Sarah Bracking
Biographic Data
| ID | 257338 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Sarah Bracking |
| GIVEN NAMES | Sarah |
| FAMILY NAME | Bracking |
| SIGNATURE | BRACKING S |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Manchester |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-0346-0275 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 30 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 186 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 29 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 1 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1999 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 8 |
Climate change governance by central banks in an era of interlocking crises
In this article, we survey the literature on central bank action on climate change, focusing particularly on how the combined crises of COVID-19, inflation, and Ukraine have affected this action. We argue that the current situation is a critical juncture in which recent crises have created a highly indeterminate situation regarding what central banks might do regarding climate change. To date, some central banks have used these crises as opportun…
Green bond market practices: Exploring the Moral 'Balance' of Environmental and Financial Values
This paper explores why and how green bond investors apply environmental and financial morality. It analyses the coproduction of environmental and financial values in green bond markets using digital ethnography, industry literature and interviews with investors during 2019–2022. It analyses how green bond investors explain and narrate their diverse market practices in the balancing of financial and ethical returns, converging in an unstable spac…
Turning investments green in bond markets: Qualification, devices and morality
This paper explores the issuance and growth of transition and sustainability-linked bonds into the green market segment normally reserved for green bonds between 2018 and 2021. Using a performative economics and STS approach we examine how key terms within environmental political discourse – transition, green, sustainability – have been incorporated into the operation of investment markets, and given specific, if unstable and contested, technico-…
Climate finance governance: Fit for purpose
This article consists of a critical review of the conceptual scholarship on the governance of climate finance and includes an overview of the institutional arrangements and governance logics that provide climate finance. New decentralized, polycentric structures allow for climate finance to more effectively reach the sub‐ and non‐state actors most directly implementing climate change governance. However, the expansion of climate finance into mark…
Black economic empowerment policy in Durban, eThekwini, South Africa: Economic justice, economic fraud and ‘leaving money on the table’
Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) policy in South Africa is intended to mitigate the economic disadvantage of apartheid and contribute to inclusive growth and development. This article examines perspectives on BEE from economic actors and accreditation agencies in eThekwini between 2012 and 2016. The article finds that BEE policy has contributed to building a political economy of connectivity and concession embedded in localised categorical framin…
Financialisation, Climate Finance, and the Calculative Challenges of Managing Environmental Change
This article describes the emergent and unstable dispositif of climate finance that is being built from iterative experiments in climate finance provision. The article provides a periodisation of different phases of climate finance from the 1990s onward using examples from REDD +, ecosystem services, the Green Climate Fund, green bonds, and insurance‐based derivatives, and connects this periodisation to broader processes of financialisation. It a…
Structural Adjustment Policies
Structural adjustment policies defined an era of development in the global South following the debt crisis of the early 1980s and ending with the move to poverty‐reduction strategy papers at the end of the 1990s. They were technically designed to balance the external payments of countries by attracting inward foreign direct investment and by increasing export competitiveness and growth. Structural adjustment programs were sponsored by the Bretton…
Corruption & State Capture: What Can Citizens Do
Given South Africa's recent history of corrupt state capture, the country faces two possible futures: a further decline into spoils politics or a return to an improved constitutional democracy. This essay argues that the latter is more likely in the long run, but is by no means guaranteed. Achieving such a future requires public administrators, citizens, the private sector, and top lawmakers to insist on a public-focused social order. This essay …
Diamond pricing and valuation in South Africa’s extractive political economy
This article explores the valuation and marketisation of diamonds in South Africa from 2004 to 2012. It argues that there is no positivist foundation for a ‘real’ or ‘fair’ price from which derogations can be measured, which constitutes a challenge for establishing transfer pricing in the context of tax justice. Instead, there is a performative valuation process wherein artificial underlying values are assigned which then condition prices and tax…
Performativity in the Green Economy: How far does climate finance create a fictive economy
This paper asks how far performativity in the Green Economy generates material or virtual assets. It examines the relationship between assets and their financial derivatives, asking how far the value of ‘carbon’ or ‘green’ can be directly attributed to its social and narrative construction. The paper draws on two case studies – one of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) in South Africa, the other of the global private green bonds market – to sh…
The Anti‐Politics of Climate Finance: The Creation and Performativity of the Green Climate Fund
This paper is an empirical case study of the institutional design process of the Green Climate Fund (GCF) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change from December 2011 to May 2014. Powerful countries, corporations and banks have favoured a deepening of neoliberal environmental governance, while civil society actors have argued over retaining movement concepts, won small representational victories, while participating in a proces…
How do Investors Value Environmental Harm/Care? Private Equity Funds, Development Finance Institutions and the Partial Financialization of Nature-based Industries
Private equity funds, mostly domiciled in secrecy jurisdictions, are dominant investors in the resource-based economies of Africa. Some of the investments that these funds make have been speculative and based on perceived high-value 'futures' in biodiversity, bio-fuels and land, carbon capture or strategic minerals. However, private equity funds are also heavily invested in mining, energy and infrastructure, which also generate wealth from the no…
Secrecy jurisdictions and economic development in Africa: The Role of Sovereign Spaces of Exception in Producing Private Wealth and Public Poverty
This paper reviews the scope and function of secrecy jurisdictions and includes new research data on their extensive use by development finance institutions in delivering official development assistance. In order to establish what these empirical data mean in terms of economic development, the paper builds a theoretical model of secrecy jurisdictions as constructed spaces of exception and exemption. It then reviews how different economic paradigm…
Political economies of corruption beyond liberalism: An interpretative view of Zimbabwe
This paper models the political economy of corruption in the ‘space beyond’ the corruption discourse, using a case study of Zimbabwe. While a critical body of writers have examined the relationship between global neoliberal governance and the anti‐corruption agenda within aid‐recipient states, there is less critical work about the political economy of corruption in pariah and failing states. This paper asks how far political corruption can be ide…
Plans for a Zimbabwe Aid Package: Blueprint for Recovery or Shock Therapy Prescription for Liberalisation
In The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism, Naomi Klein presents Bolivia as an early case of neo-con, neoliberal strategies for capitalising on disasters in order to promote liberalisat
Migrant Remittances and Household Wellbeing in Urban Zimbabwe
Evidence from household surveying in December 2005 in Harare and Bulawayo, Zimbabwe, indicates that a wide network of international migrant remitters are ameliorating the economic crisis in Zimbabwe by sending monetary and in-kind transfers to over 50 per cent of urban households. The research combines quantitative measurement of scale and scope, with demographic and qualitative narrative to build a holistic picture of the typography of receiving…
Corruption and development: The anti-corruption campaigns
This book provides a multidisciplinary interrogation of the global anti-corruption campaigns of the last ten years, arguing that while some positive change is observable, the period is also replete with perverse consequences and unintended outcomes
Corruption and Development: The Anti-Corruption Campaigns
This collection examines anti-corruption campaigns and argues that they have often resulted in perverse and unintended consequences. The book examines how corruption has been addressed (and sometimes
Exploring the Politics of Chronic Poverty: From Representation to a Politics of Justice
Guided Miscreants: Liberalism, Myopias, and the Politics of Representation
Development denied: Autocratic militarism in post-election Zimbabwe
This article examines the recent ideological position of ‘Vote for Development’ which the ZANU-PF government in Zimbabwe pursued during the election campaign of March 2005, and the brief period of freer expression that accompanied the campaign. This strategy of power, the willingness to seemingly embrace democratic process, is then compared with the postelection situation in Zimbabwe, where despite having entrenched themselves in government, the …
Neoclassical and structural analysis of poverty: Winning the ‘Economic Kingdom’ for the poor in Southern Africa
In situations characterised by historical injustice in the distribution of economic resources, such as in many southern African 'settler' countries, there is a powerful intuitive case that ameliorative and palliative public policy is insufficient to significantly affect poverty reduction. This is because of the dulling effects on growth caused by significant structural inequality in the distribution of resources. However, the proposition that ine…
Africa, Imperialism & New Forms of Accumulation
The profound hypocrisy
Regulating Capital in Accumulation: Negotiating the Imperial 'Frontier
There are three major propositions that underpin this article. First that the poorest countries are still incorporated into the global economy in adverse terms, or in a way once described by the dependency and neo-marxist schools as 'dependent'. Second, that this is not because of neutral, market driven features of globalisation or comparative advantage, but by deliberate and political intervention by people and institutions of the richer countri…
Africa: Imperialism Goes Naked
The profound hypocrisy and inherent barbarism of bourgeois civilization lies unveiled before our eyes, moving from its home, where it assumes respectable form, to the colonies, where it goes naked (Karl Marx, "The Future Results of British Rule in India," New York Daily Tribune, January 22, 1853).This article can also be found at the Monthly Review website, where most recent articles are published in full.Click here to purchase a PDF version of t…
Exploring the Politics of Chronic Poverty: From Representation to a Politics of Justice
Performativity in the Green Economy: How far does climate finance create a fictive economy
This paper asks how far performativity in the Green Economy generates material or virtual assets. It examines the relationship between assets and their financial derivatives, asking how far the value of ‘carbon’ or ‘green’ can be directly attributed to its social and narrative construction. The paper draws on two case studies – one of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) in South Africa, the other of the global private green bonds market – to sh…
Financialisation, Climate Finance, and the Calculative Challenges of Managing Environmental Change
This article describes the emergent and unstable dispositif of climate finance that is being built from iterative experiments in climate finance provision. The article provides a periodisation of different phases of climate finance from the 1990s onward using examples from REDD +, ecosystem services, the Green Climate Fund, green bonds, and insurance‐based derivatives, and connects this periodisation to broader processes of financialisation. It a…
Climate finance governance: Fit for purpose
This article consists of a critical review of the conceptual scholarship on the governance of climate finance and includes an overview of the institutional arrangements and governance logics that provide climate finance. New decentralized, polycentric structures allow for climate finance to more effectively reach the sub‐ and non‐state actors most directly implementing climate change governance. However, the expansion of climate finance into mark…
The Anti‐Politics of Climate Finance: The Creation and Performativity of the Green Climate Fund
This paper is an empirical case study of the institutional design process of the Green Climate Fund (GCF) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change from December 2011 to May 2014. Powerful countries, corporations and banks have favoured a deepening of neoliberal environmental governance, while civil society actors have argued over retaining movement concepts, won small representational victories, while participating in a proces…
Development denied: Autocratic militarism in post-election Zimbabwe
This article examines the recent ideological position of ‘Vote for Development’ which the ZANU-PF government in Zimbabwe pursued during the election campaign of March 2005, and the brief period of freer expression that accompanied the campaign. This strategy of power, the willingness to seemingly embrace democratic process, is then compared with the postelection situation in Zimbabwe, where despite having entrenched themselves in government, the …
Africa, Imperialism & New Forms of Accumulation
The profound hypocrisy
Corruption & State Capture: What Can Citizens Do
Given South Africa's recent history of corrupt state capture, the country faces two possible futures: a further decline into spoils politics or a return to an improved constitutional democracy. This essay argues that the latter is more likely in the long run, but is by no means guaranteed. Achieving such a future requires public administrators, citizens, the private sector, and top lawmakers to insist on a public-focused social order. This essay …
How do Investors Value Environmental Harm/Care? Private Equity Funds, Development Finance Institutions and the Partial Financialization of Nature-based Industries
Private equity funds, mostly domiciled in secrecy jurisdictions, are dominant investors in the resource-based economies of Africa. Some of the investments that these funds make have been speculative and based on perceived high-value 'futures' in biodiversity, bio-fuels and land, carbon capture or strategic minerals. However, private equity funds are also heavily invested in mining, energy and infrastructure, which also generate wealth from the no…
Migrant Remittances and Household Wellbeing in Urban Zimbabwe
Evidence from household surveying in December 2005 in Harare and Bulawayo, Zimbabwe, indicates that a wide network of international migrant remitters are ameliorating the economic crisis in Zimbabwe by sending monetary and in-kind transfers to over 50 per cent of urban households. The research combines quantitative measurement of scale and scope, with demographic and qualitative narrative to build a holistic picture of the typography of receiving…
Secrecy jurisdictions and economic development in Africa: The Role of Sovereign Spaces of Exception in Producing Private Wealth and Public Poverty
This paper reviews the scope and function of secrecy jurisdictions and includes new research data on their extensive use by development finance institutions in delivering official development assistance. In order to establish what these empirical data mean in terms of economic development, the paper builds a theoretical model of secrecy jurisdictions as constructed spaces of exception and exemption. It then reviews how different economic paradigm…
Turning investments green in bond markets: Qualification, devices and morality
This paper explores the issuance and growth of transition and sustainability-linked bonds into the green market segment normally reserved for green bonds between 2018 and 2021. Using a performative economics and STS approach we examine how key terms within environmental political discourse – transition, green, sustainability – have been incorporated into the operation of investment markets, and given specific, if unstable and contested, technico-…
Black economic empowerment policy in Durban, eThekwini, South Africa: Economic justice, economic fraud and ‘leaving money on the table’
Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) policy in South Africa is intended to mitigate the economic disadvantage of apartheid and contribute to inclusive growth and development. This article examines perspectives on BEE from economic actors and accreditation agencies in eThekwini between 2012 and 2016. The article finds that BEE policy has contributed to building a political economy of connectivity and concession embedded in localised categorical framin…
Regulating Capital in Accumulation: Negotiating the Imperial 'Frontier
There are three major propositions that underpin this article. First that the poorest countries are still incorporated into the global economy in adverse terms, or in a way once described by the dependency and neo-marxist schools as 'dependent'. Second, that this is not because of neutral, market driven features of globalisation or comparative advantage, but by deliberate and political intervention by people and institutions of the richer countri…
Structural adjustment: Why it wasn't necessary & why it did work
The ultimate measure of the awesome power, and the fundamental violence, of unfettered abstraction is to be found in the millions upon millions of nameless corpses which this most vicious of centuries has left as its memorial (Sayer, 1991:155). Everyone is the most important person in democracy. (IDASA at HYPERLINK http:// www.idasa.org.za on 10 February 1999). This article provides a critical understanding of the broader historical context of st…
Climate change governance by central banks in an era of interlocking crises
In this article, we survey the literature on central bank action on climate change, focusing particularly on how the combined crises of COVID-19, inflation, and Ukraine have affected this action. We argue that the current situation is a critical juncture in which recent crises have created a highly indeterminate situation regarding what central banks might do regarding climate change. To date, some central banks have used these crises as opportun…
Green bond market practices: Exploring the Moral 'Balance' of Environmental and Financial Values
This paper explores why and how green bond investors apply environmental and financial morality. It analyses the coproduction of environmental and financial values in green bond markets using digital ethnography, industry literature and interviews with investors during 2019–2022. It analyses how green bond investors explain and narrate their diverse market practices in the balancing of financial and ethical returns, converging in an unstable spac…
Guided Miscreants: Liberalism, Myopias, and the Politics of Representation
Neoclassical and structural analysis of poverty: Winning the ‘Economic Kingdom’ for the poor in Southern Africa
In situations characterised by historical injustice in the distribution of economic resources, such as in many southern African 'settler' countries, there is a powerful intuitive case that ameliorative and palliative public policy is insufficient to significantly affect poverty reduction. This is because of the dulling effects on growth caused by significant structural inequality in the distribution of resources. However, the proposition that ine…
Plans for a Zimbabwe Aid Package: Blueprint for Recovery or Shock Therapy Prescription for Liberalisation
In The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism, Naomi Klein presents Bolivia as an early case of neo-con, neoliberal strategies for capitalising on disasters in order to promote liberalisat
The Lesotho highlands corruption trial: Who has been airbrushed from the dock
The Lesotho government has taken four British business groups to court, charging them with paying bribes to the chief executive, Masupha Sole, of the Lesotho Highlands Water Authority. The companies, Balf our Beatty, Sir Alexander Gibb and Co, Stirling International Civil Engineering and Kier International are charged alongside the Swiss‐Swedish group, ABB, Impregilo of Italy, Acres International of Canada and Sogreah, Dumez and Cegelec of France…
Structural adjustment: Why it wasn't necessary & why it did work
The ultimate measure of the awesome power, and the fundamental violence, of unfettered abstraction is to be found in the millions upon millions of nameless corpses which this most vicious of centuries has left as its memorial (Sayer, 1991:155). Everyone is the most important person in democracy. (IDASA at HYPERLINK http:// www.idasa.org.za on 10 February 1999). This article provides a critical understanding of the broader historical context of st…
The Kenya Sareat international Idea democracy workshop
The report of the Nairobi workshop on 22 June 2000 which follows forms part of a pilot project of democracy assessments conducted under the auspices of the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA) in Stockholm, and its Director of applied research, Dr. Patrick Molutsi. The purpose of these country assessments is to answer such questions as 'How democratic are we? How much progress have we made? Which are the issues th…
The uncertain future of bilateralism or, ‘it takes two fingers to kill a louse’
Economic and political accounts of events often exist as distinct texts which can obscure the political economy of the subject under discussion. In the analysis of bilateral relations this is particularly evident in the new orthodoxy which takes as given that there is a necessary accommodation which must be made with the requirements of ‘modern’ globalisation to ensure international competitiveness. This has caused many economic policy issues to …
The Lesotho highlands corruption trial: Who has been airbrushed from the dock
The Lesotho government has taken four British business groups to court, charging them with paying bribes to the chief executive, Masupha Sole, of the Lesotho Highlands Water Authority. The companies, Balf our Beatty, Sir Alexander Gibb and Co, Stirling International Civil Engineering and Kier International are charged alongside the Swiss‐Swedish group, ABB, Impregilo of Italy, Acres International of Canada and Sogreah, Dumez and Cegelec of France…
The State of Democracy: Democracy Assessments in Eight Nations Around the World
The State of Democracy: Democracy Assessments in Eight Nations Around the World is the robust and sensitive study of democratisation in eight very different countries at varying stages of democratisation – Bangladesh, El Salvador, Italy, Kenya, Malawi, New Zealand, Peru and South Korea. This unique comparative study first presents the findings of in-country teams of experts in the eight countries on the state of democracy in their own country; an…
Africa, Imperialism & New Forms of Accumulation
The profound hypocrisy
Regulating Capital in Accumulation: Negotiating the Imperial 'Frontier
There are three major propositions that underpin this article. First that the poorest countries are still incorporated into the global economy in adverse terms, or in a way once described by the dependency and neo-marxist schools as 'dependent'. Second, that this is not because of neutral, market driven features of globalisation or comparative advantage, but by deliberate and political intervention by people and institutions of the richer countri…
Africa: Imperialism Goes Naked
The profound hypocrisy and inherent barbarism of bourgeois civilization lies unveiled before our eyes, moving from its home, where it assumes respectable form, to the colonies, where it goes naked (Karl Marx, "The Future Results of British Rule in India," New York Daily Tribune, January 22, 1853).This article can also be found at the Monthly Review website, where most recent articles are published in full.Click here to purchase a PDF version of t…
Neoclassical and structural analysis of poverty: Winning the ‘Economic Kingdom’ for the poor in Southern Africa
In situations characterised by historical injustice in the distribution of economic resources, such as in many southern African 'settler' countries, there is a powerful intuitive case that ameliorative and palliative public policy is insufficient to significantly affect poverty reduction. This is because of the dulling effects on growth caused by significant structural inequality in the distribution of resources. However, the proposition that ine…
Exploring the Politics of Chronic Poverty: From Representation to a Politics of Justice
Guided Miscreants: Liberalism, Myopias, and the Politics of Representation
Development denied: Autocratic militarism in post-election Zimbabwe
This article examines the recent ideological position of ‘Vote for Development’ which the ZANU-PF government in Zimbabwe pursued during the election campaign of March 2005, and the brief period of freer expression that accompanied the campaign. This strategy of power, the willingness to seemingly embrace democratic process, is then compared with the postelection situation in Zimbabwe, where despite having entrenched themselves in government, the …
Corruption and development: The anti-corruption campaigns
This book provides a multidisciplinary interrogation of the global anti-corruption campaigns of the last ten years, arguing that while some positive change is observable, the period is also replete with perverse consequences and unintended outcomes
Corruption and Development: The Anti-Corruption Campaigns
This collection examines anti-corruption campaigns and argues that they have often resulted in perverse and unintended consequences. The book examines how corruption has been addressed (and sometimes
Political economies of corruption beyond liberalism: An interpretative view of Zimbabwe
This paper models the political economy of corruption in the ‘space beyond’ the corruption discourse, using a case study of Zimbabwe. While a critical body of writers have examined the relationship between global neoliberal governance and the anti‐corruption agenda within aid‐recipient states, there is less critical work about the political economy of corruption in pariah and failing states. This paper asks how far political corruption can be ide…
Plans for a Zimbabwe Aid Package: Blueprint for Recovery or Shock Therapy Prescription for Liberalisation
In The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism, Naomi Klein presents Bolivia as an early case of neo-con, neoliberal strategies for capitalising on disasters in order to promote liberalisat
Migrant Remittances and Household Wellbeing in Urban Zimbabwe
Evidence from household surveying in December 2005 in Harare and Bulawayo, Zimbabwe, indicates that a wide network of international migrant remitters are ameliorating the economic crisis in Zimbabwe by sending monetary and in-kind transfers to over 50 per cent of urban households. The research combines quantitative measurement of scale and scope, with demographic and qualitative narrative to build a holistic picture of the typography of receiving…
How do Investors Value Environmental Harm/Care? Private Equity Funds, Development Finance Institutions and the Partial Financialization of Nature-based Industries
Private equity funds, mostly domiciled in secrecy jurisdictions, are dominant investors in the resource-based economies of Africa. Some of the investments that these funds make have been speculative and based on perceived high-value 'futures' in biodiversity, bio-fuels and land, carbon capture or strategic minerals. However, private equity funds are also heavily invested in mining, energy and infrastructure, which also generate wealth from the no…
Secrecy jurisdictions and economic development in Africa: The Role of Sovereign Spaces of Exception in Producing Private Wealth and Public Poverty
This paper reviews the scope and function of secrecy jurisdictions and includes new research data on their extensive use by development finance institutions in delivering official development assistance. In order to establish what these empirical data mean in terms of economic development, the paper builds a theoretical model of secrecy jurisdictions as constructed spaces of exception and exemption. It then reviews how different economic paradigm…
Performativity in the Green Economy: How far does climate finance create a fictive economy
This paper asks how far performativity in the Green Economy generates material or virtual assets. It examines the relationship between assets and their financial derivatives, asking how far the value of ‘carbon’ or ‘green’ can be directly attributed to its social and narrative construction. The paper draws on two case studies – one of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) in South Africa, the other of the global private green bonds market – to sh…
The Anti‐Politics of Climate Finance: The Creation and Performativity of the Green Climate Fund
This paper is an empirical case study of the institutional design process of the Green Climate Fund (GCF) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change from December 2011 to May 2014. Powerful countries, corporations and banks have favoured a deepening of neoliberal environmental governance, while civil society actors have argued over retaining movement concepts, won small representational victories, while participating in a proces…
Diamond pricing and valuation in South Africa’s extractive political economy
This article explores the valuation and marketisation of diamonds in South Africa from 2004 to 2012. It argues that there is no positivist foundation for a ‘real’ or ‘fair’ price from which derogations can be measured, which constitutes a challenge for establishing transfer pricing in the context of tax justice. Instead, there is a performative valuation process wherein artificial underlying values are assigned which then condition prices and tax…
Structural Adjustment Policies
Structural adjustment policies defined an era of development in the global South following the debt crisis of the early 1980s and ending with the move to poverty‐reduction strategy papers at the end of the 1990s. They were technically designed to balance the external payments of countries by attracting inward foreign direct investment and by increasing export competitiveness and growth. Structural adjustment programs were sponsored by the Bretton…
Corruption & State Capture: What Can Citizens Do
Given South Africa's recent history of corrupt state capture, the country faces two possible futures: a further decline into spoils politics or a return to an improved constitutional democracy. This essay argues that the latter is more likely in the long run, but is by no means guaranteed. Achieving such a future requires public administrators, citizens, the private sector, and top lawmakers to insist on a public-focused social order. This essay …
Black economic empowerment policy in Durban, eThekwini, South Africa: Economic justice, economic fraud and ‘leaving money on the table’
Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) policy in South Africa is intended to mitigate the economic disadvantage of apartheid and contribute to inclusive growth and development. This article examines perspectives on BEE from economic actors and accreditation agencies in eThekwini between 2012 and 2016. The article finds that BEE policy has contributed to building a political economy of connectivity and concession embedded in localised categorical framin…
Economics (28 works) · Political science (27 works) · Law (17 works) · Political economy (16 works) · Politics (16 works) · Law (14 works) · Development economics (12 works) · Finance (11 works) · Sociology (11 works) · Economic growth (8 works)