Robert Rosenthal
Biographic Data
| ID | 274245 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Robert Rosenthal |
| GIVEN NAMES | Robert |
| FAMILY NAME | Rosenthal |
| SIGNATURE | ROSENTHAL R |
| AFFILIATIONS | Harvard University Press |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 145 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 2076 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 144 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 1 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1957 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2019 |
| H-INDEX | 17 |
Meta-analytic evidence that we-talk predicts relationship and personal functioning in romantic couples
Interdependence is a hallmark of romantic relationships, and first-person plural pronoun use ("we-talk") can indicate interdependence between self and other. We-talk often positively, but sometimes negatively, relates to relationship and personal functioning. A meta-analysis of 30 studies supported a positive association overall between one's own and partners' we-talk and relationship and personal functioning, as well as each of five indicators (…
Goal conflict and psychological well-being: A meta-analysis
Mini Meta‐Analysis of Your Own Studies: Some Arguments on Why and a Primer on How
We outline the need to, and provide a guide on how to, conduct a meta‐analysis on one's own studies within a manuscript. Although conducting a “mini meta” within one's manuscript has been argued for in the past, this practice is still relatively rare and adoption is slow. We believe two deterrents are responsible. First, researchers may not think that it is legitimate to do a meta‐analysis on a small number of studies. Second, researchers may thi…
A teacher expectation intervention: Modelling the practices of high expectation teachers
Continuously Cumulating Meta-Analysis and Replicability
The current crisis in scientific psychology about whether our findings are irreproducible was presaged years ago by Tversky and Kahneman (1971), who noted that even sophisticated researchers believe in the fallacious Law of Small Numbers—erroneous intuitions about how imprecisely sample data reflect population phenomena. Combined with the low power of most current work, this often leads to the use of misleading criteria about whether an effect ha…
An investigation of the endowment effect in the context of a college housing lottery
Judgment Studies: Design, Analysis, and Meta-Analysis
Selective Publication of Antidepressant Trials and Its Influence on Apparent Efficacy
BACKGROUND: Evidence-based medicine is valuable to the extent that the evidence base is complete and unbiased. Selective publication of clinical trials--and the outcomes within those trials--can lead to unrealistic estimates of drug effectiveness and alter the apparent risk-benefit ratio. METHODS: We obtained reviews from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for studies of 12 antidepressant agents involving 12,564 patients. We conducted a syste…
The new handbook of methods in nonverbal behavior research
Prediction of Students' Evaluations from Brief Instances of Professors' Nonverbal Behavior in Defined Instructional Situations
Pygmalion in the classroom: Teacher Expectation and Pupil's Intellectual Development
Quantifying construct validity: Two simple measures
Construct validity is one of the most central concepts in psychology. Researchers generally establish the construct validity of a measure by correlating it with a number of other measures and arguing from the pattern of correlations that the measure is associated with these variables in theoretically predictable ways. This article presents 2 simple metrics for quantifying construct validity that provide effect size estimates indicating the extent…
Covert communication in classrooms, clinics, courtrooms, and cubicles
Covert communication in classrooms, clinics, courtrooms, and cubicles
Interpersonal expectancy effects refer to the phenomena whereby one person's expectation for another person's behavior comes to serve as a self-fulfilling prophecy. The author examines the history and diversity of this area of inquiry, showing that the expectations of psychological researchers, classroom teachers, judges in the courtroom, business executives, and health care providers can unintentionally affect the responses of their research par…
Meta-Analysis: Recent Developments in Quantitative Methods for Literature Reviews
We describe the history and current status of the meta-analytic enterprise. The advantages and historical criticisms of meta-analysis are described, as are the basic steps in a meta-analysis and the role of effect sizes as chief coins of the meta-analytic realm. Advantages of the meta-analytic procedures include seeing the “landscape” of a research domain, keeping statistical significance in perspective, minimizing wasted data, becoming intimate …
Why introverts can't always tell who likes them: Multitasking and nonverbal decoding
Despite personality theories suggesting that extraversion correlates with social skill, most studies have not found a positive correlation between extraversion and nonverbal decoding. The authors propose that introverts are less able to multitask and thus are poorer at nonverbal decoding, but only when it is a secondary task. Prior research has uniformly extracted the nonverbal decoding from its multitasking context and, consequently, never teste…
Effect Size, Practical Importance, and Social Policy for Children
Real decisions for real children are influenced by the papers developmentalists write, regardless of whether we ever intended our papers to be used in the policy arena. Yet most social scientists seldom analyze data in ways that are most useful to policymakers. The primary purpose of this paper is to share three ideas concerning how to evaluate the practical importance of a finding or set of findings. First, for research to be most useful not onl…
Contrasts and Correlations in Effect-Size Estimation
This article describes procedures for presenting standardized measures of effect size when contrasts are used to ask focused questions of data. The simplest contrasts consist of comparisons of two samples (e.g., based on the independent t statistic). Useful effect-size indices in this situation are members of the g family (e.g., Hedges's g and Cohen's d) and the Pearson r. We review expressions for calculating these measures and for transforming …
Three Models of Conflict Resolution: Effects on Intergroup Expectancies and Attitudes
Gordon Allport (1960) once noted that there are many different approaches to conflict resolution, but that few empirical studies have been conducted to examine their effectiveness. This experiment was designed to evaluate the distributive bargaining, integrative bargaining, and interactive problem solving models of conflict resolution, using intergroup expectancies and attitudes as dependent measures. Jewish and Arab students were paired into mix…
Interactional Synchrony, Positivity, and Patient Satisfaction in the Physician-Patient Relationship
From the Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Supported in part by the Spencer Foundation. The contents of this paper are solely the responsibility of the author. Address correspondence to: Robert Rosenthal, PhD, Department of Psychology, Harvard University, William James 1470, 33 Kirkland St., Cambridge, MA 02138
Computing contrasts, effect sizes, and counternulls on other people's published data: General procedures for research consumers.
We describe convenient statistical procedures that will enable research consumers (e.g,, professional psychologists, graduate students, and researchers themselves) to reach beyond the published conclusions and make an independent assessment of the reported results. Appropriately conceived contrasts accompanied by effect size estimates often allow researchers to address precise predictions that the authors of the published report may have ignored …
Detecting Anxiety and Defensiveness from Visual and Auditory Cues
Defensive individuals have been shown to differ from non‐defensive individuals on a number of physiological and behavioral measures. We report two studies on observers' inferences of defensiveness, and the contribution of communication channels in the inference of defensiveness. Observers judged high and low state anxious segments of high and low trait anxious defensive and nondefensive individuals. Accurate assessments were made of ( a ) defensi…
More than words: Linguistic and nonlinguistic politeness in two cultures
This article extends the validity of politeness theory ( P. Brown & S. Levinson, 1987) by investigating the nonlinguistic aspects of politeness in 2 cultures. Politeness strategies expressed through different channels of communication (silent video, speech, full-channel video and audio, and transcripts of speech) were examined, and it was found that politeness strategies were communicated nonlinguistically as well as linguistically and that nonli…
Writing meta-analytic reviews
This article describes what should typically be included in the introduction, method, results, and discussion sections of a meta-analytic review.Method sections include information on literature searches, criteria for inclusion of studies, and a listing of the characteristics recorded for each study.Results sections include information describing the distribution of obtained effect sizes, central tendencies, variability, tests of significance, co…
Writing meta-analytic reviews
This article describes what should typically be included in the introduction, method, results, and discussion sections of a meta-analytic review. Method sections include information on literature searches, criteria for inclusion of studies, and a listing of the characteristics recorded for each study. Results sections include information describing the distribution of obtained effect sizes, central ten-dencies, variability, tests of significance,…
Pygmalion in the classroom
The file drawer problem and tolerance for null results
For any given research area, one cannot tell how many studies have been con-ducted but never reported. The extreme view of the "file drawer problem " is that journals are filled with the 5 % of the studies that show Type I errors, while the file drawers are filled with the 95 % of the studies that show non-significant results. Quantitative procedures for computing the tolerance for filed and future null results are reported and illustrated, and t…
Organizational stress studies in role conflict and ambiguity: Studies in Role Conflict and Ambiguity
xii, 470 pages : 24 cm
Pygmalion in the classroom: Teacher Expectation and Pupil's Intellectual Development
Thin slices of expressive behavior as predictors of interpersonal consequences: A meta-analysis
A meta-analysis was conducted on the accuracy of predictions of various objective outcomes in the areas of social and clinical psychology from short observations of expressive behavior (under 5 min). The overall effect size (/) for the accuracy of predictions for 38 different results was.39. Studies using longer periods of behavioral observation did not yield greater predictive accuracy; predictions based on observations under Vi min in length di…
Comparing correlated correlation coefficients
The purpose of this article is to provide simple but accurate methods for comparing correlation coefficients between a dependent variable and a set of independent variables. The methods are simple extensions of Dunn & Clark's (1969) work using the Fisher z transformation and include a test and confidence interval for comparing two correlated correlations, a test for heterogeneity, and a test and confidence interval for a contrast among k (>2) cor…
Statistical procedures and the justification of knowledge in psychological science
Combining results of independent studies
Half a minute: Predicting teacher evaluations from thin slices of nonverbal behavior and physical attractiveness
The accuracy of strangers ' consensual judgments of personality based on "thin slices " of targets' nonverbal behavior were examined in relation to an ecologically valid criterion variable. In the 1st study, consensual judgments of college teachers ' molar nonverbal behavior based on very brief (under 30 s) silent video clips significantly predicted global end-of-semester student evaluations of teachers. In the 2nd study, similar judgments predic…
How are we doing in soft psychology
On judging and being judged accurately in zero-acquaintance situations
This research examined the role of personality, nonverbal skills, and gender as moderators ofjudging and being judged accurately in zero-acquaintance situations. Unacquainted participants, assembled in groups, completed a battery of personality tests, took 2 audiovisual tests (the Profile of Nonverbal Sensitivity [PONS] and the Interpersonal Perception Task [IPT]) intended to assess decoding skills and then rated themselves and every other person…
Mediation of interpersonal expectancy effects: 31 Meta-Analyses
Effects of Preinteraction Expectancies and Target Communication on Perceiver Reciprocity and Compensation in Dyadic Interaction
Meta-analytic evidence that we-talk predicts relationship and personal functioning in romantic couples
Interdependence is a hallmark of romantic relationships, and first-person plural pronoun use ("we-talk") can indicate interdependence between self and other. We-talk often positively, but sometimes negatively, relates to relationship and personal functioning. A meta-analysis of 30 studies supported a positive association overall between one's own and partners' we-talk and relationship and personal functioning, as well as each of five indicators (…
Meta-analytic procedures for combining studies with multiple effect sizes
In this article we present a general set of meta-analytic procedures for combining and comparing research results from studies yielding multiple effect sizes based on multiple dependent variables. These require, in addition to the individual effect sizes or significance levels, only the degrees of freedom in the study and the typical intercorrelation among the variables. Older methods are reviewed, and a new method is presented for obtaining a si…
Facial and vocal cues of deception and honesty
Definition and interpretation of interaction effects
When interaction is claimed in a factorial arrangement, the results almost always require more detailed analysis than is typically reported in our primary journals. In reporting interactions, research psychologists have gotten into the habit of examining only the differences between the original cell means (the simple effects) instead of more properly examining the residuals, or leftover effects, after the lower order effects have been removed. T…
Synchrony, pseudosynchrony, and dissynchrony: Measuring the entrainment process in mother-infant interactions
Comparing effect sizes of independent studies
This article presents a general set of procedures for comparing the effect sizes of two or more independent studies. The procedures include a method for calculating the approximate significance level for the heterogeneity of effect sizes of studies and a method for calculating the approximate significance level of a contrast among the effect sizes. Although the focus is on effect size as measured by the standardized difference between the means (…
Quantifying construct validity: Two simple measures
Construct validity is one of the most central concepts in psychology. Researchers generally establish the construct validity of a measure by correlating it with a number of other measures and arguing from the pattern of correlations that the measure is associated with these variables in theoretically predictable ways. This article presents 2 simple metrics for quantifying construct validity that provide effect size estimates indicating the extent…
Encoding and decoding of spontaneous and posed facial expressions
The Volunteer Subject
Sex differences in eavesdropping on nonverbal cues
Testing for moderator variables in meta‐analysis: Issues and methods
Statistical versus traditional procedures for summarizing research findings
Rare Prescription Book of Frontier Minnesota
PHILIP D. JORDAN, ROBERT ROSENTHAL; Rare Prescription Book of Frontier Minnesota, Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Volume XII, Issue
Note on the Fallible E
Note on the Fallible E
Training clinical students in personality theory
Experimenter Effect in the Study of Invertebrate Behavior
Psychologists have shown increasing interest in the behavior of organisms other than man and rat, a development welcomed on theoretical grounds (Beach, 1960). Particular interest has been shown in the study of the behavior and behavior modification of rhe planarian, an invertebrate placed low on the phylogenetic scale. A number of highly relevant, but frequently uncontrolled, variables apparently have contributed to the differences observed in th…
Experimenter Effect in the Study of Invertebrate Behavior
The role of the research assistant in the mediation of experimenter bias1
Psychology of the Scientist: V. Three Experiments in Experimenter Bias
The Effect of Early Data Returns on Data Subsequently Obtained by Outcome-Biased Experimenters
Twelve biased experimenters, each running six subjects on a photo-rating task, were equally and randomly divided into three treatment conditions. One group of experimenters obtained or expected data from their first two subjects (who were actually accomplices), another group of experimenters obtained or unexpected data from their first two subjects (who were also accomplices), while the third group, utilizing only naive subjects, served as a cont…
Verbal Conditioning: Mediator of Experimenter Expectancy Effects
Three experiments in E outcome-bias were analyzed to test the hypotheses that verbal conditioning (1) is a necessary condition for, and (2) serves to augment, the mediation of the E outcome-bias phenomenon. It was found that verbal conditioning was not a necessary condition nor did it serve to augment the phenomenon in the three experiments analyzed. The finding that the bias phenomenon was already in evidence on Ss' very first response, suggeste…
Further Evidence for the Cliff Effect in the Interpretation of Levels of Significance
Experimenter outcome-orientation and the results of the psychological experiment
The Volunteer Subject
Teachers' Expectancies: Determinants of Pupils' IQ Gains
Within each of 18 classrooms, an average of 20% of the children were reported to classroom teachers as showing unusual potential for intellectual gains. Eight months later these “unusual” children (who had actually been selected at random) showed significantly greater gains in IQ than did the remaining children in the control group. These effects of teachers' expectancies operated primarily among the younger children
Volunteer Subjects and the Results of Opinion Change Studies
Female volunteers and nonvolunteers for a (fictitious) perception experiment participated in a study of opinion change. Opinions about college fraternities were measured before and after the receipt of pro-fraternity, anti-fraternity, or no (control) communication. Volunteers reacted differently from nonvolunteers to pro- and to anti-fraternity communications. In addition, volunteers' opinions were significantly less reliable than the opinions of…
Data desirability, experimenter expectancy, and the results of psychological research
Psychology of the Scientist: XXIII. Experimenter Expectancy, Experimenter Experience, and Pascal's Wager
Data and conclusions presented by Ingraham and Harrington (1966) on the effects of E's expectancy on the performance of rats are examined closely, re-analyzed statistically, and interpreted somewhat differently
Psychology of the Scientist: XXVI. Experimenter Expectancy, One Tale of Pascal, and the Distribution of Three Tails
Responding to a commentary by Harrington and Ingraham (1967) on a commentary by Rosenthal (1967) on Ingraham and Harrington (1966) is intended to serve three purposes: (a) to call greater attention to the very important research conducted by Ingraham and Harrington, (b) to point up substantial areas of agreement between us, and (c) to point up residual differences in viewpoint with only light as a by-product
Covert communication in the psychological experiment
Unintended Communication of Interpersonal Expectations
An Application of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test for Normality with Estimated Mean and Variance
Psychologists often have occasion to test whether their obtained data could reasonably have been drawn from a normal population. In his important paper, Massey (1951) hinted that potentially, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test might be useful in this regard though he cautioned that the distribution of the relevant statistic (D) was unknown when the mean and variance of the population were unknown and had to be estimated from the sample. Preliminary data…
Perception of Emotion and Response to Teachers' Expectancy by Elementary School Children
Within each of 6 elementary school grades, a randomly selected 23% of the children were reported to their teachers as showing unusual potential for intellectual gains. All Ss were also administered a task designed to measure the accuracy of their perception of vocal communications of emotion by male and female speakers. After 4 mo. the “special” children scoring high in accuracy of perception of emotion as expressed by a female speaker showed sig…
Pygmalion in the classroom
Vocal Emphasis in Experimenters' Instruction Reading as Unintended Determinant of Subjects' Responses
Sound motion pictures were made of three male experimenters administering an experiment in person perception to 10 subjects. The task called for subjects to rate the degree of success or failure of people pictured in photographs. An analysis of the experimenters' suprasegmental phonemes and paralanguage from the sound track showed that no subject was exposed to identical vocal emphases of those portions of the instructions listing the subject's r…
Pygmalion in the Classroom
Psychology (132 works) · Social Psychology (71 works) · Social Psychology (45 works) · Cognitive psychology (44 works) · Computer Science (43 works) · Developmental psychology (33 works) · Mathematics (29 works) · Statistics (28 works) · Medicine (25 works) · Meta-analysis and systematic reviews (21 works)