Anne Kouvonen
Biographic Data
| ID | 257907 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Anne Kouvonen |
| GIVEN NAMES | Anne |
| FAMILY NAME | Kouvonen |
| SIGNATURE | KOUVONEN A |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Helsinki |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-6997-8312 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 62 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 93 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 62 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2001 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 6 |
Belonging and Discrimination in Times of Social Disruption: A Longitudinal Population-Based Study of Long-Settled Older Russian-Speaking Migrants
At its core, migrants’ integration involves developing a sense of belonging to their society of residence, which may be particularly challenging for older migrants. Even if belonging has been established, it is an ongoing and dynamic process that responds to sociopolitical events. This study examines the sense of belonging among long-settled older Russian-speaking migrants in Finland. It examined the period between 2019 and 2022, which included t…
Life-course socioeconomic circumstances and changes in leisure-time physical activity among young and early midlife employees
While socioeconomic differences in leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) are well established, less is known about the contribution of socioeconomic factors to changes in LTPA. This study examined the associations between life-course socioeconomic position (SEP) and changes in LTPA over a 5-year follow-up among young and early midlife employees. This study used the Helsinki Health Study follow-up survey data, comprised of employees of the City of…
Cultural activities and all-cause mortality among Finnish adults: A 19-year follow-up
The results corroborate the findings of earlier research showing that cultural activity is associated with lower all-cause mortality. However, the possibility of reversed causality or the role of unmeasured factors cannot be ruled out, even though a range of relevant confounders were controlled for. Assessing the mechanisms behind the association was beyond the scope of this study. The study suggests that engagement in cultural activities could b…
Paths to Subjective Poverty Among Midlife and Older Russian‐Speaking Migrants: A Data Mining Approach Using the General Unary Hypotheses Automaton
In the Nordic countries, older migrants experience higher poverty rates compared with the majority population. Research on this issue highlights a gap in understanding the complex interplay of ageing, migration and poverty risks. Using the General Unary Hypotheses Automaton (GUHA) data mining approach, we identified various factor combinations that contribute to subjective poverty experiences. We analysed data from the 2019 Care, Health, and Agei…
Persisting inequalities in the digitalized society: Migrant women facing coercive dimensions of everyday digitalization
Understanding the ubiquitous digitalization of everyday life and associated inequalities presupposes rich conceptualizations of the associated social dynamics. Accordingly, we investigate digital service domestication as a social dimension of people’s lives, building on concepts that center users’ everyday lives and agency. We adopt the perspective of people who find the use of digital services difficult and examine the hurdles they face when att…
Migration and Diverse Belongings in a Neighbourhood Context: Population‐Based Study of Older Russian‐Speaking Migrants in Finland
Belonging is a fundamental human experience that plays a critical role in shaping individuals' connections to their communities. Establishing a sense of belonging to a destination society can be particularly challenging for older migrants. Neighbourhood factors and the broader regional context may influence one's sense of belonging to various communities. However, research exploring how neighbourhood‐level factors relate to different types of bel…
Decision‐chain integrity and sustainment of the individual placement and support model: An embedded single case study in Finland
The individual placement and support (IPS) model is an evidence‐based practice proven effective in aiding individuals with mental disorders to achieve and maintain competitive employment. This study examines how policy and structural factors are perceived to influence the model's sustainment as routine practice after a national development project in Finland. We aim to identify critical dimensions related to decision‐making at the national, regio…
Explanations for sickness absence due to common mental disorders: A narrative study of young health and social care workers
Over recent decades, sickness absence due to common mental disorders has increased among young workers. The phenomenon is mostly understood on the basis of epidemiological research, and knowledge regarding the viewpoints of young workers themselves is lacking. Our study explored the explanations for mental health-related sickness absence in the narrative accounts of young workers in high-risk health and social care occupations. Semi-structured na…
Neighbourhood Ethnic Density, Local Language Skills, and Loneliness among Older Migrants—A Population-Based Study on Russian Speakers in Finland
So far, little attention has been paid to contextual factors shaping loneliness and their interaction with individual characteristics. Moreover, the few existing studies have not included older migrants, identified as a group who are vulnerable to loneliness. This study examined the association between neighbourhood ethnic density (the proportion of own-group residents and the proportion of other ethnic residents in an area) and loneliness among …
Electronic identification (e-ID) as a socio-technical system moderating migrants' access to essential public services – The case of Finland
Many welfare state services have rapidly become ‘digital by default’. Electronic identification (e-ID) technology is needed for secure identification authentication with regard to digital services. This study uses socio-technical systems theory to analyse the development and transfer of e-ID technology in the context of public-private partnerships (PPPs). Recent studies have shown that the ‘digital divide’ is prominent between ethnic minorities a…
Is digitalisation of public health and social welfare services reinforcing social exclusion? The case of Russian-speaking older migrants in Finland
Governments are rapidly digitalising public services to increase cost-effectiveness of the public sector. This study examines older migrants’ use of digital public health and social welfare services from the perspective of social exclusion. The study uses a mixed methods approach, drawing on representative survey data of Russian-speaking migrants in Finland and qualitative interviews with third-sector representatives who assist Russian-speaking m…
Health and self-perceived barriers to internet use among older migrants: A population-based study
In general, older migrants with declining health experience more barriers to internet use than their counterparts with better health. To provide better access to healthcare for older adults, including older migrants, rapidly changing devices, software and apps need to be modified and adapted for those with specific health-related needs
Occupational Class Differences in Emotional Exhaustion Among Municipal Employees – The Role of Employment Sector and Psychosocial Working Conditions
Studies examining occupational class differences in burnout symptoms across employment sectors are scarce. The aim of this study was to examine whether occupational class is associated with emotional exhaustion, and whether there are differences in the examined associations between employment sectors. A further aim was to examine to which extent psychosocial working conditions may explain these associations. Survey data were collected in 2017 amo…
Trajectories of Insomnia Symptoms Among Aging Employees and Their Associations With Memory, Learning Ability, and Concentration After Retirement - A Prospective Cohort Study (2000–2017)
Early detection of insomnia symptoms would be a potential intervention point to improve both sleep quality and prevent cognitive decline in later life. However, intervention studies are needed
Assessing Nurses' Workplace Social Capital: A Study Protocol for Culturally Appropriate Instrument Development
Workplace social capital positively influences the quality but reduces the cost of healthcare services. Academic research suffers from limited and inadequate culturally sensitive nurses' workplace social capital instruments. Here we report on the design and protocol of a culturally focused instrument development study in China. The overarching objective of our dual phase study is to develop and validate a questionnaire measuring nurses' workplace…
Preparedness for mass gatherings: Planning elements identified through the Delphi process
Mass gatherings create a need for careful pre-planning and preparedness due to their impact on authorities' resources and potential delays in response for emergencies. The aim of this study was to investigate all aspects of preparedness for mass gatherings from a multi-sector expert board's point of view. Delphi-process was carried out involving experts from rescue service, emergency medical services, event organizers and on-site medical care pro…
Digital Information Technology Use and Transnational Healthcare: A Population-Based Study on Older Russian-Speaking Migrants in Finland
This study examines the association between digital information technology (DIT) use and the utilization of transnational healthcare (THC) in older migrants, and investigates how this relationship depends on social integration or perceived discrimination in health services in the destination country. The data from a population-based study conducted in Finland in 2019, which targeted Russian-speaking residents aged 50 and above (n = 1082) nationwi…
Unmet need for mental health medication within the migrant population of Northern Ireland: A record linkage study
Background Migrant populations are particularly at risk of not receiving the care for mental ill-health that they require for a range of reasons, including language and other barriers to health service access. This record linkage study compares, for migrant and settled communities, the likelihood that a person in Northern Ireland with poor mental health will receive psychotropic medication. Methods A cohort of 78 267 people aged 16–64 years (incl…
Preparedness for Mass Gatherings: Factors to Consider According to the Rescue Authorities
Background : Mass gatherings cause a need for multi-authority preparedness in order to ensure the safety of the event participants and to minimize delays in response for emergencies. Rescue authorities are key players in the pre-planning phase; however, their own point of view regarding all aspects of preparedness for mass gatherings is not well known. The aim of this study was to investigate what factors, according to the rescue authorities, nee…
Socioeconomic Differences in Occupational Health Service Utilization and Sickness Absence Due to Mental Disorders: A Register-Based Retrospective Cohort Study
Occupational health service (OHS) is the main provider of primary care services for the working population in Finland. We investigated whether socioeconomic differences in the utilization of OHS predict sickness absence (SA) due to mental disorders. We used register linkage data covering the employees of the City of Helsinki aged 18-34 years ( N = 6545) and 35-54 years ( N = 15,296) from 2009 to 2014. The outcome was medically certified long-term…
Timing of Entry into Paid Employment, Adverse Physical Work Exposures and Health: The Young Helsinki Health Study
It is not well known how the timing of entry into paid employment and physical work exposures contribute to different health outcomes in young employees. Thus, we determined the associations of age at entry into paid employment and physical work exposures with general and mental health in young employees and determined whether associations differ by behavior-related risk factors. Data were collected via online and mailed surveys in autumn 2017 fr…
Development and content validity of the Abilitator: A self-report questionnaire on work ability and functioning aimed at the population in a weak labour market position
It was highlighted that the original article [1] contained an ambiguity in the citation of Reference 2 in the Results section
Antidepressant medication use among working age first-generation migrants resident in Finland: An administrative data linkage study
The gender and country of origin dependent use of antidepressant medication is discussed in terms of socio-political and cultural between-group differences. Recommendations are made to address inequalities in accessing services, particularly for migrants from non-Western countries
Ethnic Inequalities in Psychological Distress: A Population Data Linkage Study on the Pacific Island of Guåhån/Guam
Psychological distress and mental illness has been found to be elevated in migrant groups living in sovereign countries, as well as for indigenous people living under colonial or administrative rule. The north Pacific island of Guam is unusual in its ethnic composition as it has no majority ethnic group, has a large indigenous population and remains a territory of the U.S. This study aimed to identify ethnic differences in self-reported psycholog…
Parental Social Support and Adolescent Well-Being: A Cross-Sectional Study in China
Social capital at work as a predictor of employee health: Multilevel evidence from work units in Finland
Average household income, crime, and smoking behaviour in a local area: The Finnish 10-Town study
Socioeconomic Position, Co-Occurrence of Behavior-Related Risk Factors, and Coronary Heart Disease: The Finnish Public Sector Study
Objectives. We examined the associations between socioeconomic position, co-occurrence of behavior-related risk factors, and the effect of these factors on the relative and absolute socioeconomic gradients in coronary heart disease. Methods. We obtained the socioeconomic position of 9337 men and 39 255 women who were local government employees aged 17–65 years from employers’ records (the Public Sector Study, Finland). A questionnaire survey in 2…
Work stress, smoking status, and smoking intensity: An observational study of 46 190 employees
Study objective: To examine the relation between work stress, as indicated by the job strain model, and the effort-reward imbalance model, and smoking. Setting: Ten municipalities and 21 hospitals in Finland. Design and participants: Binary logistic regression models for the prevalence of smoking were related to survey responses of 37 309 female and 8881 male Finnish public sector employees aged 17–65. Separate multinomial logistic regression mod…
Prospective study of workplace social capital and depression: Are vertical and horizontal components equally important
BACKGROUND: Recent studies have emphasised the multidimensional nature of the social capital concept, but it is not known whether the health effects of social capital vary by dimension. The objective of this study was to examine the vertical component (ie, respectful and trusting relationships across power differentials at work) and the horizontal component of workplace social capital (trust and reciprocity between employees at the same hierarchi…
Negative Aspects of Close Relationships as a Predictor of Increased Body Mass Index and Waist Circumference: The Whitehall II Study
Objectives. We investigated whether exposure to negative aspects of close relationships was associated with subsequent increase in body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference. Methods. Data came from a prospective cohort study (Whitehall II) of 9425 civil servants aged 35 to 55 years at baseline (phase 1: 1985–1988). We assessed negative aspects of close relationships with the Close Persons Questionnaire (range 0–12) at phases 1 and 2 (1989–199…
Higher effort–reward imbalance and lower job control predict exit from the labour market at the age of 61 years or younger: Evidence from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing
BACKGROUND: We examined whether higher effort-reward imbalance (ERI) and lower job control are associated with exit from the labour market. METHODS: There were 1263 participants aged 50-74 years from the English Longitudinal Study on Ageing with data on working status and work-related psychosocial factors at baseline (wave 2; 2004-2005), and working status at follow-up (wave 5; 2010-2011). Psychosocial factors at work were assessed using a short …
Workplace Social Capital and All-Cause Mortality: A Prospective Cohort Study of 28 043 Public-Sector Employees in Finland
Objectives. We examined the association between workplace social capital and all-cause mortality in a large occupational cohort from Finland. Methods. We linked responses of 28 043 participants to surveys in 2000 to 2002 and in 2004 to national mortality registers through 2009. We used repeated measurements of self- and coworker-assessed social capital. We carried out Cox proportional hazard and fixed-effects logistic regressions. Results. During…
Lack of Predictability at Work and Risk of Acute Myocardial Infarction: An 18-Year Prospective Study of Industrial Employees
Objectives. We examined whether the distinctive components of job control—decision authority, skill discretion, and predictability—were related to subsequent acute myocardial infarction (MI) events in a large population of initially heart disease–free industrial employees. Methods. We prospectively examined the relation between the components of job control and acute MI among private-sector industrial employees. During an 18-year follow-up, 56 fa…
Electronic identification (e-ID) as a socio-technical system moderating migrants' access to essential public services – The case of Finland
Many welfare state services have rapidly become ‘digital by default’. Electronic identification (e-ID) technology is needed for secure identification authentication with regard to digital services. This study uses socio-technical systems theory to analyse the development and transfer of e-ID technology in the context of public-private partnerships (PPPs). Recent studies have shown that the ‘digital divide’ is prominent between ethnic minorities a…
Parental Social Support and Adolescent Well-Being: A Cross-Sectional Study in China
Migration and Diverse Belongings in a Neighbourhood Context: Population‐Based Study of Older Russian‐Speaking Migrants in Finland
Belonging is a fundamental human experience that plays a critical role in shaping individuals' connections to their communities. Establishing a sense of belonging to a destination society can be particularly challenging for older migrants. Neighbourhood factors and the broader regional context may influence one's sense of belonging to various communities. However, research exploring how neighbourhood‐level factors relate to different types of bel…
Is digitalisation of public health and social welfare services reinforcing social exclusion? The case of Russian-speaking older migrants in Finland
Governments are rapidly digitalising public services to increase cost-effectiveness of the public sector. This study examines older migrants’ use of digital public health and social welfare services from the perspective of social exclusion. The study uses a mixed methods approach, drawing on representative survey data of Russian-speaking migrants in Finland and qualitative interviews with third-sector representatives who assist Russian-speaking m…
Implementation of Workplace-Based Smoking Cessation Support Activities and Smoking Cessation Among Employees: The Finnish Public Sector Study
Objectives. We investigated the relationship between implementation of workplace smoking cessation support activities and employee smoking cessation. Methods. In 2 cohort studies, participants were 6179 Finnish public-sector employees who self-reported as smokers at baseline in 2004 (study 1) or 2008 (study 2) and responded to follow-up surveys in 2008 (study 1; n = 3298; response rate = 71%) or 2010 (study 2; n = 2881; response rate = 83%). Supe…
Social Participation and Maintaining Recommended Waist Circumference: Prospective Evidence From the English Longitudinal Study of Aging
Participation in cultural and charitable activities may help in maintaining a recommended level of WC in older men with WC originally in the recommended range
Organisational merger and psychiatric morbidity: A prospective study in a changing work organisation
A negative change in work organisation during an organisational merger may elevate the risk for postmerger psychiatric morbidity
Sense of coherence and psychiatric morbidity: A 19-year register-based prospective study
BACKGROUND: Most prospective studies on the relationship between sense of coherence (SOC) and mental health have been conducted using subjective health indicators and short-term follow-ups. The objective of this prospective occupational cohort study was to examine whether a strong sense of coherence is a protective factor against psychiatric disorders over a long period of time. METHODS: The study was conducted in a multinational forest industry …
Part-time work and delinquency among Finnish adolescents
Part-time work and delinquency among Finnish adolescents
Relationship Between Work Stress and Body Mass Index Among 45,810 Female and Male Employees
OBJECTIVE: The proportion of overweight and obese people has grown rapidly, and obesity has now been widely recognized as an important public health problem. At the same time, stress has increased in working life. The 2 problems could be connected if work stress promotes unhealthy eating habits and sedentary behavior and thereby contributes to weight gain. This study explored the association between work stress and body mass index (BMI; kg/m2). M…
Job Characteristics and Burnout among Aging Professionals in Information and Communications Technology
The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between job characteristics and burnout, i.e., exhaustion, cynicism and lack of professional efficacy, in a sample of 115 (49- to 61-yr.-old) information and communications technology professionals. Questionnaire survey data were collected at two time points. In 1995 (Time 1), higher quantitative overload and lower job control were associated with higher exhaustion. Job control was negatively …
Work stress, smoking status, and smoking intensity: An observational study of 46 190 employees
Study objective: To examine the relation between work stress, as indicated by the job strain model, and the effort-reward imbalance model, and smoking. Setting: Ten municipalities and 21 hospitals in Finland. Design and participants: Binary logistic regression models for the prevalence of smoking were related to survey responses of 37 309 female and 8881 male Finnish public sector employees aged 17–65. Separate multinomial logistic regression mod…
Work stress in the etiology of coronary heart disease—a meta-analysis
Effort-reward imbalance at work and the co-occurrence of lifestyle risk factors: Cross-sectional survey in a sample of 36,127 public sector employees
This study suggests that a high ratio of occupational efforts relative to rewards may be associated with an elevated risk of having multiple lifestyle risk factors. However, an unexpected association between low effort and a higher likelihood of risk factor co-occurrence as well as the absence of data on overcommitment (and thereby a lack of full test of the ERI model) warrant caution in regard to the extent to which the entire ERI model is suppo…
Psychometric evaluation of a short measure of social capital at work
Psychometric techniques show our 8-item measure of social capital to be a valid tool reflecting the construct and displaying the postulated links with other variables
Organisational justice and smoking: The Finnish public sector study
Objective: To examine the extent to which the justice of decision-making procedures and interpersonal relationships is associated with smoking. Setting: 10 municipalities and 21 hospitals in Finland. Design and participants: Cross-sectional data derived from the Finnish Public Sector Study were analysed with logistic regression analysis models with generalised estimating equations. Analyses of smoking status were based on data provided by 34 021 …
Kivimäki Et Al. Respond
We welcome Ljung and Hallqvist’s evidence from the Stockholm Heart Epidemiology Program (SHEEP) case-control study1 and confirm that they picked up a typographical error in our Table 2 (they are correct that the number should be 213 and not 283), the analyses being based on correct figures.2 Studies suggest a greater number of risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD) are present in low than in high socioeconomic groups, but a reasonably simi…
Socioeconomic Position, Co-Occurrence of Behavior-Related Risk Factors, and Coronary Heart Disease: The Finnish Public Sector Study
Objectives. We examined the associations between socioeconomic position, co-occurrence of behavior-related risk factors, and the effect of these factors on the relative and absolute socioeconomic gradients in coronary heart disease. Methods. We obtained the socioeconomic position of 9337 men and 39 255 women who were local government employees aged 17–65 years from employers’ records (the Public Sector Study, Finland). A questionnaire survey in 2…
Average household income, crime, and smoking behaviour in a local area: The Finnish 10-Town study
Sense of coherence and diabetes: A prospective occupational cohort study
The results suggest that besides focusing on well-known risk factors for diabetes, strengthening SOC in employees of = <50 years of age can also play a role in attempts to tackle increasing rates of diabetes
Relationship between job strain and smoking cessation: The Finnish Public Sector Study
Smoking cessation may be less likely in workplaces with high strain and low control. Policies and programs addressing employee job strain and control might also contribute to the effectiveness of smoking cessation interventions
The effects of job demands and low job control on work–family conflict: The role of fairness in decision making and management
The present study examined whether perceptions of organizational fairness (the procedural and interactional components) were able to diminish the negative effects of high job demands and low job control on the balance between work and family. The study participants were 713 women working in long‐term care for elderly people in Finland. The results showed that high job demands, low job control, and unfair decision making were associated with high …
Lack of Predictability at Work and Risk of Acute Myocardial Infarction: An 18-Year Prospective Study of Industrial Employees
Objectives. We examined whether the distinctive components of job control—decision authority, skill discretion, and predictability—were related to subsequent acute myocardial infarction (MI) events in a large population of initially heart disease–free industrial employees. Methods. We prospectively examined the relation between the components of job control and acute MI among private-sector industrial employees. During an 18-year follow-up, 56 fa…
Social capital at work as a predictor of employee health: Multilevel evidence from work units in Finland
The Role of Work Group in Individual Sickness Absence Behavior
The purpose of our two-year follow-up study was to examine the effect of the social components of the work group, such as group absence norms and cohesion, on sickness absence behavior among individuals with varying attitudes toward work attendance. The social components were measured using a questionnaire survey, and data on sickness absence behavior were collected from the employers' records. The study population consisted of 19,306 Finnish mun…
Prospective study of workplace social capital and depression: Are vertical and horizontal components equally important
BACKGROUND: Recent studies have emphasised the multidimensional nature of the social capital concept, but it is not known whether the health effects of social capital vary by dimension. The objective of this study was to examine the vertical component (ie, respectful and trusting relationships across power differentials at work) and the horizontal component of workplace social capital (trust and reciprocity between employees at the same hierarchi…
Sense of coherence and psychiatric morbidity: A 19-year register-based prospective study
BACKGROUND: Most prospective studies on the relationship between sense of coherence (SOC) and mental health have been conducted using subjective health indicators and short-term follow-ups. The objective of this prospective occupational cohort study was to examine whether a strong sense of coherence is a protective factor against psychiatric disorders over a long period of time. METHODS: The study was conducted in a multinational forest industry …
Globesization’: Ecological evidence on the relationship between fast food outlets and obesity among 26 advanced economies
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the density of fast food restaurants and the prevalence of obesity by gender across affluent nations. Data on Subway's restaurants per 100,000 people and proportions of men and women aged 15 years or older with a body mass index higher or equal than 30 kg/m2 were obtained for 26 of 34 advanced economies. Countries with the highest density of Subway restaurants such as the USA (7.52…
Social Participation and Maintaining Recommended Waist Circumference: Prospective Evidence From the English Longitudinal Study of Aging
Participation in cultural and charitable activities may help in maintaining a recommended level of WC in older men with WC originally in the recommended range
Organisational merger and psychiatric morbidity: A prospective study in a changing work organisation
A negative change in work organisation during an organisational merger may elevate the risk for postmerger psychiatric morbidity
Negative Aspects of Close Relationships as a Predictor of Increased Body Mass Index and Waist Circumference: The Whitehall II Study
Objectives. We investigated whether exposure to negative aspects of close relationships was associated with subsequent increase in body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference. Methods. Data came from a prospective cohort study (Whitehall II) of 9425 civil servants aged 35 to 55 years at baseline (phase 1: 1985–1988). We assessed negative aspects of close relationships with the Close Persons Questionnaire (range 0–12) at phases 1 and 2 (1989–199…
Workplace Social Capital and All-Cause Mortality: A Prospective Cohort Study of 28 043 Public-Sector Employees in Finland
Objectives. We examined the association between workplace social capital and all-cause mortality in a large occupational cohort from Finland. Methods. We linked responses of 28 043 participants to surveys in 2000 to 2002 and in 2004 to national mortality registers through 2009. We used repeated measurements of self- and coworker-assessed social capital. We carried out Cox proportional hazard and fixed-effects logistic regressions. Results. During…
Workplace Social Capital and All-Cause Mortality: A Prospective Cohort Study of 28 043 Public-Sector Employees in Finland
Objectives. We examined the association between workplace social capital and all-cause mortality in a large occupational cohort from Finland. Methods. We linked responses of 28 043 participants to surveys in 2000 to 2002 and in 2004 to national mortality registers through 2009. We used repeated measurements of self- and coworker-assessed social capital. We carried out Cox proportional hazard and fixed-effects logistic regressions. Results. During…
Medicine (44 works) · Population (29 works) · Demography (28 works) · Environmental health (28 works) · Psychology (23 works) · Gerontology (20 works) · Sociology (20 works) · Demography (19 works) · Employment and Welfare Studies (18 works) · Health disparities and outcomes (18 works)