Kirby Goidel
Biographic Data
| ID | 272746 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Kirby Goidel |
| GIVEN NAMES | Kirby |
| FAMILY NAME | Goidel |
| SIGNATURE | GOIDEL K |
| AFFILIATIONS | Texas A&M University |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-2696-5463 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 48 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 297 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 48 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1994 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 9 |
Nativist Nation
This book presents nativism – the notion that foreign-born immigrants are not "real" Americans – as the leading ideological feature of American politics. Clifford Young and Kirby Goidel offer a rigorous and operational definition of nativism that, in combination with original survey data, explores public attitudes about who counts as an American. They explain the economic, demographic, and cultural circumstances that cause this condition to break…
Sorting It Out in the American States
While partisan cleavages in the United States are well documented, less is known about how the ideological positioning of state political parties shapes individual-level partisan sorting and issue alignment. This article examines whether citizens’ ideological and policy positions are influenced by the extremity of their own party and by the overall level of polarization between state parties. Using data from the Cooperative Election Study (2014–2…
If I could turn back time
Comparative politics scholars have long noted the presence of authoritarian nostalgia in emerging democracies. In this paper, we explore how the combination of nostalgia and authoritarianism influenced public attitudes within the U.S. context. Specifically, we use a module from the Cooperative Election Study to explore the relationship between nostalgia and four measures of authoritarian attitudes. Our findings show that nostalgia has the expecte…
Longing for the “Good Old Days” or longing for a racist and sexist past
Nostalgia plays an increasingly central and polarizing role in American politics, as the Republican Party has become the primary proprietor of nostalgic rhetoric. This paper explores how feelings of collective nostalgia in a country with an unjust past are inextricably tied to racism and hostile sexism. We expect that nostalgia is strongly related to racist and sexist attitudes. We test these expectations using data from the 2022 Cooperative Elec…
Professional Partisans? Primary Care Physicians, State Governments, and Covid-19 Responsibility and Response
Emerging health crises challenge and overwhelm federal political systems (Greer et al. 2020, Global Public Health 15: 1413–6). Within the context of COVID-19, states and governors took charge in the absence of a coordinated federal response. The result was uneven policy responses and variance in health-related and economic outcomes. While existing research has explored public evaluations of state COVID-19 policies, we explore primary care physici…
Nostalgia in Politics
Throughout the 2016 presidential campaign, Donald Trump promised to voters that, if elected, he would “make America great again.” Trump’s explicitly nostalgic appeal was rooted in the collective perception, shared by at least some voters, that life was better (and simpler) in the past. Nostalgic appeals have a long history in American politics. Trump’s “Make America Great Again” (MAGA) slogan was co-opted from Reagan’s “let’s make America great a…
Yes to Koch, No to Woke
In this paper, we use data from the 2022 Cooperative Election Study to explore the relationship between partisanship, attitudes toward free markets, and corporate social responsibility. We find that while Republicans continue to express abstract support for free markets and business involvement in politics, they respond negatively to more specific descriptions of CEO activism, particularly when that activism is directed toward environmental, soci…
After the rain falls
Response to Seth J. Hill’s Review of Democracy’s Meaning
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Caregiver strain among non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic male caregivers with self-reported chronic health conditions
Findings from this study suggest that non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic men with chronic conditions have differing caregiving experiences. While bolstering social connectedness and caregiver support services may offset caregiver strain, tailored mental health and disease management programming are needed to meet the specific needs of non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic male caregivers
The system is broken
Objective In this article, we explore how populist beliefs and related attitudes (nativism and system‐level discontent) are associated with support for government spending across a wide range of countries and spending categories. Method Using cross‐sectional survey data spanning 18 democratic countries, we test how each of these constructs affects support for government spending on education, healthcare, social welfare, and job creation, and how …
Primary care physicians' strategies for addressing Covid-19 vaccine hesitancy
Contextualizing the Chronic Care Model among Non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic Men with Chronic Conditions
Middle-aged and older men of color with chronic conditions have low utilization of preventive health services. In the context of the Chronic Care Model (CCM), the objective of this study was to identify perceptions about being informed, activated patients and having productive interactions in healthcare settings among non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic middle-aged and older men with chronic health conditions in the United States. Using an internet-b…
Our thoughts on approaching peer review
Democracy's Meanings
Changes in perceptions of media bias
In this paper, we utilize a module from the Cooperative Congressional Election Study to explore how individual perceptions of media bias changed over the course of the 2016 presidential campaign. While previous literature has documented the role of partisan affiliation in perceptions of bias, we know considerably less about how these perceptions change during a presidential election. Consistent with existing theories of attitude change, perceptio…
The Meanings of Democracy among Mass Publics
The Political Consequences of Nativism
Objective Scholars have noted the increase in nativist sentiment in political debates in both the United States and across Europe. However, how these changes have affected voting behavior and political party support is less clear. In this article, we ask how relevant nativist attitudes are when making voting decisions across party systems in the United States and Europe. Are these sentiments pushing out other drivers of vote choice, and if so, wh…
Economic Vulnerability, Cultural Decline, and Nativism
Objective Nativism, or anti‐immigrant preferences, is increasingly evident within democratic mass publics. In this article, we explore whether economic concerns, perceptions of social decline, or some combination of the two shape these attitudes. Method Our data are comprised of more than 8,000 survey respondents from nine Western, industrial democracies (Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Spain, Sweden, and the United Stat…
Rigged-Election Rhetoric
Using content analysis and original survey data, we investigated the news coverage and consequences of Donald Trump’s “rigged-election” claims during the 2016 presidential election. We added to previous literature by showing that the effects of such claims were highly contingent on individual partisan affiliation. Republicans and Independents who believed that the elections were rigged via voter fraud or media bias were more likely to report that…
Perceptions of disaster resilience in four Texas coastal communities
Scholars and practitioners have long noted the importance of community resilience to disaster recovery and environmental risk mitigation. Yet we know surprisingly little about how local residents perceive the resilience of their local communities, including how closely their perceptions align with objective measures of resilience or whether these perceptions affect community engagement and support for resilience building activities and policies. …
The Many Layers of Local
Objective On April 20, 2010, the Deepwater Horizon oil‐drilling rig exploded in the Gulf of Mexico, resulting in the death of 11 oil rig workers and a sea floor oil gusher releasing over 4.9 million barrels of oil into the Gulf. The objective in this article is to shed light on the local media environment surrounding the spill, comparing local television news coverage among the five states most directly affected by the disaster. Method In our met…
Watching the News and Support for Democracy
Objective We explore whether the effect of watching television on support for democracy is contingent on the type of media system. In countries with well‐developed public broadcasting systems, watching television news should enhance support for democracy. In more market‐oriented systems with more superficial and episodic news content, watching television news should weaken democratic attachments. Methods We utilize Wave 6 of the World Values Surv…
Perceptions of Threat to Religious Liberty
Religious freedom in the United States is widely enjoyed and vigorously protected. Yet, a substantial percentage of Americans believe that their religious liberties are threatened. This article investigates the origins of these perceptions, focusing on the role of political orientations, religious identities and behaviors, social issues (i.e., gay marriage and abortion), and news attentiveness. We found that perceptions of threat are related to p…
The Decline of Daily Newspapers and the Third‐Person Effect
Objective In this article, we investigate the third‐person effect within the context of the decision by the New Orleans Times‐Picayune in September 2012 to end daily print circulation in favor of a three‐day‐per‐week publication schedule and online news offerings. Methods We utilize original survey data based on 1,043 telephone interviews with respondents living in the greater New Orleans area, including 530 landline respondents selected via rand…
Media Coverage of the Economy and Aggregate Economic Evaluations
In the following analysis, we investigate two important questions: (1) how closely does media coverage of the economy reflect real changes in eco nomic conditions? and (2) to what extent does economic coverage of the economy exert an independent effect on economic evaluations? We then use this information to explore Republican claims that media coverage of the economy hurt the Bush reelection campaign. Consistent with previous research, we find t…
The Vanishing Marginals, the Bandwagon, and the Mass Media
We investigate the degree to which exposure to the mass media results in an increased likelihood to vote for the incumbent (or the winner in open-seat races). We also present experimental evidence demonstrating the influence of electoral expectations in individual--level voting decisions
Participation Rates, Socioeconomic Class Biases, and Congressional Elections
Theory: Recently, Leighley and Nagler (1992) presented evidence indicating that class biases in voter turnout remained relatively stable across presidential elections from 1960 through 1988. Nevertheless, few investigations test for class biases (or the stability of class biases) in midterm congressional elections. Given that presidential elections are such high-intensity affairs (Campbell 1993) some lower-class citizens likely participate in pre…
Exploring the Roots of Public Participation in the Controversy Over Embryonic Stem Cell Research and Cloning
State Campaign Finance Regulations and Electoral Competition
In the following analysis, we provide an assessment of the effect of campaign finance reform on campaign spending and electoral competition in gubernatorial campaigns. The work improves on prior research by considering a longer, more comprehensive time frame (1978-1997) and by examining the effects of several different components of reform (contribution limits, public financing, and spending limits) within a single analytic framework. We find tha…
The Meanings of Democracy among Mass Publics
Sources of Economic News and Economic Expectations
This article considers the process by which local economic news coverage influences individual evaluations of the economy. We improve on prior research by capturing a wider range of news sources (including national network news, national newspapers, local television news, and local newspapers) and connecting the effects of this coverage on individual level attitudes. We find that current personal financial evaluations, personal financial expectat…
The Impact of State Campaign Finance Laws
We compare spending in concurrent senate and gubernatorial elections to determine if campaign finance laws influence candidate campaign spending. We find that candidate-based public financing combined with spending limits influence candidate spending, but the effect is largely dependent on the level of the limits. We find that contribution limits do not influence candidate spending. If the goal of reform is to reduce candidate spending—or to affe…
Public responses to the presidential use of military force
Who Participates in the "Public Square" and Does It Matter
Journal Article Who Participates in the "Public Square" and Does It Matter? Get access Robert Kirby Goidel, Robert Kirby Goidel Address correspondence to Robert Kirby Goidel; e-mail: [email protected] Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Craig Malcolm Freeman, Craig Malcolm Freeman Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Steven Procopio, Steven Procopio Search for other works by t…
Perceptions of disaster resilience in four Texas coastal communities
Scholars and practitioners have long noted the importance of community resilience to disaster recovery and environmental risk mitigation. Yet we know surprisingly little about how local residents perceive the resilience of their local communities, including how closely their perceptions align with objective measures of resilience or whether these perceptions affect community engagement and support for resilience building activities and policies. …
Rebuilding or Intruding? Media Coverage and Public Opinion on L atino Immigration in Post‐ K atrina L ouisiana
Objectives Few studies fully integrate the interactive effects of political, geographic, and media contexts into studies of public opinion on immigration. We rectify this by utilizing the post‐ K atrina L atino immigrant migration to L ouisiana as an opportunity for study of these relationships. Methods We utilize survey data and content analysis of news coverage to examine the influence of news exposure on attitudes toward immigrants and immigra…
Race, Racial Resentment, Attentiveness to the News Media, and Public Opinion Toward the Jena Six
Objective. We outline the role of race, racial resentment, and attentiveness to news in structuring public opinion toward the prosecution of the Jena Six, the name given to six African‐American high school students who beat a white student, five of whom were subsequently charged with attempted second‐degree murder. Method. We rely on a telephone survey of 428 registered voters collected in the aftermath of the protests in Jena, Louisiana. Results…
Taking Credit and Avoiding Blame
Relying on experimental methodology, we find that positive and negative reports of specific aspects of the economy influence the audience's assessments of political responsibility for the state of the economy. In addition, whether the president actively attempts to take credit (in the case of positive economic news) or attempts to avoid blame (in the case of negative economic news) also influences assessments. Finally, we find that effects are la…
Watching the News and Support for Democracy
Objective We explore whether the effect of watching television on support for democracy is contingent on the type of media system. In countries with well‐developed public broadcasting systems, watching television news should enhance support for democracy. In more market‐oriented systems with more superficial and episodic news content, watching television news should weaken democratic attachments. Methods We utilize Wave 6 of the World Values Surv…
Reconsidering the 'Myths and Realities' of Campaign Finance Reform
Our analysis uses simulations to consider the likely impact of campaign finance reform on electoral outcomes and electoral competitiveness. The analysis improves upon previous research by both utilizing more than a single econometric model as a basis for the simulations and utilizing a wide range of campaign finance scenarios. Conclusions as to the likely impact campaign finance reform has on electoral competitiveness rely on the model employed a…
Adultery, drugs, and sex
In the article, we utilize an experimental design to examine individual responses to a series of hypothetical, political scandals involving public officials; including adultery and drug use. We find that while public responses to political scandal are, in part, conditioned by the officeholder’s sex, they are also contingent on the nature of the scandal, and individual acceptance (or rejection) of gender stereotypes
The Net Impact of Media Exposure on Individual Voting Decisions in U. S. Senate and House Elections
We examine the impact of media exposure in United States Senate and House elections and find that high levels of media exposure are associated with an increased likelihood that individual respondents will vote for House incumbents. In addition, we find that the effects of media exposure in Senate elections are mediated by challenger political quality. We also find that, within House elections, media exposure appears to have its most dramatic impa…
Nostalgia in Politics
Throughout the 2016 presidential campaign, Donald Trump promised to voters that, if elected, he would “make America great again.” Trump’s explicitly nostalgic appeal was rooted in the collective perception, shared by at least some voters, that life was better (and simpler) in the past. Nostalgic appeals have a long history in American politics. Trump’s “Make America Great Again” (MAGA) slogan was co-opted from Reagan’s “let’s make America great a…
Rigged-Election Rhetoric
Using content analysis and original survey data, we investigated the news coverage and consequences of Donald Trump’s “rigged-election” claims during the 2016 presidential election. We added to previous literature by showing that the effects of such claims were highly contingent on individual partisan affiliation. Republicans and Independents who believed that the elections were rigged via voter fraud or media bias were more likely to report that…
If I could turn back time
Comparative politics scholars have long noted the presence of authoritarian nostalgia in emerging democracies. In this paper, we explore how the combination of nostalgia and authoritarianism influenced public attitudes within the U.S. context. Specifically, we use a module from the Cooperative Election Study to explore the relationship between nostalgia and four measures of authoritarian attitudes. Our findings show that nostalgia has the expecte…
The system is broken
Objective In this article, we explore how populist beliefs and related attitudes (nativism and system‐level discontent) are associated with support for government spending across a wide range of countries and spending categories. Method Using cross‐sectional survey data spanning 18 democratic countries, we test how each of these constructs affects support for government spending on education, healthcare, social welfare, and job creation, and how …
Primary care physicians' strategies for addressing Covid-19 vaccine hesitancy
Changes in perceptions of media bias
In this paper, we utilize a module from the Cooperative Congressional Election Study to explore how individual perceptions of media bias changed over the course of the 2016 presidential campaign. While previous literature has documented the role of partisan affiliation in perceptions of bias, we know considerably less about how these perceptions change during a presidential election. Consistent with existing theories of attitude change, perceptio…
Economic Vulnerability, Cultural Decline, and Nativism
Objective Nativism, or anti‐immigrant preferences, is increasingly evident within democratic mass publics. In this article, we explore whether economic concerns, perceptions of social decline, or some combination of the two shape these attitudes. Method Our data are comprised of more than 8,000 survey respondents from nine Western, industrial democracies (Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Spain, Sweden, and the United Stat…
The Vanishing Marginals, the Bandwagon, and the Mass Media
We investigate the degree to which exposure to the mass media results in an increased likelihood to vote for the incumbent (or the winner in open-seat races). We also present experimental evidence demonstrating the influence of electoral expectations in individual--level voting decisions
Media Coverage of the Economy and Aggregate Economic Evaluations
In the following analysis, we investigate two important questions: (1) how closely does media coverage of the economy reflect real changes in eco nomic conditions? and (2) to what extent does economic coverage of the economy exert an independent effect on economic evaluations? We then use this information to explore Republican claims that media coverage of the economy hurt the Bush reelection campaign. Consistent with previous research, we find t…
Public responses to the presidential use of military force
The Net Impact of Media Exposure on Individual Voting Decisions in U. S. Senate and House Elections
We examine the impact of media exposure in United States Senate and House elections and find that high levels of media exposure are associated with an increased likelihood that individual respondents will vote for House incumbents. In addition, we find that the effects of media exposure in Senate elections are mediated by challenger political quality. We also find that, within House elections, media exposure appears to have its most dramatic impa…
The President and Congress as Sources in Television News Coverage of the National Debt
A content analysis of the Vanderbilt Television News Abstracts of stories dealing with the national debt between January 1990 and December 1993 advances our understanding of media coverage of political issues. By focusing on a single issue it permits analyzing coverage over a longer period than earlier studies. This permits deeper analysis of the differences in coverage accorded to the House and the Senate. The findings confirm the general consen…
Reconsidering the 'Myths and Realities' of Campaign Finance Reform
Our analysis uses simulations to consider the likely impact of campaign finance reform on electoral outcomes and electoral competitiveness. The analysis improves upon previous research by both utilizing more than a single econometric model as a basis for the simulations and utilizing a wide range of campaign finance scenarios. Conclusions as to the likely impact campaign finance reform has on electoral competitiveness rely on the model employed a…
Campaign Finance Reform and the 1994 Congressional Elections
Based on partisan arguments regarding the likely effect of campaign finance reform on electoral competition, one might suspect that, had spending limits been in place prior to the 1994 midterm elections, Republicans would not have been able to gain control of the House of Representatives. To examine this proposition, we first create a regression model designed to explain the Democratic percentage of the vote as a function of candidate spending, i…
Participation Rates, Socioeconomic Class Biases, and Congressional Elections
Theory: Recently, Leighley and Nagler (1992) presented evidence indicating that class biases in voter turnout remained relatively stable across presidential elections from 1960 through 1988. Nevertheless, few investigations test for class biases (or the stability of class biases) in midterm congressional elections. Given that presidential elections are such high-intensity affairs (Campbell 1993) some lower-class citizens likely participate in pre…
Taking Credit and Avoiding Blame
Relying on experimental methodology, we find that positive and negative reports of specific aspects of the economy influence the audience's assessments of political responsibility for the state of the economy. In addition, whether the president actively attempts to take credit (in the case of positive economic news) or attempts to avoid blame (in the case of negative economic news) also influences assessments. Finally, we find that effects are la…
The Impact of State Campaign Finance Laws
We compare spending in concurrent senate and gubernatorial elections to determine if campaign finance laws influence candidate campaign spending. We find that candidate-based public financing combined with spending limits influence candidate spending, but the effect is largely dependent on the level of the limits. We find that contribution limits do not influence candidate spending. If the goal of reform is to reduce candidate spending—or to affe…
State Campaign Finance Regulations and Electoral Competition
In the following analysis, we provide an assessment of the effect of campaign finance reform on campaign spending and electoral competition in gubernatorial campaigns. The work improves on prior research by considering a longer, more comprehensive time frame (1978-1997) and by examining the effects of several different components of reform (contribution limits, public financing, and spending limits) within a single analytic framework. We find tha…
Adultery, drugs, and sex
In the article, we utilize an experimental design to examine individual responses to a series of hypothetical, political scandals involving public officials; including adultery and drug use. We find that while public responses to political scandal are, in part, conditioned by the officeholder’s sex, they are also contingent on the nature of the scandal, and individual acceptance (or rejection) of gender stereotypes
Strengthening Higher Education Through Gridiron Success? Public Perceptions of the Impact of National Football Championships on Academic Quality
Objectives. This article examines the extent to which the public connects athletic success with academic quality, whether these connections are stronger during a year in which a state university wins a national championship, the type of respondents most likely to make such connections, and whether these connections make a difference in terms of public evaluations and support for higher education. Embedded within the 2004 survey instrument, we als…
Exploring the Roots of Public Participation in the Controversy Over Embryonic Stem Cell Research and Cloning
Understanding citizen perceptions of science controversy
Using the contemporary debate in the United States over embryonic stem cell research as a test case, we outline a theoretical framework that points to the central impact of value predispositions, schema, political knowledge, and forms of mass media use in shaping public perceptions of science. In the process, by proposing an alternative approach to the dominant science literacy model, we address the existing divide between survey-based and ethnog…
Who Participates in the "Public Square" and Does It Matter
Journal Article Who Participates in the "Public Square" and Does It Matter? Get access Robert Kirby Goidel, Robert Kirby Goidel Address correspondence to Robert Kirby Goidel; e-mail: [email protected] Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Craig Malcolm Freeman, Craig Malcolm Freeman Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Steven Procopio, Steven Procopio Search for other works by t…
The Role of an African‐American Candidate on Psychological Engagement and Political Discussion in a Local Election
There have been numerous studies of African‐American political participation, but little research investigating the effect of African‐American candidates on political discussion. This is surprising, given the importance of political discussion in democratic theory and the increased attention it has received in the literature. We address this gap by examining the effect of a successful African‐American Democratic candidate on psychological engagem…
Sources of Economic News and Economic Expectations
This article considers the process by which local economic news coverage influences individual evaluations of the economy. We improve on prior research by capturing a wider range of news sources (including national network news, national newspapers, local television news, and local newspapers) and connecting the effects of this coverage on individual level attitudes. We find that current personal financial evaluations, personal financial expectat…
Rebuilding or Intruding? Media Coverage and Public Opinion on L atino Immigration in Post‐ K atrina L ouisiana
Objectives Few studies fully integrate the interactive effects of political, geographic, and media contexts into studies of public opinion on immigration. We rectify this by utilizing the post‐ K atrina L atino immigrant migration to L ouisiana as an opportunity for study of these relationships. Methods We utilize survey data and content analysis of news coverage to examine the influence of news exposure on attitudes toward immigrants and immigra…
Race, Racial Resentment, Attentiveness to the News Media, and Public Opinion Toward the Jena Six
Objective. We outline the role of race, racial resentment, and attentiveness to news in structuring public opinion toward the prosecution of the Jena Six, the name given to six African‐American high school students who beat a white student, five of whom were subsequently charged with attempted second‐degree murder. Method. We rely on a telephone survey of 428 registered voters collected in the aftermath of the protests in Jena, Louisiana. Results…
Difficulty in seeking information about health care quality and costs
While government agencies and health organizations have increased efforts to provide online information about health care quality and costs, we know little about whether individuals seek out or understand this information. Using results from a Louisiana telephone survey (N = 1030), we examine intent to use a website devoted to information about health care quality and costs and self-reported difficulty in finding this information. Intent to use a…
The Influence of Campaign Contributions in State Legislatures
Journal Article The Influence of Campaign Contributions in State Legislatures: The Effects of Institutions and Politics Get access The Influence of Campaign Contributions in State Legislatures: The Effects of Institutions and Politics by Lynda W. Powell. Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, 2012. 272 pp. Paper, $40.00. Kirby Goidel Kirby Goidel Louisiana State University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar…
The Decline of Daily Newspapers and the Third‐Person Effect
Objective In this article, we investigate the third‐person effect within the context of the decision by the New Orleans Times‐Picayune in September 2012 to end daily print circulation in favor of a three‐day‐per‐week publication schedule and online news offerings. Methods We utilize original survey data based on 1,043 telephone interviews with respondents living in the greater New Orleans area, including 530 landline respondents selected via rand…
Political Knowledge and Exposure to the 2012 US Presidential Debates
Extant literature shows a positive link between presidential debates and political knowledge, with findings strongest for low-information voters. Considering presidential debates continue to retain a mass audience, they fulfill an invaluable civic function. Less clear is whether knowledge effects hold across debate formats and agenda topics. Using an experimental method that exposes a sample of undergraduate students to the 2012 US presidential d…
Perceptions of Threat to Religious Liberty
Religious freedom in the United States is widely enjoyed and vigorously protected. Yet, a substantial percentage of Americans believe that their religious liberties are threatened. This article investigates the origins of these perceptions, focusing on the role of political orientations, religious identities and behaviors, social issues (i.e., gay marriage and abortion), and news attentiveness. We found that perceptions of threat are related to p…
Political science (42 works) · Politics (38 works) · Law (32 works) · Electoral Systems and Political Participation (24 works) · Law (23 works) · Sociology (23 works) · Psychology (19 works) · Economics (16 works) · Media Influence and Politics (12 works) · Public relations (11 works)