Brian C H Fong
Biographic Data
| ID | 271865 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Brian C H Fong |
| GIVEN NAMES | Brian C H |
| FAMILY NAME | Fong |
| SIGNATURE | FONG B C H |
| AFFILIATIONS | National Sun Yat-sen University |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-2537-0249 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 30 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 192 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 29 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 1 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2010 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 7 |
Coopetition framework: The co-existence of competition and cooperation in the age of US-China rivalry
In the current era of US-China rivalry, a major theme in international relations scholarship is the study of how Washington is aligning its allies and partners to compete against Beijing. Yet, within this bourgeoning ‘competition-oriented literature,’ we are now witnessing a growing co-existence of competition with cooperation: On the one hand, US allies and partners are aligning with Washington to compete with China; On the other hand, US allies…
Great Power War Flashpoints: Towards a Multiple War Streams Framework
Great Power Competition Across States and Quasi-States: Toward a Comparative Typology
Traditionally, geopolitical scholars focus on how great powers compete for influence over small states and how small states navigate such competition. This special issue endeavors to transcend the "great power–small state" framework and to reorient both states and quasi-states as critical actors of contemporary great power competition, using the Indo-Pacific and Eurasia as the research sites. It advances a comparative typology that encompasses th…
Alliance Politics in the 21st Century Great Power Competition: A Power‐Balancing Coalition Framework
US‐China competition in the Indo‐Pacific is setting the stage for a new tale of alliance politics. To contain Beijingʼs expanding power and influence in the Indo‐Pacific, Washington is currently leading several coalitions, namely the US‐Japan Alliance, Quad, Squad, and AUKUS; To counter US balancing efforts, Beijing is now strengthening its own alliances especially the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the China‐Russia partnership. Using an i…
The Routledge Handbook of Great Power Competition
Hong Kong Politics: A Comparative Introduction
Hong Kong Identity: A Scholarly Record
Leaderless Movements? Rethinking Leaders, Spontaneity, and Organisation-Ness
Leaderless movements' are hallmarks of contemporary contentious politics. Yet, scholars have not reached a consensus on the definition of leaderless movements – with some highlighting 'spontaneity' while others explore 'organisation-ness'. This study informs the theoretical debates by conceptualising leaderless movements as a shifting interplay of leaders, spontaneity and organisation-ness, using the case study of the 2019–20 Hong Kong Anti-Extra…
Budget oversight in territorial autonomies: A comparative analysis of Hong Kong and Macao
Traditionally, comparative budgeting scholars have focused on analysing budget oversight at the sovereign state level. Budget oversight at the territorial autonomy level remains largely under-investigated. Drawing on the Open Budget Survey methodology, this study is a pioneering attempt to compare the budget oversight institutions and practices in Hong Kong and Macao under the ‘one country, two systems’ model. This study finds that the varying pr…
What's driving the democratic recession in Asia
The extant literature explains autocratization either through domestically or internationally-driven explanations. The former focuses on studying autocratic strongmen's executive aggrandizement or promissory coups from a domestic perspective, while the latter highlights the critical role of autocratic powers in promoting autocratic practices to neighboring countries from an international perspective. Transcending such a dichotomous approach, this…
Hong Kong Public Budgeting: Historical and Comparative Analyses
Student Identity Politics: The Vanguards of Territorial Identity Movement in Hong Kong, 2015–2020
In recent years, there has been an emerging theory of “student identity politics,” which focuses on student activism based on race, gender, and sexual identity. Thus far, scholars have not yet systematically extended the analysis of student identity politics to those student activism relating to territorial identity. The student-led territorial identity movement that began in Hong Kong in 2015, which has transformed the center-autonomy relations …
Alliance politics across the Indo-Pacific: An offensive realist analysis of the Quad’s transformation
Great Power Competition in Non‐sovereign Entities: US–China Tug‐of‐War over Hong Kong, 1950–2020
The theory of offensive realism postulates that when a potential hegemon and an existing hegemon clash, their intense security competition will span all corners of the globe. This study advances the literature by investigating the impact of great power on non‐sovereign entities, using Hong Kong as a case study. Drawing on archival and published data, this study examines the geopolitical status of Hong Kong as a function of the changing US–China g…
Sub-State Identity Conception: Applying ISSP Measures at Territorial Autonomy Level
Diaspora formation and mobilisation: The emerging Hong Kong diaspora in the anti‐extradition bill movement
Over the years, literature studying stateless diaspora formation through a transborder social movement studies approach is growing. The recent rise of Hong Kong diaspora provides an emerging case of stateless diaspora that introduces new empirical insights into the scholarly literature. Using a mixed‐method research strategy, this study empirically investigates the formation of the Hong Kong diaspora as a ‘historically contingent process’, throug…
Peripheral resistance movements: Towards a triangulated research approach
What motivates people in the peripheries to risk their safety and even their lives to resist a centralising centre? In literature, a thesis of peripheral resistance movements was long constructed to postulate that under centre‐periphery conflicts, rising peripheral identity will contribute to resistance movements against a centralising centre. Over the years, this thesis has been developed into a body of historical and contemporary qualitative ca…
Movement-voting nexus in hybrid regimes: Voter mobilization in Hong Kong’s Anti-Extradition Bill Movement
The "movement-voting nexus" thesis highlights the impact of transformative social movements on shifting voting behaviour and electoral outcomes. However, existing studies have overwhelmingly focused on the context of democracies. This study goes beyond the existing literature by testing the applicability of "movement-voting nexus' in the context of hybrid regimes, using the voter mobilization in the Hong Kong's Anti-Extradition Bill Movement as a…
Hong Kong Public Budgeting: Historical and Comparative Analyses
Exporting autocracy: How China's extra-jurisdictional autocratic influence caused democratic backsliding in Hong Kong
In the global trend of democratic backsliding, Hong Kong provides an illustrative case of how democratic institutions could be degenerated by "exporting autocracy". After 1997, Hong Kong's semi-democracy has come under continuous pressure by China's extra-jurisdictional autocratic influence. When about two decades of exporting autocracy has almost made Hong Kong a semi-democratic façade, China imposed the National Security Law in June 2020 placin…
China’s influence and the Center-periphery Tug of War in Hong Kong, Taiwan and Indo-Pacific
"Bringing together a team of cutting-edge researchers based in Hong Kong, Taiwan and other Asia-Oceania countries, this book focuses on the tug of war between China's influence and forces of resistance in Hong Kong, Taiwan and selected countries in the surrounding regions. China's influence has met growing defiance from citizens who fear the extinction of their valued local identities. However, the book shows that resistance to China's influence …
Stateless nation within a nationless state: The political past, present, and future of Hongkongers, 1949–2019
Hongkonger identity has been a popular research topic for social scientists worldwide. Drawing upon contemporary theories of stateless nation, this article goes beyond the existing “local vis‐à‐vis national identity” paradigm and re‐articulates the political past, present, and future of the Hongkongers as a stateless nation. The article argues that political future of Hong Kong should be re‐thought within the framework of China's political trajec…
Practicing Autonomy within a Communist State
Hong Kong’s autonomy within China is akin to a house built on sand. This article examines how Hong Kong’s autonomy has weathered the waves over the years by adopting a news events analysis approach, documenting the Hong Kong government and the CCP-state’s divergence from the autonomy, democratization, and human rights provisions of the Sino-British Joint Declaration and the Basic Law since 1997. The case study of Hong Kong indicates the profound …
Democratization and budget openness: Evidence from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan
The existing literature postulates that budget openness often improves at critical moments of democratization. Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan, which are transitional regimes currently experiencing different regime trajectories, should be ideal places to test the validity of this theory. By examining whether and how open budget reforms in Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan are related to their regime trajectories through historical-comparative case studies,…
In-between liberal authoritarianism and electoral authoritarianism: Hong Kong’s democratization under Chinese sovereignty, 1997–2016
On the eve of the twentieth anniversary of the handover, Hong Kong's transition towards a full democracy remains unsettled. Drawing upon the contemporary theories of hybrid regimes, this article argues that manipulations adopted by electoral authoritarian governments have become increasingly common in Hong Kong today. As Hong Kong's elections, opposition activities, and media have been increasingly put under electoral authoritarian-style manipula…
One Country, Two Nationalisms: Center-Periphery Relations between Mainland China and Hong Kong, 1997–2016
According to the Sino-British Joint Declaration and Basic Law, Hong Kong was to exercise a high degree of autonomy under the framework of “one country, two systems” after the British handover of its sovereignty to China in 1997. In the initial post-handover period, Beijing adopted a policy of nonintervention in Hong Kong, but the outbreak of the July 1, 2003 protest triggered a subsequent change of policy. Since then, Beijing has embarked on stat…
Exporting autocracy: How China's extra-jurisdictional autocratic influence caused democratic backsliding in Hong Kong
In the global trend of democratic backsliding, Hong Kong provides an illustrative case of how democratic institutions could be degenerated by "exporting autocracy". After 1997, Hong Kong's semi-democracy has come under continuous pressure by China's extra-jurisdictional autocratic influence. When about two decades of exporting autocracy has almost made Hong Kong a semi-democratic façade, China imposed the National Security Law in June 2020 placin…
In-between liberal authoritarianism and electoral authoritarianism: Hong Kong’s democratization under Chinese sovereignty, 1997–2016
On the eve of the twentieth anniversary of the handover, Hong Kong's transition towards a full democracy remains unsettled. Drawing upon the contemporary theories of hybrid regimes, this article argues that manipulations adopted by electoral authoritarian governments have become increasingly common in Hong Kong today. As Hong Kong's elections, opposition activities, and media have been increasingly put under electoral authoritarian-style manipula…
Diaspora formation and mobilisation: The emerging Hong Kong diaspora in the anti‐extradition bill movement
Over the years, literature studying stateless diaspora formation through a transborder social movement studies approach is growing. The recent rise of Hong Kong diaspora provides an emerging case of stateless diaspora that introduces new empirical insights into the scholarly literature. Using a mixed‐method research strategy, this study empirically investigates the formation of the Hong Kong diaspora as a ‘historically contingent process’, throug…
State-Society Conflicts under Hong Kong's Hybrid Regime
Similar to its colonial predecessor, the post-colonial Hong Kong state relies on its business allies to mediate state-society relations. Nevertheless, because of the erosion of the intermediary role of business elites, the state-business alliance now struggles to accommodate the rising challenges of civil society. The case of Hong Kong offers an interesting case study to the literature on hybrid regimes
Stateless nation within a nationless state: The political past, present, and future of Hongkongers, 1949–2019
Hongkonger identity has been a popular research topic for social scientists worldwide. Drawing upon contemporary theories of stateless nation, this article goes beyond the existing “local vis‐à‐vis national identity” paradigm and re‐articulates the political past, present, and future of the Hongkongers as a stateless nation. The article argues that political future of Hong Kong should be re‐thought within the framework of China's political trajec…
Practicing Autonomy within a Communist State
Hong Kong’s autonomy within China is akin to a house built on sand. This article examines how Hong Kong’s autonomy has weathered the waves over the years by adopting a news events analysis approach, documenting the Hong Kong government and the CCP-state’s divergence from the autonomy, democratization, and human rights provisions of the Sino-British Joint Declaration and the Basic Law since 1997. The case study of Hong Kong indicates the profound …
Movement-voting nexus in hybrid regimes: Voter mobilization in Hong Kong’s Anti-Extradition Bill Movement
The "movement-voting nexus" thesis highlights the impact of transformative social movements on shifting voting behaviour and electoral outcomes. However, existing studies have overwhelmingly focused on the context of democracies. This study goes beyond the existing literature by testing the applicability of "movement-voting nexus' in the context of hybrid regimes, using the voter mobilization in the Hong Kong's Anti-Extradition Bill Movement as a…
Alliance Politics in the 21st Century Great Power Competition: A Power‐Balancing Coalition Framework
US‐China competition in the Indo‐Pacific is setting the stage for a new tale of alliance politics. To contain Beijingʼs expanding power and influence in the Indo‐Pacific, Washington is currently leading several coalitions, namely the US‐Japan Alliance, Quad, Squad, and AUKUS; To counter US balancing efforts, Beijing is now strengthening its own alliances especially the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the China‐Russia partnership. Using an i…
The politics of budget surpluses: The case of China’s Hong Kong SAR
In recent years when many Western economies are facing serious public debt crises and undergoing massive fiscal austerity, China’s Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR)’s experience is quite different as it has achieved successive years of huge budget surpluses and has accumulated an unprecedented level of fiscal reserves. Ironically, the strong budgetary position does not help the Hong Kong government formulate a well-received budget. …
Great Power War Flashpoints: Towards a Multiple War Streams Framework
Alliance politics across the Indo-Pacific: An offensive realist analysis of the Quad’s transformation
Budget oversight in territorial autonomies: A comparative analysis of Hong Kong and Macao
Traditionally, comparative budgeting scholars have focused on analysing budget oversight at the sovereign state level. Budget oversight at the territorial autonomy level remains largely under-investigated. Drawing on the Open Budget Survey methodology, this study is a pioneering attempt to compare the budget oversight institutions and practices in Hong Kong and Macao under the ‘one country, two systems’ model. This study finds that the varying pr…
What's driving the democratic recession in Asia
The extant literature explains autocratization either through domestically or internationally-driven explanations. The former focuses on studying autocratic strongmen's executive aggrandizement or promissory coups from a domestic perspective, while the latter highlights the critical role of autocratic powers in promoting autocratic practices to neighboring countries from an international perspective. Transcending such a dichotomous approach, this…
Great Power Competition in Non‐sovereign Entities: US–China Tug‐of‐War over Hong Kong, 1950–2020
The theory of offensive realism postulates that when a potential hegemon and an existing hegemon clash, their intense security competition will span all corners of the globe. This study advances the literature by investigating the impact of great power on non‐sovereign entities, using Hong Kong as a case study. Drawing on archival and published data, this study examines the geopolitical status of Hong Kong as a function of the changing US–China g…
Peripheral resistance movements: Towards a triangulated research approach
What motivates people in the peripheries to risk their safety and even their lives to resist a centralising centre? In literature, a thesis of peripheral resistance movements was long constructed to postulate that under centre‐periphery conflicts, rising peripheral identity will contribute to resistance movements against a centralising centre. Over the years, this thesis has been developed into a body of historical and contemporary qualitative ca…
Democratization and budget openness: Evidence from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan
The existing literature postulates that budget openness often improves at critical moments of democratization. Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan, which are transitional regimes currently experiencing different regime trajectories, should be ideal places to test the validity of this theory. By examining whether and how open budget reforms in Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan are related to their regime trajectories through historical-comparative case studies,…
Underground Front: The Chinese Communist Party in Hong Kong
Underground Front is a pioneering examination of the role that the Chinese Communist Party has played in Hong Kong since the creation of the Party in 1921, through to the present day. This book brings events right up to date and includes the results of a survey about the Hong Kong public's attitude towards the CCP. The numerous appendices on the key targets of the party's united front activities also make it an especially useful read for all who …
State-Society Conflicts under Hong Kong's Hybrid Regime
Similar to its colonial predecessor, the post-colonial Hong Kong state relies on its business allies to mediate state-society relations. Nevertheless, because of the erosion of the intermediary role of business elites, the state-business alliance now struggles to accommodate the rising challenges of civil society. The case of Hong Kong offers an interesting case study to the literature on hybrid regimes
Hong Kong's Governance Under Chinese Sovereignty: The Failure of the State-Business Alliance After 1997
As a hybrid regime, Hong Kong has been governed by a state-business alliance since the colonial era. However, since the handover in 1997, the transformation of Hong Kong’s political and socio-economic environment has eroded the conditions that supported a viable state-business alliance. This state-business alliance, which was once a solution for Hong Kong’s governance, has now become a political burden, rather than a political asset, to the post-…
The politics of budget surpluses: The case of China’s Hong Kong SAR
In recent years when many Western economies are facing serious public debt crises and undergoing massive fiscal austerity, China’s Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR)’s experience is quite different as it has achieved successive years of huge budget surpluses and has accumulated an unprecedented level of fiscal reserves. Ironically, the strong budgetary position does not help the Hong Kong government formulate a well-received budget. …
In-between liberal authoritarianism and electoral authoritarianism: Hong Kong’s democratization under Chinese sovereignty, 1997–2016
On the eve of the twentieth anniversary of the handover, Hong Kong's transition towards a full democracy remains unsettled. Drawing upon the contemporary theories of hybrid regimes, this article argues that manipulations adopted by electoral authoritarian governments have become increasingly common in Hong Kong today. As Hong Kong's elections, opposition activities, and media have been increasingly put under electoral authoritarian-style manipula…
One Country, Two Nationalisms: Center-Periphery Relations between Mainland China and Hong Kong, 1997–2016
According to the Sino-British Joint Declaration and Basic Law, Hong Kong was to exercise a high degree of autonomy under the framework of “one country, two systems” after the British handover of its sovereignty to China in 1997. In the initial post-handover period, Beijing adopted a policy of nonintervention in Hong Kong, but the outbreak of the July 1, 2003 protest triggered a subsequent change of policy. Since then, Beijing has embarked on stat…
Democratization and budget openness: Evidence from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan
The existing literature postulates that budget openness often improves at critical moments of democratization. Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan, which are transitional regimes currently experiencing different regime trajectories, should be ideal places to test the validity of this theory. By examining whether and how open budget reforms in Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan are related to their regime trajectories through historical-comparative case studies,…
China’s influence and the Center-periphery Tug of War in Hong Kong, Taiwan and Indo-Pacific
"Bringing together a team of cutting-edge researchers based in Hong Kong, Taiwan and other Asia-Oceania countries, this book focuses on the tug of war between China's influence and forces of resistance in Hong Kong, Taiwan and selected countries in the surrounding regions. China's influence has met growing defiance from citizens who fear the extinction of their valued local identities. However, the book shows that resistance to China's influence …
Stateless nation within a nationless state: The political past, present, and future of Hongkongers, 1949–2019
Hongkonger identity has been a popular research topic for social scientists worldwide. Drawing upon contemporary theories of stateless nation, this article goes beyond the existing “local vis‐à‐vis national identity” paradigm and re‐articulates the political past, present, and future of the Hongkongers as a stateless nation. The article argues that political future of Hong Kong should be re‐thought within the framework of China's political trajec…
Practicing Autonomy within a Communist State
Hong Kong’s autonomy within China is akin to a house built on sand. This article examines how Hong Kong’s autonomy has weathered the waves over the years by adopting a news events analysis approach, documenting the Hong Kong government and the CCP-state’s divergence from the autonomy, democratization, and human rights provisions of the Sino-British Joint Declaration and the Basic Law since 1997. The case study of Hong Kong indicates the profound …
Hong Kong Public Budgeting: Historical and Comparative Analyses
Exporting autocracy: How China's extra-jurisdictional autocratic influence caused democratic backsliding in Hong Kong
In the global trend of democratic backsliding, Hong Kong provides an illustrative case of how democratic institutions could be degenerated by "exporting autocracy". After 1997, Hong Kong's semi-democracy has come under continuous pressure by China's extra-jurisdictional autocratic influence. When about two decades of exporting autocracy has almost made Hong Kong a semi-democratic façade, China imposed the National Security Law in June 2020 placin…
Hong Kong Public Budgeting: Historical and Comparative Analyses
Student Identity Politics: The Vanguards of Territorial Identity Movement in Hong Kong, 2015–2020
In recent years, there has been an emerging theory of “student identity politics,” which focuses on student activism based on race, gender, and sexual identity. Thus far, scholars have not yet systematically extended the analysis of student identity politics to those student activism relating to territorial identity. The student-led territorial identity movement that began in Hong Kong in 2015, which has transformed the center-autonomy relations …
Alliance politics across the Indo-Pacific: An offensive realist analysis of the Quad’s transformation
Great Power Competition in Non‐sovereign Entities: US–China Tug‐of‐War over Hong Kong, 1950–2020
The theory of offensive realism postulates that when a potential hegemon and an existing hegemon clash, their intense security competition will span all corners of the globe. This study advances the literature by investigating the impact of great power on non‐sovereign entities, using Hong Kong as a case study. Drawing on archival and published data, this study examines the geopolitical status of Hong Kong as a function of the changing US–China g…
Sub-State Identity Conception: Applying ISSP Measures at Territorial Autonomy Level
Diaspora formation and mobilisation: The emerging Hong Kong diaspora in the anti‐extradition bill movement
Over the years, literature studying stateless diaspora formation through a transborder social movement studies approach is growing. The recent rise of Hong Kong diaspora provides an emerging case of stateless diaspora that introduces new empirical insights into the scholarly literature. Using a mixed‐method research strategy, this study empirically investigates the formation of the Hong Kong diaspora as a ‘historically contingent process’, throug…
Peripheral resistance movements: Towards a triangulated research approach
What motivates people in the peripheries to risk their safety and even their lives to resist a centralising centre? In literature, a thesis of peripheral resistance movements was long constructed to postulate that under centre‐periphery conflicts, rising peripheral identity will contribute to resistance movements against a centralising centre. Over the years, this thesis has been developed into a body of historical and contemporary qualitative ca…
Movement-voting nexus in hybrid regimes: Voter mobilization in Hong Kong’s Anti-Extradition Bill Movement
The "movement-voting nexus" thesis highlights the impact of transformative social movements on shifting voting behaviour and electoral outcomes. However, existing studies have overwhelmingly focused on the context of democracies. This study goes beyond the existing literature by testing the applicability of "movement-voting nexus' in the context of hybrid regimes, using the voter mobilization in the Hong Kong's Anti-Extradition Bill Movement as a…
Leaderless Movements? Rethinking Leaders, Spontaneity, and Organisation-Ness
Leaderless movements' are hallmarks of contemporary contentious politics. Yet, scholars have not reached a consensus on the definition of leaderless movements – with some highlighting 'spontaneity' while others explore 'organisation-ness'. This study informs the theoretical debates by conceptualising leaderless movements as a shifting interplay of leaders, spontaneity and organisation-ness, using the case study of the 2019–20 Hong Kong Anti-Extra…
Budget oversight in territorial autonomies: A comparative analysis of Hong Kong and Macao
Traditionally, comparative budgeting scholars have focused on analysing budget oversight at the sovereign state level. Budget oversight at the territorial autonomy level remains largely under-investigated. Drawing on the Open Budget Survey methodology, this study is a pioneering attempt to compare the budget oversight institutions and practices in Hong Kong and Macao under the ‘one country, two systems’ model. This study finds that the varying pr…
What's driving the democratic recession in Asia
The extant literature explains autocratization either through domestically or internationally-driven explanations. The former focuses on studying autocratic strongmen's executive aggrandizement or promissory coups from a domestic perspective, while the latter highlights the critical role of autocratic powers in promoting autocratic practices to neighboring countries from an international perspective. Transcending such a dichotomous approach, this…
The Routledge Handbook of Great Power Competition
Hong Kong Politics: A Comparative Introduction
Political science (22 works) · Hong Kong and Taiwan Politics (19 works) · Law (19 works) · Politics (19 works) · Sociology (15 works) · Law (14 works) · Political economy (12 works) · China (10 works) · China's Socioeconomic Reforms and Governance (9 works) · Economics (8 works)