and Verbal Learning
An analysis is developed of the possible consequences of presenting for learning an item amongst others in a list, and a hypothesis is generated about the factors determining which of these outcomes will occur. A technique for measuring the effect of repetition is described and discussed. Two experiments are reported which test predictions about the manner in which task difficulty mediates the effect of repeated presentation. The results appear t…
A Serial Position Effect in the Preparation of Abstracts
Two experiments are reported which were designed to increase understanding of the process of abstracting from complex verbal passages. The experiments test three hypotheses : that a primacy effect will be observed (H1), that this effect will be more pronounced in the case of subjects who have little interest in the passage to be summarized (H2), and that interest in the passage will be positively related to the amount of material abstracted (H3).…
The Development and Standardization of a Balanced F-Scale
(1969). The Development and Standardization of a Balanced F-Scale. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 81, No. 1, pp. 109-129
A Note on the Factorial Nature of the F and D Scales
The suggestion that authoritarianism and dogmatism are separate constructs is examined by several factor‐analytic techniques. Two studies are described in which item–item correlation matrices are factored to determine whether systematic patterns of D and F items are observed. Results provide strong support for Kerlinger & Rokeach's (1966) view that the two constructs are factorially discriminable. Details of the consistently obtained factor struc…
Combining information about people
Pollyanna's personal judgments
The Pollyanna hypothesis is extended into the field of intertrait inference to predict that inferential thresholds for positively evaluated characteristics will be lower than those for negatively evaluated characteristics. This prediction is confirmed, and is shown to have important implications for models of inference rules. Data from several studies are analysed to reveal that the Pollyanna threshold effect is reliably greater for women than fo…
Savings Propensities and the Shadow Wage
Inference magnitude, range, and elevative direction as factors affecting relative importance of cues in impression formation
Instances and Inferences
This paper examines parallels between the combination of particular instances of a cue trait to make a single judgement and the combination of judgements into a compound impression. Predictions derived from a differential weighted averaging model are tested and confirmed, and the implications for theories of impression formation are discussed
Combining Three Items of Personal Information
Methods previously employed to investigate the relative importance of cues in two‐item compounds are applied to the three‐item case. Data are analysed in terms of how much the most extreme single inference is pulled‐back by the other two inferences making up a compound. The results closely parallel the previously reported two‐item findings. Evaluative direction of inferences is a significant determinant of importance, the absolute difference betw…
The importance of extremity
Three weighting criteria in impression formation
When several items of information are combined to give an overall judgement, it is usually found that some kinds of item are given greater weight than others. This study examines the relations between three criteria which judges may use in deciding how to apportion these weights. The criteria of evaluative direction and extremity have of ten been studied within impression formation, while demonstrations of the influence of ambiguity have produced…
Retraining and other factors associated with job finding after redundancy
Six months after closure of their steelworks, 1655 ex‐employees were interviewed. The main purpose of the study was to evaluate a programme of retraining provided to assist redundant people to obtain new work. Job finding was seen to be associated with a combination of retraining, age and work orientation. Ex‐employees who had received pre‐closure training reported a stronger preference for their new jobs than did non‐trainees, but there were no …
On the Shadow Pricing of Traded Commodities
This paper extends the case for shadow pricing traded commodities at their relative international prices in benefit-cost analysis. This result is shown to hold (a) when there are nontraded commodities whose (possibly distorted) prices are indirectly affected by public production of traded commodities, and (b) when there is a government budgetary constraint. Contrary to arguments found in the literature, neither of these cases in itself provides a…
A study of psychological well-being
The concept of psychological well-being is introduced, and scales to measure three of its different facets are described and applied to 1655 British respondents. Results from measures of positive and negative affect are compared with North American findings, and hypotheses are broadly confirmed. Two clusters of specific anxiety items are identified, to do with financial and family anxiety and with health anxiety. The third measure (ratings of pre…
The Content of Journals Relevant to Industrial and Organizational Psychology
Content analyses of 10 principal journals relevant to industrial and organizational psychology are presented, covering 1 582 papers published in the years 1976 to 1978 inclusive. One analysis is in terms of the topic areas covered (personnel psychology, human factors psychology, occupational social psychology, and six other categories), and a second examination is in terms of three types of paper: empirical research study, critique or review, or …
Scales for the measurement of some work attitudes and aspects of psychological well‐being
Two studies of male manual workers are described, in which eight scales relevant to the quality of working life are introduced and assessed. The scales build upon previous work, but are designed to remedy certain conceptual and operational deficiencies. They cover work involvement, intrinsic job motivation, higher order need strength, perceived intrinsic job characteristics, job satisfaction, life satisfaction, happiness, and self‐rated anxiety. …
Survey of Recent Developments
The measurement of mothers' work attitudes
Existing job attitude measures are least appropriate in research concerning employed mothers with dependent children. Three scales are introduced which cover the mother's attitude to both her employment and domestic work roles, and the strain which may be generated by their interaction. Data from 185 working‐class mothers are reported and associations with employment status, positive and negative affect, life satisfaction and social supports are …
Pareto optimal redistribution and private charity
A national study of non‐financial employment commitment
Random samples of 2149 men and 1206 women in mainland United Kingdom were asked whether they would continue in employment if that were no longer financially necessary. Subsidiary questions asked whether those opting to continue in employment would change jobs, and whether those opting out might later return to employment. Sixty‐nine per cent of full‐time male employees and 65 per cent of full‐time female employees responded affirmatively to the p…
Psychology (39 obras) · Economics (31 obras) · Social Psychology (26 obras) · Political science (17 obras) · Cognitive psychology (14 obras) · Computer Science (14 obras) · Developmental psychology (14 obras) · Employment and Welfare Studies (14 obras) · Demographic economics (13 obras) · Economic growth (13 obras)