Wilbert M Leonard
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 258680 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Wilbert M Leonard |
| NOMBRES | Wilbert M |
| APELLIDO | Leonard |
| FIRMA | LEONARD W M |
| AFILIACIONES | Illinois State University |
| VERIFICADO | No |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 26 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 114 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 26 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1974 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1997 |
| ÍNDICE H | 7 |
Twenty-Five Years of Stacking Research in Major League Baseball
The longest continuous thread in sport sociology research is the study of stacking. Briefly put, the phenomenon of stacking discussed and analyzed in this essay means the placement of African-American baseball players in non-central positions more often than they are placed in core positions. Most American research studies have been concentrated on the sports of football, soccer, basketball and, to a larger extent, baseball. While discussions of …
The Odds of Transiting from One Level of Sports Participation to Another
The present study contributes to, updates, and extends the literature on sport and social mobility by reconceptualizing and reoperationalizing the odds of attaining college and professional athlete status. Using 1990 U.S. census data and team rosters, rates for achieving college and professional sports “careers” were computed for men and women of color in the most popular U.S. sports. A methodological contribution of this research is that the nor…
Economic Discrimination in Major League Baseball
The concept of marginal revenue product, a mainstay in economic analyses, composed the major dependent in this inquiry. Race/ethnicity was the primary independent variable and the relationship between race/ethnicity and marginal revenue products was examined. Using a variety of descriptive and inferential statistics, it was discovered that there was no evidence that baseball players' racial/ethnic background was related to 'exploitation' nor were…
In Search of an Alternative Explanation of Stacking in Baseball
The stacking of blacks in noncentral positions is a time-consistent feature of professional baseball. It is shown that differential batting and slugging averages between positions are also a structural feature. The structure of stacking as well as its evolution are well explained by the uncertainty thesis, that is, the belief that discrimination and differential barriers to entry are linked to the difficulty and lack of objectivity in assessing p…
A Reexamination of Salary Discrimination in Major League Baseball by Race/Ethnicity
This paper extends previous research examining salary differentials by race/ethnicity in major league baseball. Our analysis adds to previous research by using career statistics for both hitters and pitchers, and, for the pitcher category, both starters and relievers. We also examined race/ethnicity two ways: (a) according to the standard three categories of white, black, and Hispanic and (b) according to five categories—white, black U.S. born, b…
A conceptual replication and extension of erving goffman's study of gender advertisements
Centrality of Position and Managerial Recruitment
Grusky’s seminal investigation of the theoretical linkage between formal structure and organizational leadership, now a quarter of a century old, was replicated and extended. All major league baseball managers between 1876 and 1984 ( N =504) as well as a random sample of players ( n =504) comprised the units of analyses. The empirical results support Grusky’s theory of formal structure and managerial recruitment. Managers were found to be recruit…
Evaluating Ph.D. sociology programs
Salaries and Race/Ethnicity in Major League Baseball
This study refined and extended Christiano’s recent inquiry on race and salaries in major league baseball. Instead of merely dichotomizing the independent variable into black and white, the data were trichotomized into white, black, and Hispanic categories; pitchers, because they were not studied, provided the focal point. A model of salary for pitchers was both specified and tested. Unstandardized regression coefficients (after disaggregating th…
Salaries and Race in Professional Baseball
This study replicated Christiano’s inquiry on race and salaries in major league baseball in 1987. However, instead of merely dichotomizing the independent variable into black and white, the data were trichotomized into white, black, and Hispanic categories. Unstandardized regression coefficients (after disaggregating the observations by race / ethnicity, position, and free agency status) revealed several instances of salary inequities but no syst…
The Odds of Attaining Professional Athlete Status
The present study contributes to and extends the literature on sport and social mobility by refining the computations for the odds of attaining professional athlete status in the U.S. Using 1980 U.S. census data, 1986 and 1987 team rosters, and 1986 lists of money winners, rates for achieving “entry level” professional sport careers were computed for males and females, whites, blacks, Hispanics, Native Americans, and Asian/Pacific Islanders in th…
Performance Characteristics of White, Black, and Hispanic Major League Baseball Players
This study provides a general description of the social characteristics of the 1955, 1965, 1975, and 1984 rosters along with an analysis of the performance differentials of the three major racial/ethnic categories--white, black, and Hispanic-participating in major league baseball. Comparisons, contrasts, and syntheses with previously collected and analyzed data are made. Special attention is focused upon Hispanics since they have been relatively …
Stacking in College Basketball
The relationship between race and position for college basketball players was investigated using a sample of 644 student-athletes at 47 NCAA affiliates. Seven different operationalizations of position, the dependent variable, produced bivariate associations that were negligible and not statistically significant. The introduction of five control variables (NCAA division, playing and scholarship status, sex, and year in school) failed to alter the …
Sport-Identity as Side Bet - Towards Explaining Commitment from an Interactionist Perspective
The symbolic interactionist perspective is used to demonstrate that the substantive area of sport can be conceptually elevated to a more formal level. Becker's formulation of identity as a commitment mechanism is: ( I ) conceptually extended to include more active, diverse, and complex lines of activity, and (2) applied to sport behavior. Sport commitment appears to be an effective tool for the recasting of sport. Directives for future investigat…
Immortalizing the Self Through Sport
The processes through which Americans seek to leave their mark through achievements in sport are explored. The postself is conceptualized as an idealized role-identity that links the present to the future and to the past. Various media forms indicate that athletes and their others frequently become concerned about how they will look to future audiences. The characteristics of the social world of sport that foster concerns about immortality as wel…
Social Value of the Age of the Dying Patient
This research focuses on the influence of nurses' perceptions of the social value of the age of the dying patient on loss and voluntary interaction. Results that were generated inductively in classic studies of social value are more rigorously investigated through a standardized research design. Extraneous variables are controlled through hospital selection and measurement strategies. An inverse relationship between the age of the dying patient a…
A Sociological Perspective of Sport
1.Introduction to the Sociology of Sport. Some Brief Observations of the Social Significance of Sport. Sport as a Concept. Sport in the Social and Behavioral Sciences. Sociological Theories of the Relationship Between Sport and Society. 2.A Brief History of American Sport. 1600 - 1700. 1700 - 1800. 1800 - 1850. 1850 - 1918. 1919 - Present. Characteristics of Modern Sport. How Sociological Theories Explain the Rise of Sport. Industrialization, Urb…
Social Aspects of Sport
Sociology of American Sport
Sport and Social Organization
The NCAA
Economic cartel theory and Sociological social movement theory are used to achieve a socio-economic analysis of the problems and behaviour of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). It is demonstrated that both cartel theory and social movement theory predict substantially similar behavior on the part of the NCAA and its 800-plus member institutions. Specific issues such as "need"scholarships, the possibility that the" big-time"footb…
College Student Attitudes Toward Alternate Civilian Work for Conscientious Objectors
A Survey of Social Psychology
The midwest social society convention
This paper contains a descriptive analysis of the institutions represented at the 1969
Usage of terms for sexual intercourse by men and women
A conceptual replication and extension of erving goffman's study of gender advertisements
Immortalizing the Self Through Sport
The processes through which Americans seek to leave their mark through achievements in sport are explored. The postself is conceptualized as an idealized role-identity that links the present to the future and to the past. Various media forms indicate that athletes and their others frequently become concerned about how they will look to future audiences. The characteristics of the social world of sport that foster concerns about immortality as wel…
Twenty-Five Years of Stacking Research in Major League Baseball
The longest continuous thread in sport sociology research is the study of stacking. Briefly put, the phenomenon of stacking discussed and analyzed in this essay means the placement of African-American baseball players in non-central positions more often than they are placed in core positions. Most American research studies have been concentrated on the sports of football, soccer, basketball and, to a larger extent, baseball. While discussions of …
In Search of an Alternative Explanation of Stacking in Baseball
The stacking of blacks in noncentral positions is a time-consistent feature of professional baseball. It is shown that differential batting and slugging averages between positions are also a structural feature. The structure of stacking as well as its evolution are well explained by the uncertainty thesis, that is, the belief that discrimination and differential barriers to entry are linked to the difficulty and lack of objectivity in assessing p…
The Odds of Transiting from One Level of Sports Participation to Another
The present study contributes to, updates, and extends the literature on sport and social mobility by reconceptualizing and reoperationalizing the odds of attaining college and professional athlete status. Using 1990 U.S. census data and team rosters, rates for achieving college and professional sports “careers” were computed for men and women of color in the most popular U.S. sports. A methodological contribution of this research is that the nor…
Stacking in College Basketball
The relationship between race and position for college basketball players was investigated using a sample of 644 student-athletes at 47 NCAA affiliates. Seven different operationalizations of position, the dependent variable, produced bivariate associations that were negligible and not statistically significant. The introduction of five control variables (NCAA division, playing and scholarship status, sex, and year in school) failed to alter the …
The Odds of Attaining Professional Athlete Status
The present study contributes to and extends the literature on sport and social mobility by refining the computations for the odds of attaining professional athlete status in the U.S. Using 1980 U.S. census data, 1986 and 1987 team rosters, and 1986 lists of money winners, rates for achieving “entry level” professional sport careers were computed for males and females, whites, blacks, Hispanics, Native Americans, and Asian/Pacific Islanders in th…
Performance Characteristics of White, Black, and Hispanic Major League Baseball Players
This study provides a general description of the social characteristics of the 1955, 1965, 1975, and 1984 rosters along with an analysis of the performance differentials of the three major racial/ethnic categories--white, black, and Hispanic-participating in major league baseball. Comparisons, contrasts, and syntheses with previously collected and analyzed data are made. Special attention is focused upon Hispanics since they have been relatively …
Centrality of Position and Managerial Recruitment
Grusky’s seminal investigation of the theoretical linkage between formal structure and organizational leadership, now a quarter of a century old, was replicated and extended. All major league baseball managers between 1876 and 1984 ( N =504) as well as a random sample of players ( n =504) comprised the units of analyses. The empirical results support Grusky’s theory of formal structure and managerial recruitment. Managers were found to be recruit…
The NCAA
Economic cartel theory and Sociological social movement theory are used to achieve a socio-economic analysis of the problems and behaviour of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). It is demonstrated that both cartel theory and social movement theory predict substantially similar behavior on the part of the NCAA and its 800-plus member institutions. Specific issues such as "need"scholarships, the possibility that the" big-time"footb…
Evaluating Ph.D. sociology programs
Salaries and Race in Professional Baseball
This study replicated Christiano’s inquiry on race and salaries in major league baseball in 1987. However, instead of merely dichotomizing the independent variable into black and white, the data were trichotomized into white, black, and Hispanic categories. Unstandardized regression coefficients (after disaggregating the observations by race / ethnicity, position, and free agency status) revealed several instances of salary inequities but no syst…
Academic Representation and Substantive Concerns of Five Annual Meetings of the North Central Sociological Association
This paper involves two objectives. Firstly, a descriptive analysis of the institutions represented at the 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, and 1973 an nual meetings of the North Central Sociological Association is presen ted. Although the sociology convention has occasionally been the object of study (e.g., Higbie and Hammond, 1966; Mintz, 1967; Hammond and Hibgie, 1968; Lin, Garvey, and Nelson, 1970, Leonard and Schmitt, 1973), it has not been examined …
Sport-Identity as Side Bet - Towards Explaining Commitment from an Interactionist Perspective
The symbolic interactionist perspective is used to demonstrate that the substantive area of sport can be conceptually elevated to a more formal level. Becker's formulation of identity as a commitment mechanism is: ( I ) conceptually extended to include more active, diverse, and complex lines of activity, and (2) applied to sport behavior. Sport commitment appears to be an effective tool for the recasting of sport. Directives for future investigat…
Economic Discrimination in Major League Baseball
The concept of marginal revenue product, a mainstay in economic analyses, composed the major dependent in this inquiry. Race/ethnicity was the primary independent variable and the relationship between race/ethnicity and marginal revenue products was examined. Using a variety of descriptive and inferential statistics, it was discovered that there was no evidence that baseball players' racial/ethnic background was related to 'exploitation' nor were…
A Reexamination of Salary Discrimination in Major League Baseball by Race/Ethnicity
This paper extends previous research examining salary differentials by race/ethnicity in major league baseball. Our analysis adds to previous research by using career statistics for both hitters and pitchers, and, for the pitcher category, both starters and relievers. We also examined race/ethnicity two ways: (a) according to the standard three categories of white, black, and Hispanic and (b) according to five categories—white, black U.S. born, b…
Usage of terms for sexual intercourse by men and women
Usage of terms for sexual intercourse by men and women
Academic Representation and Substantive Concerns of Five Annual Meetings of the North Central Sociological Association
This paper involves two objectives. Firstly, a descriptive analysis of the institutions represented at the 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, and 1973 an nual meetings of the North Central Sociological Association is presen ted. Although the sociology convention has occasionally been the object of study (e.g., Higbie and Hammond, 1966; Mintz, 1967; Hammond and Hibgie, 1968; Lin, Garvey, and Nelson, 1970, Leonard and Schmitt, 1973), it has not been examined …
The midwest social society convention
This paper contains a descriptive analysis of the institutions represented at the 1969
College Student Attitudes Toward Alternate Civilian Work for Conscientious Objectors
A Survey of Social Psychology
Sport and Social Organization
The NCAA
Economic cartel theory and Sociological social movement theory are used to achieve a socio-economic analysis of the problems and behaviour of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). It is demonstrated that both cartel theory and social movement theory predict substantially similar behavior on the part of the NCAA and its 800-plus member institutions. Specific issues such as "need"scholarships, the possibility that the" big-time"footb…
Sociology of American Sport
Social Aspects of Sport
A Sociological Perspective of Sport
1.Introduction to the Sociology of Sport. Some Brief Observations of the Social Significance of Sport. Sport as a Concept. Sport in the Social and Behavioral Sciences. Sociological Theories of the Relationship Between Sport and Society. 2.A Brief History of American Sport. 1600 - 1700. 1700 - 1800. 1800 - 1850. 1850 - 1918. 1919 - Present. Characteristics of Modern Sport. How Sociological Theories Explain the Rise of Sport. Industrialization, Urb…
Social Value of the Age of the Dying Patient
This research focuses on the influence of nurses' perceptions of the social value of the age of the dying patient on loss and voluntary interaction. Results that were generated inductively in classic studies of social value are more rigorously investigated through a standardized research design. Extraneous variables are controlled through hospital selection and measurement strategies. An inverse relationship between the age of the dying patient a…
Immortalizing the Self Through Sport
The processes through which Americans seek to leave their mark through achievements in sport are explored. The postself is conceptualized as an idealized role-identity that links the present to the future and to the past. Various media forms indicate that athletes and their others frequently become concerned about how they will look to future audiences. The characteristics of the social world of sport that foster concerns about immortality as wel…
Stacking in College Basketball
The relationship between race and position for college basketball players was investigated using a sample of 644 student-athletes at 47 NCAA affiliates. Seven different operationalizations of position, the dependent variable, produced bivariate associations that were negligible and not statistically significant. The introduction of five control variables (NCAA division, playing and scholarship status, sex, and year in school) failed to alter the …
Sport-Identity as Side Bet - Towards Explaining Commitment from an Interactionist Perspective
The symbolic interactionist perspective is used to demonstrate that the substantive area of sport can be conceptually elevated to a more formal level. Becker's formulation of identity as a commitment mechanism is: ( I ) conceptually extended to include more active, diverse, and complex lines of activity, and (2) applied to sport behavior. Sport commitment appears to be an effective tool for the recasting of sport. Directives for future investigat…
Salaries and Race in Professional Baseball
This study replicated Christiano’s inquiry on race and salaries in major league baseball in 1987. However, instead of merely dichotomizing the independent variable into black and white, the data were trichotomized into white, black, and Hispanic categories. Unstandardized regression coefficients (after disaggregating the observations by race / ethnicity, position, and free agency status) revealed several instances of salary inequities but no syst…
The Odds of Attaining Professional Athlete Status
The present study contributes to and extends the literature on sport and social mobility by refining the computations for the odds of attaining professional athlete status in the U.S. Using 1980 U.S. census data, 1986 and 1987 team rosters, and 1986 lists of money winners, rates for achieving “entry level” professional sport careers were computed for males and females, whites, blacks, Hispanics, Native Americans, and Asian/Pacific Islanders in th…
Performance Characteristics of White, Black, and Hispanic Major League Baseball Players
This study provides a general description of the social characteristics of the 1955, 1965, 1975, and 1984 rosters along with an analysis of the performance differentials of the three major racial/ethnic categories--white, black, and Hispanic-participating in major league baseball. Comparisons, contrasts, and syntheses with previously collected and analyzed data are made. Special attention is focused upon Hispanics since they have been relatively …
Salaries and Race/Ethnicity in Major League Baseball
This study refined and extended Christiano’s recent inquiry on race and salaries in major league baseball. Instead of merely dichotomizing the independent variable into black and white, the data were trichotomized into white, black, and Hispanic categories; pitchers, because they were not studied, provided the focal point. A model of salary for pitchers was both specified and tested. Unstandardized regression coefficients (after disaggregating th…
Centrality of Position and Managerial Recruitment
Grusky’s seminal investigation of the theoretical linkage between formal structure and organizational leadership, now a quarter of a century old, was replicated and extended. All major league baseball managers between 1876 and 1984 ( N =504) as well as a random sample of players ( n =504) comprised the units of analyses. The empirical results support Grusky’s theory of formal structure and managerial recruitment. Managers were found to be recruit…
Evaluating Ph.D. sociology programs
A conceptual replication and extension of erving goffman's study of gender advertisements
In Search of an Alternative Explanation of Stacking in Baseball
The stacking of blacks in noncentral positions is a time-consistent feature of professional baseball. It is shown that differential batting and slugging averages between positions are also a structural feature. The structure of stacking as well as its evolution are well explained by the uncertainty thesis, that is, the belief that discrimination and differential barriers to entry are linked to the difficulty and lack of objectivity in assessing p…
A Reexamination of Salary Discrimination in Major League Baseball by Race/Ethnicity
This paper extends previous research examining salary differentials by race/ethnicity in major league baseball. Our analysis adds to previous research by using career statistics for both hitters and pitchers, and, for the pitcher category, both starters and relievers. We also examined race/ethnicity two ways: (a) according to the standard three categories of white, black, and Hispanic and (b) according to five categories—white, black U.S. born, b…
Economic Discrimination in Major League Baseball
The concept of marginal revenue product, a mainstay in economic analyses, composed the major dependent in this inquiry. Race/ethnicity was the primary independent variable and the relationship between race/ethnicity and marginal revenue products was examined. Using a variety of descriptive and inferential statistics, it was discovered that there was no evidence that baseball players' racial/ethnic background was related to 'exploitation' nor were…
The Odds of Transiting from One Level of Sports Participation to Another
The present study contributes to, updates, and extends the literature on sport and social mobility by reconceptualizing and reoperationalizing the odds of attaining college and professional athlete status. Using 1990 U.S. census data and team rosters, rates for achieving college and professional sports “careers” were computed for men and women of color in the most popular U.S. sports. A methodological contribution of this research is that the nor…
Sociology (24 obras) · Psychology (18 obras) · Sports, Gender, and Society (16 obras) · Sports Analytics and Performance (13 obras) · Political science (11 obras) · Social science (11 obras) · Sport and Mega-Event Impacts (11 obras) · Law (10 obras) · Law (9 obras) · Mathematics (9 obras)