Ian Cunningham
Biographic Data
| ID | 267710 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Ian Cunningham |
| GIVEN NAMES | Ian |
| FAMILY NAME | Cunningham |
| SIGNATURE | CUNNINGHAM I |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Strathclyde |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-6327-0724 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 27 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 150 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 26 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 1 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1976 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 9 |
Between the lines: Players’ preoccupations when communicating with sports officials
Skilled monitoring of player behaviour, using varied communication styles and reflexivity in interactions are linked to expertise in sports officials. However, insight into interaction dynamics between players and officials is limited, particularly from the players’ perspective. A situated player perspective challenges assumptions that players primarily rely on stable social cues about officials. To address this, video-led self-confrontation inte…
Playing on” or “calling time”? retention and motivation for sport officials
Introduction Attrition is a key issue in sports officiating and has rightfully received extensive attention in the literature highlighting issues such as abuse and lack of perceived organizational support. However, few studies in comparison understand the reasons for officials to stay in their role (i.e., retention) and underlying motivation. Methods Current officials were recruited ( n = 293) from multiple countries and sports (mainly soccer, ru…
What is and what is not 360° video: Conceptual definitions for the research field
Over the previous years, immersive technologies have been increasingly used in different fields (Suh & Prophet, 2018;Tang et al., 2022). Furthermore, Ranieri et al. (2022) underlined that interest towards the educational use of immersive technologies has grown (p. 1200). Despite this emerging craze, some technologies are not recent and do not constitute a real innovation. Indeed, virtual reality (VR) appeared more than half a century ago as Fuchs…
Comment les usages de la vidéo 360° facilitent l’apprentissage d’habiletés en Éducation Physique et en Sport
L’analyse SWOT que nous avons réalisée porte sur les études scientifiques de ces dix dernières années dont l’objet d’étude concerne l’usage de vidéos 360°. Ces dernières constituent un nouvel outil technologique au service d’objectifs d’optimisation de la performance sportive. Elles rejoignent ainsi la vidéo 2D, le chronomètre ou le capteur de fréquence cardiaque traditionnellement utilisé dans l’entraînement. La plupart des études révèlent qu’el…
Referees on the wire: A positive youth development perspective of rugby referees’ verbal communication in childrens’ sport
Implementing a scoping review to explore sport officials' mental health
Introduction: Sport officials are tasked with applying rules, maintaining fairness, and ensuring athlete safety. However, sport officials experience anxiety, burnout, and non-accidental violence, with the incidence of these events increasing worldwide. This has led to rising attrition rates among sport officials, with many sport organizations concerned for their operational capacity. The effects of anxiety, burnout, and non-accidental violence mi…
Reducing fear of water and aquaphobia through 360 degree video use
Drowning is a serious public health problem threat claiming the lives of 372,000 people each year worldwide that can be linked to an individual’s ability to swim. Learning to swim requires limited fear of water. This exploratory study investigated the potential interests of 360° video use for reducing fear and apprehension that underpin aquaphobia. Two students aged 11–12 years old who were non-swimmers with a reluctance to enter the water (i.e.,…
The influence of ‘soft’ fair work regulation on union recovery: A case of re‐recognition in the Scottish voluntary social care sector
This longitudinal case study contributes to debates concerning how ‘soft’ and ‘hard’ forms of regulation can interact to contribute to the advancement of worker rights. More specifically, the article explores the contribution of Scotland's soft fair work (FW) programme and the UK's hard statutory recognition procedure to union re‐recognition in a voluntary sector social care provider. In combination, hard and soft regulations are found to have ad…
Interrogating the motivation mechanisms and claims of asset-based community development with self-determination theory
This article uses Self-Determination Theory (SDT) to assess the motivational mechanisms and claims of asset-based community development (ABCD). The limited academic literature argues ABCD's focus on existing assets and locally identified priorities motivates communi-ty participation. However, motivation is only superficially understood and remains unquali-fied. SDT is an established theory of motivation, which we suggest is largely compatible wit…
Video Integration in Teacher Education: A SWOT Analysis
360° Video Integration in Teacher Education: A SWOT Analysis
Crisis, Pandemic, and Beyond: Nonprofits and Adaptive Capability of Communities
Des crises telles que la pandmie du COVID-19, le SRAS, la crise financire mondiale et les dsastres naturels posent une menace sismique aux institutions de la socit. Se droulant des niveaux individuels, organisationnels et socitaux, les crises dpassent les frontires sectorielles, impliquant des institutions multiples et un volume lev de main-d'oeuvre et de ressources L'envergure mondiale de certaines crises souligne leur complexit relative leurs e…
Working in the Context of Austerity: Challenges and Struggles
Nonprofit Care Work as Social Glue: Creating and Sustaining Social Reproduction in the Context of Austerity/Late Neoliberalism
This article will bring together the social glue concept of social reproduction and a feminist analysis of civil society to the study of nonprofit care work in order to cast analytic light on the dynamics of care work in the nonprofit sector and contribute to theorizing care work, to identify and theorize aspects of nonprofit care work which reproduce and sustain social glue, and to supplement theory on civil society. Drawing on qualitative inter…
Self Managed Learning and the New Educational Paradigm
Filling the gaps: Unpaid (and precarious) work in the nonprofit social services
Unpaid work has long been used in nonprofit/voluntary social services to extend paid work. Drawing on three case studies of nonprofit social services in Canada, this article argues that due to austerity policies, the conditions for ‘pure’ gift relationships in unpaid social service work are increasingly rare. Instead, employers have found various ways to ‘fill the gaps’ in funding through the extraction of unpaid work in various forms. Precarious…
Analysing public service outsourcing: The value of a regulatory perspective
This article draws on findings from two longitudinal case studies of voluntary organisations engaged in delivering social care services via purchaser–provider relations with local authorities. The study focuses on changes to contractual relations, employment conditions in provider organisations and service quality. The article argues the influence of the market on these changes can only be adequately comprehended by rooting the analysis in an und…
Non-profits and the 'hollowed out' state: The Transformation of Working Conditions Through Personalizing Social Care Services During an Era of Austerity
This article explores the impact of state reforms to increase customer authority in social care at a time of public sector austerity in Scotland. The article focuses on the implications of these reforms for state-non-profit relations and the latter's employment policies. The study proposes a theoretical framework to explore these themes using insights from the 'hollowing out' thesis and the customer-orientated bureaucracy concept. Non-profits res…
If I Had a Family, There Is No Way That I Could Afford to Work Here’: Juggling Paid and Unpaid Care Work in Social Services
Drawing on three case studies in each of Australia, New Zealand and Scotland, this article explores how care workers employed in the social services sector negotiate their unpaid care responsibilities in the context of lean work organization and low pay. For younger workers, the unrelenting demands of service provision and low pay made any long-term commitment to working in social services unrealistic, while many female workers experienced signif…
Government Funding, Employment Conditions, and Work Organization in Non‐profit Community Services: A Comparative Study
The article provides a comparative exploration of New Public Management ( NPM ) funding models on the non‐profit sectors in the UK and Australia, and the implications for services, employment conditions, and worker commitment. A degree of convergence exists around the principles of NPM in the two case studies, creating employment regimes of low pay, casualization, and work intensification. Enhanced vulnerability to pay cuts in the UK , and insecu…
Employment Relations in the Voluntary Sector: Struggling to Care
This new book addresses the topical issues surrounding employment relations in UK voluntary organizations that operate within the quasi-market of social care. Combining an analysis of the established literature with in-depth qualitative field work, Ian Cunningham explores the nature of power relations between state and voluntary sector; implications of employment policy and subsequent pressures for change in pay and working conditions; the influe…
Self-monitoring, self-blaming, self-sacrificing workers: Gendered managerialism in the non-profit sector
White knuckle care work: Violence, Gender and New Public Management in the Voluntary Sector
Drawing on comparative data from Canada and Scotland, this article explores reasons why violence is tolerated in non-profit care settings. This article provides insights into how the predominantly female (paid) workers' orientations to work, the desire to care and the intrinsic rewards from working in a non-profit context interact with the organization of work and managerially constructed workplace norms and cultures to offset the tensions in an …
The outsourcing of social care in Britain: What Does It Mean for Voluntary Sector Workers
While recent decades have witnessed a growth in the outsourcing of public services in Britain, the post-1997 UK Labour governments have sought to put in place mechanisms aimed at encouraging long-term collaborative contracting relationships marked by less reliance on cost-based competition. This article explores empirically how far these mechanisms have achieved their aims and thereby acted to protect the employment conditions of staff, and links…
A Race to the Bottom? Exploring Variations in Employment Conditions in the Voluntary Sector
This paper presents findings of a study examining state‐voluntary sector inter‐organizational relationships, and the capacity of third‐sector organizations to exercise autonomy over employment matters in this relationship. The aim is to provide insights into an under‐researched area of the inter‐organizational literature, especially in relation to its employment implications. In doing so, it reveals how, as with broader studies of inter‐organizat…
Reshaping Employment Relations in the UK Voluntary Sector: An Exploratory Study into the Impact of Best Value
This paper provides exploratory insights into the impact of the UK government's Best Value policy on employment policies in voluntary organisations. Best Value is one of a number of institutional pressures on HR policies within the sector: many of which have positive implications for the conduct of HR and delivering care. However, the data also reveal tensions in this institutional environment with regard to meeting demands of twenty-four hour ca…
White knuckle care work: Violence, Gender and New Public Management in the Voluntary Sector
Drawing on comparative data from Canada and Scotland, this article explores reasons why violence is tolerated in non-profit care settings. This article provides insights into how the predominantly female (paid) workers' orientations to work, the desire to care and the intrinsic rewards from working in a non-profit context interact with the organization of work and managerially constructed workplace norms and cultures to offset the tensions in an …
The outsourcing of social care in Britain: What Does It Mean for Voluntary Sector Workers
While recent decades have witnessed a growth in the outsourcing of public services in Britain, the post-1997 UK Labour governments have sought to put in place mechanisms aimed at encouraging long-term collaborative contracting relationships marked by less reliance on cost-based competition. This article explores empirically how far these mechanisms have achieved their aims and thereby acted to protect the employment conditions of staff, and links…
Non-profits and the 'hollowed out' state: The Transformation of Working Conditions Through Personalizing Social Care Services During an Era of Austerity
This article explores the impact of state reforms to increase customer authority in social care at a time of public sector austerity in Scotland. The article focuses on the implications of these reforms for state-non-profit relations and the latter's employment policies. The study proposes a theoretical framework to explore these themes using insights from the 'hollowing out' thesis and the customer-orientated bureaucracy concept. Non-profits res…
Self-monitoring, self-blaming, self-sacrificing workers: Gendered managerialism in the non-profit sector
If I Had a Family, There Is No Way That I Could Afford to Work Here’: Juggling Paid and Unpaid Care Work in Social Services
Drawing on three case studies in each of Australia, New Zealand and Scotland, this article explores how care workers employed in the social services sector negotiate their unpaid care responsibilities in the context of lean work organization and low pay. For younger workers, the unrelenting demands of service provision and low pay made any long-term commitment to working in social services unrealistic, while many female workers experienced signif…
Government Funding, Employment Conditions, and Work Organization in Non‐profit Community Services: A Comparative Study
The article provides a comparative exploration of New Public Management ( NPM ) funding models on the non‐profit sectors in the UK and Australia, and the implications for services, employment conditions, and worker commitment. A degree of convergence exists around the principles of NPM in the two case studies, creating employment regimes of low pay, casualization, and work intensification. Enhanced vulnerability to pay cuts in the UK , and insecu…
Filling the gaps: Unpaid (and precarious) work in the nonprofit social services
Unpaid work has long been used in nonprofit/voluntary social services to extend paid work. Drawing on three case studies of nonprofit social services in Canada, this article argues that due to austerity policies, the conditions for ‘pure’ gift relationships in unpaid social service work are increasingly rare. Instead, employers have found various ways to ‘fill the gaps’ in funding through the extraction of unpaid work in various forms. Precarious…
Nonprofit Care Work as Social Glue: Creating and Sustaining Social Reproduction in the Context of Austerity/Late Neoliberalism
This article will bring together the social glue concept of social reproduction and a feminist analysis of civil society to the study of nonprofit care work in order to cast analytic light on the dynamics of care work in the nonprofit sector and contribute to theorizing care work, to identify and theorize aspects of nonprofit care work which reproduce and sustain social glue, and to supplement theory on civil society. Drawing on qualitative inter…
A Race to the Bottom? Exploring Variations in Employment Conditions in the Voluntary Sector
This paper presents findings of a study examining state‐voluntary sector inter‐organizational relationships, and the capacity of third‐sector organizations to exercise autonomy over employment matters in this relationship. The aim is to provide insights into an under‐researched area of the inter‐organizational literature, especially in relation to its employment implications. In doing so, it reveals how, as with broader studies of inter‐organizat…
Analysing public service outsourcing: The value of a regulatory perspective
This article draws on findings from two longitudinal case studies of voluntary organisations engaged in delivering social care services via purchaser–provider relations with local authorities. The study focuses on changes to contractual relations, employment conditions in provider organisations and service quality. The article argues the influence of the market on these changes can only be adequately comprehended by rooting the analysis in an und…
Interrogating the motivation mechanisms and claims of asset-based community development with self-determination theory
This article uses Self-Determination Theory (SDT) to assess the motivational mechanisms and claims of asset-based community development (ABCD). The limited academic literature argues ABCD's focus on existing assets and locally identified priorities motivates communi-ty participation. However, motivation is only superficially understood and remains unquali-fied. SDT is an established theory of motivation, which we suggest is largely compatible wit…
Reshaping Employment Relations in the UK Voluntary Sector: An Exploratory Study into the Impact of Best Value
This paper provides exploratory insights into the impact of the UK government's Best Value policy on employment policies in voluntary organisations. Best Value is one of a number of institutional pressures on HR policies within the sector: many of which have positive implications for the conduct of HR and delivering care. However, the data also reveal tensions in this institutional environment with regard to meeting demands of twenty-four hour ca…
Administrators and professionals in local government
Administrators and professionals in local government
Disability and Employment
A Race to the Bottom? Exploring Variations in Employment Conditions in the Voluntary Sector
This paper presents findings of a study examining state‐voluntary sector inter‐organizational relationships, and the capacity of third‐sector organizations to exercise autonomy over employment matters in this relationship. The aim is to provide insights into an under‐researched area of the inter‐organizational literature, especially in relation to its employment implications. In doing so, it reveals how, as with broader studies of inter‐organizat…
Reshaping Employment Relations in the UK Voluntary Sector: An Exploratory Study into the Impact of Best Value
This paper provides exploratory insights into the impact of the UK government's Best Value policy on employment policies in voluntary organisations. Best Value is one of a number of institutional pressures on HR policies within the sector: many of which have positive implications for the conduct of HR and delivering care. However, the data also reveal tensions in this institutional environment with regard to meeting demands of twenty-four hour ca…
The outsourcing of social care in Britain: What Does It Mean for Voluntary Sector Workers
While recent decades have witnessed a growth in the outsourcing of public services in Britain, the post-1997 UK Labour governments have sought to put in place mechanisms aimed at encouraging long-term collaborative contracting relationships marked by less reliance on cost-based competition. This article explores empirically how far these mechanisms have achieved their aims and thereby acted to protect the employment conditions of staff, and links…
White knuckle care work: Violence, Gender and New Public Management in the Voluntary Sector
Drawing on comparative data from Canada and Scotland, this article explores reasons why violence is tolerated in non-profit care settings. This article provides insights into how the predominantly female (paid) workers' orientations to work, the desire to care and the intrinsic rewards from working in a non-profit context interact with the organization of work and managerially constructed workplace norms and cultures to offset the tensions in an …
Employment Relations in the Voluntary Sector: Struggling to Care
This new book addresses the topical issues surrounding employment relations in UK voluntary organizations that operate within the quasi-market of social care. Combining an analysis of the established literature with in-depth qualitative field work, Ian Cunningham explores the nature of power relations between state and voluntary sector; implications of employment policy and subsequent pressures for change in pay and working conditions; the influe…
Self-monitoring, self-blaming, self-sacrificing workers: Gendered managerialism in the non-profit sector
Government Funding, Employment Conditions, and Work Organization in Non‐profit Community Services: A Comparative Study
The article provides a comparative exploration of New Public Management ( NPM ) funding models on the non‐profit sectors in the UK and Australia, and the implications for services, employment conditions, and worker commitment. A degree of convergence exists around the principles of NPM in the two case studies, creating employment regimes of low pay, casualization, and work intensification. Enhanced vulnerability to pay cuts in the UK , and insecu…
If I Had a Family, There Is No Way That I Could Afford to Work Here’: Juggling Paid and Unpaid Care Work in Social Services
Drawing on three case studies in each of Australia, New Zealand and Scotland, this article explores how care workers employed in the social services sector negotiate their unpaid care responsibilities in the context of lean work organization and low pay. For younger workers, the unrelenting demands of service provision and low pay made any long-term commitment to working in social services unrealistic, while many female workers experienced signif…
Analysing public service outsourcing: The value of a regulatory perspective
This article draws on findings from two longitudinal case studies of voluntary organisations engaged in delivering social care services via purchaser–provider relations with local authorities. The study focuses on changes to contractual relations, employment conditions in provider organisations and service quality. The article argues the influence of the market on these changes can only be adequately comprehended by rooting the analysis in an und…
Non-profits and the 'hollowed out' state: The Transformation of Working Conditions Through Personalizing Social Care Services During an Era of Austerity
This article explores the impact of state reforms to increase customer authority in social care at a time of public sector austerity in Scotland. The article focuses on the implications of these reforms for state-non-profit relations and the latter's employment policies. The study proposes a theoretical framework to explore these themes using insights from the 'hollowing out' thesis and the customer-orientated bureaucracy concept. Non-profits res…
Filling the gaps: Unpaid (and precarious) work in the nonprofit social services
Unpaid work has long been used in nonprofit/voluntary social services to extend paid work. Drawing on three case studies of nonprofit social services in Canada, this article argues that due to austerity policies, the conditions for ‘pure’ gift relationships in unpaid social service work are increasingly rare. Instead, employers have found various ways to ‘fill the gaps’ in funding through the extraction of unpaid work in various forms. Precarious…
Working in the Context of Austerity: Challenges and Struggles
Nonprofit Care Work as Social Glue: Creating and Sustaining Social Reproduction in the Context of Austerity/Late Neoliberalism
This article will bring together the social glue concept of social reproduction and a feminist analysis of civil society to the study of nonprofit care work in order to cast analytic light on the dynamics of care work in the nonprofit sector and contribute to theorizing care work, to identify and theorize aspects of nonprofit care work which reproduce and sustain social glue, and to supplement theory on civil society. Drawing on qualitative inter…
Self Managed Learning and the New Educational Paradigm
Video Integration in Teacher Education: A SWOT Analysis
360° Video Integration in Teacher Education: A SWOT Analysis
Crisis, Pandemic, and Beyond: Nonprofits and Adaptive Capability of Communities
Des crises telles que la pandmie du COVID-19, le SRAS, la crise financire mondiale et les dsastres naturels posent une menace sismique aux institutions de la socit. Se droulant des niveaux individuels, organisationnels et socitaux, les crises dpassent les frontires sectorielles, impliquant des institutions multiples et un volume lev de main-d'oeuvre et de ressources L'envergure mondiale de certaines crises souligne leur complexit relative leurs e…
Reducing fear of water and aquaphobia through 360 degree video use
Drowning is a serious public health problem threat claiming the lives of 372,000 people each year worldwide that can be linked to an individual’s ability to swim. Learning to swim requires limited fear of water. This exploratory study investigated the potential interests of 360° video use for reducing fear and apprehension that underpin aquaphobia. Two students aged 11–12 years old who were non-swimmers with a reluctance to enter the water (i.e.,…
The influence of ‘soft’ fair work regulation on union recovery: A case of re‐recognition in the Scottish voluntary social care sector
This longitudinal case study contributes to debates concerning how ‘soft’ and ‘hard’ forms of regulation can interact to contribute to the advancement of worker rights. More specifically, the article explores the contribution of Scotland's soft fair work (FW) programme and the UK's hard statutory recognition procedure to union re‐recognition in a voluntary sector social care provider. In combination, hard and soft regulations are found to have ad…
Interrogating the motivation mechanisms and claims of asset-based community development with self-determination theory
This article uses Self-Determination Theory (SDT) to assess the motivational mechanisms and claims of asset-based community development (ABCD). The limited academic literature argues ABCD's focus on existing assets and locally identified priorities motivates communi-ty participation. However, motivation is only superficially understood and remains unquali-fied. SDT is an established theory of motivation, which we suggest is largely compatible wit…
Implementing a scoping review to explore sport officials' mental health
Introduction: Sport officials are tasked with applying rules, maintaining fairness, and ensuring athlete safety. However, sport officials experience anxiety, burnout, and non-accidental violence, with the incidence of these events increasing worldwide. This has led to rising attrition rates among sport officials, with many sport organizations concerned for their operational capacity. The effects of anxiety, burnout, and non-accidental violence mi…
What is and what is not 360° video: Conceptual definitions for the research field
Over the previous years, immersive technologies have been increasingly used in different fields (Suh & Prophet, 2018;Tang et al., 2022). Furthermore, Ranieri et al. (2022) underlined that interest towards the educational use of immersive technologies has grown (p. 1200). Despite this emerging craze, some technologies are not recent and do not constitute a real innovation. Indeed, virtual reality (VR) appeared more than half a century ago as Fuchs…
Comment les usages de la vidéo 360° facilitent l’apprentissage d’habiletés en Éducation Physique et en Sport
L’analyse SWOT que nous avons réalisée porte sur les études scientifiques de ces dix dernières années dont l’objet d’étude concerne l’usage de vidéos 360°. Ces dernières constituent un nouvel outil technologique au service d’objectifs d’optimisation de la performance sportive. Elles rejoignent ainsi la vidéo 2D, le chronomètre ou le capteur de fréquence cardiaque traditionnellement utilisé dans l’entraînement. La plupart des études révèlent qu’el…
Referees on the wire: A positive youth development perspective of rugby referees’ verbal communication in childrens’ sport
Political science (18 works) · Business (13 works) · Public relations (13 works) · Economics (11 works) · Sociology (9 works) · Employment and Welfare Studies (8 works) · Social Policy and Reform Studies (8 works) · Labour economics (7 works) · Management (7 works) · Engineering (6 works)