Fiona Mensah
Biographic Data
| ID | 2745764 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Fiona Mensah |
| GIVEN NAMES | Fiona |
| FAMILY NAME | Mensah |
| SIGNATURE | MENSAH F |
| AFFILIATIONS | The University of Melbourne |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-6951-9949 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 31 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 96 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 31 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2008 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 6 |
Measuring Child Disadvantage
Robust measurement of disadvantage is essential to identifying and addressing inequities in children's development. We tested how a multidimensional framework of child disadvantage performed relative to a traditional socioeconomic position (SEP) approach to predict developmental outcomes. We utilised data from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children ( n = 5107). Disadvantage at ages 4–5 was measured using: (1) family‐level SEP; (2) four soc…
Early family socioeconomic status and asthma-related outcomes in school-aged children
OBJECTIVE: To examine the associations between maternal education and household income during early childhood with asthma-related outcomes in children aged 9-12 years in the UK, the Netherlands, Sweden, Australia, the USA and Canada. METHODS: Data on 31 210 children were obtained from 7 prospective birth cohort studies across six countries. Asthma-related outcomes included ever asthma, wheezing/asthma attacks and medication control for asthma. Re…
The complementary impacts of nurse home visiting and quality childcare for children experiencing adversity
Australian Governments are increasingly understanding the impacts of early adversity, evidenced by ongoing policy and investment in two of the most widely implemented early interventions: nurse home visiting (NHV) and early childhood education and care (ECEC). Neither intervention fully redresses the developmental inequities engendered by early adversity, yet their synergistic impacts (“dynamic complementarity”) are unknown. In this research, we …
Association between children's health-related quality of life, healthcare costs and socioeconomic position
Equity in healthcare service access and use are national goals and principal indicators of health system performance. Whilst it is important to understand how healthcare costs, socioeconomic position (SEP), and children's well-being are associated, limited literature explores how these covary. To explore the associations between families' SEP and (1) children's health-related quality of life (HRQoL) from 4 to 13 years; and (2) healthcare costs fr…
Social and emotional wellbeing of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples in Aboriginal controlled social housing
This trial was retrospectively registered with the ISRCTN Register on the 12/7/21 with the study ID:ISRCTN33665735
Timing of Physical and Emotional Intimate Partner Violence Exposure and Women's Health in an Australian Longitudinal Cohort Study
Drawing on data from a prospective pregnancy cohort ( N = 1,507), this study examines the relationship between exposure to physical and emotional intimate partner violence (IPV) across the first 10 years of motherhood and women's mental and physical health. A measure of IPV (Composite Abuse Scale) was included at 1, 4, and 10 years postpartum. Past year and prior experiences of IPV were associated with mental and physical health issues at 10 year…
Do neighbourhoods influence how parents and children interact? Direct observations of parent–child interactions within a large Australian study
Psychosocial factors associated with adolescent depressive and anxiety symptoms during the Covid-19 pandemic
The COVID-19 pandemic has created many challenges for adolescents across the world. The current study aimed to investigate the prevalence of depressive and anxiety symptoms and suicidal ideation in adolescents living in Melbourne, Australia, during the state of Victoria’s second lockdown. The study also sought to identify pre-existing and current psychosocial stressors associated with adolescent’s depressive and anxiety symptoms, and to identify …
Supporting Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Families to Stay Together from the Start (SAFeST Start)
Reducing the rate of over‐representation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children in out‐of‐home care (OOHC) is a key Closing the Gap target committed to by all Australian governments. Current strategies are failing. The “gap” is widening, with the rate of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children in OOHC at 30 June 2020 being 11 times that of non‐Indigenous children. Approximately, one in five Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander …
Natural history of mental health competence from childhood to adolescence
Background Mental health competence (MHC) involves psychosocial capabilities such as regulating emotions, interacting well with peers and caring for others, and predicts a range of health and social outcomes. This study examines the course of MHC from childhood to adolescence and patterning by gender and disadvantage, in Australian and UK contexts. Methods Data: Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (n=4983) and the Millennium Cohort Study (n…
Household income and maternal education in early childhood and activity-limiting chronic health conditions in late childhood
BACKGROUND: We examined absolute and relative relationships between household income and maternal education during early childhood (<5 years) with activity-limiting chronic health conditions (ALCHC) during later childhood in six longitudinal, prospective cohorts from high-income countries (UK, Australia, Canada, Sweden, Netherlands, USA). METHODS: Relative inequality (risk ratios, RR) and absolute inequality (Slope Index of Inequality) were estim…
Health‐related quality of life of children with low language from early childhood to adolescence
BACKGROUND: Low language abilities are known to be associated with significant adverse long-term outcomes. However, associations between low language and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) are unclear. We aimed to (a) examine the association between low language and HRQoL from 4 to 13 years and (b) classify the children's trajectories of HRQoL and language and examine the association between language and HRQoL trajectories. METHODS: Data were…
Evaluation of an Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander strengths based coaching program
This trial was retrospectively registered with the ISRCTN Register on the 12/7/21 with the study ID: ISRCTN33665735
Vocabulary Development and Trajectories of Behavioral and Emotional Difficulties Via Academic Ability and Peer Problems
This study investigates associations between trajectories of children's vocabulary development and subsequent behavioral and emotional difficulties via two potential mediating mechanisms; literacy and peer problems. Nationally representative data from 4,983 Australian children were used to examine trajectories of receptive vocabulary (4–5, 6–7, and 8–9 years) and hyperactivity-inattention, conduct problems and emotional symptoms (8–9, 10–11, 12–1…
Measuring educational attainment in longitudinal research
Demographic data, such as highest level of education attained, are often assumed to be relatively free from measurement error. As part of an evaluation of an early childhood parenting intervention, 654 parents reported their highest level of education via telephone interview at baseline and self-directed questionnaire at follow-up 5.7 years later. At follow-up, 14% reported a lower level of education compared to baseline, indicating measurement e…
Selective attrition in longitudinal studies
Participant attrition is a significant challenge for longitudinal studies, particularly those involving disadvantaged populations. We attempted to re-engage n = 990 families in a five-year follow-up of a randomised controlled trial of an early childhood parenting intervention. Tracing was attempted for n = 90/990 (9.1%) uncontactable participants. Evidence for the identification of a matching Facebook profile was classified as strong, moderate or…
Driving Precision Policy Responses to Child Health and Developmental Inequities
The growing evidence base on the extent of and opportunities to reduce inequities in children's health and development still lacks the specificity to inform clear policy decisions. A new phase of research is needed that builds on contemporary directions in precision medicine to develop precision policy making; with the aim to redress child inequities. This would include identifying effective interventions and their ideal time point(s), duration, …
The Impact of Policy Modifiable Factors on Inequalities in Rates of Child Dental Caries in Australia
Background : Poor oral health in childhood can lead to adverse impacts later in life. We aimed to estimate the prevalence and population distribution of childhood dental caries in Australia and investigate factors that might ameliorate inequalities. Methods : Data from the nationally representative birth cohort Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (N = 5107), using questions assessing: The experience of dental caries during each biennial fol…
Mapping PedsQLTM scores onto CHU9D utility scores
The role of joint engagement in the development of language in a community-derived sample of slow-to-talk children
We explored whether supported (SJE) or coordinated joint engagement (CJE) between mothers recruited from the community and their 24-month-old children who were slow-to-talk at 18 months old were associated with child language scores at ages 24, 36, and 48 months ( n = 197). We further explored whether SJE or CJE modified the concurrent positive associations between maternal responsive behaviours and language scores. Previous research has shown th…
Parental health behaviour predictors of childhood and adolescent dietary trajectories
Objective To determine which parental health behaviours early in childhood most strongly predict whole-of-childhood dietary trajectories. Design Population-based Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC, waves 1–6; 2004–2014). Exposures were parents’ fruit/vegetable consumption, alcohol, smoking and physical activity at child age 0–1 years (B Cohort) or 4–5 years (K Cohort). Outcomes, from repeated biennial short diet diaries, were group-b…
Childhood dietary trajectories and adolescent cardiovascular phenotypes
Objective With the intention to inform future public health initiatives, we aimed to determine the extent to which typical childhood dietary trajectories predict adolescent cardiovascular phenotypes. Design Longitudinal study. Exposure was determined by a 4 d food diary repeated over eight waves (ages 4–15 years), coded by Australian Dietary Guidelines and summed into a continuous diet score (0–14). Outcomes were adolescent (Wave 8, age 15 years)…
Understanding child disadvantage from a social determinants perspective
BACKGROUND: Child health and developmental inequities exist in all countries. Comprehensive and robust concepts of disadvantage are fundamental to growing an evidence base that can reveal the extent of inequities in childhood, and identify modifiable leverage points for change. We conceptualise and test a multidimensional framework of child disadvantage aligned to a social determinants and bioecological perspective. METHODS: The Longitudinal Stud…
Early life socioeconomic determinants of dietary score and pattern trajectories across six waves of the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children
BACKGROUND: Social patterning of dietary-related diseases may partly be explained by population disparities in children's diets. This study aimed to determine which early life socioeconomic factors best predict dietary trajectories across childhood. METHODS: For waves 2-6 of the Baby (B) Cohort (ages 2-3 to 10-11 years) and waves 1-6 of the Kindergarten (K) Cohort (ages 4-5 to 14-15 years) of the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children, we cons…
Early high school engagement in students with attention/deficit hyperactivity disorder
BackgroundStudents with attention/deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) continue to languish behind their peers with regard to academic achievement and education attainment. School engagement is potentially modifiable, and targeting engagement may be a means to improve education outcomes.AimsTo investigate school engagement for students with ADHD during the crucial high school transition period and to identify factors associated with low school e…
Poverty, family resources and children's early educational attainment
This study uses longitudinal data from the UK Millennium Cohort Study to show the extent to which episodic and more persistent poverty in early childhood and the lack of other family resources disadvantage children at the start of their school careers in terms of whether they have achieved the target indicator of ‘good level of achievement’ on the Foundation Stage Profile. Positive parenting is shown to be an important contributor to school achie…
Poverty, Maternal Depression, Family Status and Children's Cognitive and Behavioural Development in Early Childhood
Improving children's lives is high on the UK policy agenda. In this study for a recent birth cohort of UK children we examine how three aspects of parental resources - income, mother's mental well-being and family status - in early childhood enhance or compromise their children's cognitive and behavioural development. As well as examining how these three aspects of parental resources separately and jointly affect children's well-being, we also en…
Childhood deprivation, health and development
OBJECTIVE: To examine the associations between childhood socioeconomic and family circumstances, health and behavioural and cognitive development, and health and mental well-being outcomes in adulthood; exploring whether associations are different for cohorts born in 1958 and 1970, or for men and women. DESIGN: Pooled analysis of two prospective, population-based, British birth cohort studies. PARTICIPANTS: 11 327 men and women born in 1958 and 1…
Gender differences in educational attainment
There are gender differences in educational attainment amongst British children and there is evidence that these differences emerge early in life. In this study we investigate whether boys’ and girls’ early educational attainment levels are similarly related to disadvantage in the family environment. This study uses survey data from the Millennium Cohort Study linked with the teachers Foundation Stage Profile assessment for children in the primar…
Selective attrition in longitudinal studies
Participant attrition is a significant challenge for longitudinal studies, particularly those involving disadvantaged populations. We attempted to re-engage n = 990 families in a five-year follow-up of a randomised controlled trial of an early childhood parenting intervention. Tracing was attempted for n = 90/990 (9.1%) uncontactable participants. Evidence for the identification of a matching Facebook profile was classified as strong, moderate or…
Understanding child disadvantage from a social determinants perspective
BACKGROUND: Child health and developmental inequities exist in all countries. Comprehensive and robust concepts of disadvantage are fundamental to growing an evidence base that can reveal the extent of inequities in childhood, and identify modifiable leverage points for change. We conceptualise and test a multidimensional framework of child disadvantage aligned to a social determinants and bioecological perspective. METHODS: The Longitudinal Stud…
Supporting Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Families to Stay Together from the Start (SAFeST Start)
Reducing the rate of over‐representation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children in out‐of‐home care (OOHC) is a key Closing the Gap target committed to by all Australian governments. Current strategies are failing. The “gap” is widening, with the rate of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children in OOHC at 30 June 2020 being 11 times that of non‐Indigenous children. Approximately, one in five Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander …
Early high school engagement in students with attention/deficit hyperactivity disorder
BackgroundStudents with attention/deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) continue to languish behind their peers with regard to academic achievement and education attainment. School engagement is potentially modifiable, and targeting engagement may be a means to improve education outcomes.AimsTo investigate school engagement for students with ADHD during the crucial high school transition period and to identify factors associated with low school e…
Predictors of mental health competence in a population cohort of Australian children
BACKGROUND: The child mental health epidemiology literature focuses almost exclusively on reporting the prevalence and predictors of child mental disorders. However, there is growing recognition of positive mental health or mental health competence as an independent outcome that cannot be inferred from the absence of problems, and requires epidemiological investigation in its own right. METHODS: We developed a novel measure of child mental health…
Timing of Physical and Emotional Intimate Partner Violence Exposure and Women's Health in an Australian Longitudinal Cohort Study
Drawing on data from a prospective pregnancy cohort ( N = 1,507), this study examines the relationship between exposure to physical and emotional intimate partner violence (IPV) across the first 10 years of motherhood and women's mental and physical health. A measure of IPV (Composite Abuse Scale) was included at 1, 4, and 10 years postpartum. Past year and prior experiences of IPV were associated with mental and physical health issues at 10 year…
Household income and maternal education in early childhood and activity-limiting chronic health conditions in late childhood
BACKGROUND: We examined absolute and relative relationships between household income and maternal education during early childhood (<5 years) with activity-limiting chronic health conditions (ALCHC) during later childhood in six longitudinal, prospective cohorts from high-income countries (UK, Australia, Canada, Sweden, Netherlands, USA). METHODS: Relative inequality (risk ratios, RR) and absolute inequality (Slope Index of Inequality) were estim…
Early life socioeconomic determinants of dietary score and pattern trajectories across six waves of the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children
BACKGROUND: Social patterning of dietary-related diseases may partly be explained by population disparities in children's diets. This study aimed to determine which early life socioeconomic factors best predict dietary trajectories across childhood. METHODS: For waves 2-6 of the Baby (B) Cohort (ages 2-3 to 10-11 years) and waves 1-6 of the Kindergarten (K) Cohort (ages 4-5 to 14-15 years) of the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children, we cons…
Childhood deprivation, health and development
OBJECTIVE: To examine the associations between childhood socioeconomic and family circumstances, health and behavioural and cognitive development, and health and mental well-being outcomes in adulthood; exploring whether associations are different for cohorts born in 1958 and 1970, or for men and women. DESIGN: Pooled analysis of two prospective, population-based, British birth cohort studies. PARTICIPANTS: 11 327 men and women born in 1958 and 1…
Poverty, Maternal Depression, Family Status and Children's Cognitive and Behavioural Development in Early Childhood
Improving children's lives is high on the UK policy agenda. In this study for a recent birth cohort of UK children we examine how three aspects of parental resources - income, mother's mental well-being and family status - in early childhood enhance or compromise their children's cognitive and behavioural development. As well as examining how these three aspects of parental resources separately and jointly affect children's well-being, we also en…
Gender differences in educational attainment
There are gender differences in educational attainment amongst British children and there is evidence that these differences emerge early in life. In this study we investigate whether boys’ and girls’ early educational attainment levels are similarly related to disadvantage in the family environment. This study uses survey data from the Millennium Cohort Study linked with the teachers Foundation Stage Profile assessment for children in the primar…
Poverty, family resources and children's early educational attainment
This study uses longitudinal data from the UK Millennium Cohort Study to show the extent to which episodic and more persistent poverty in early childhood and the lack of other family resources disadvantage children at the start of their school careers in terms of whether they have achieved the target indicator of ‘good level of achievement’ on the Foundation Stage Profile. Positive parenting is shown to be an important contributor to school achie…
Bi-directional longitudinal associations between overweight and health-related quality of life from 4–11years. Longitudinal study of Australian children
Predictors of mental health competence in a population cohort of Australian children
BACKGROUND: The child mental health epidemiology literature focuses almost exclusively on reporting the prevalence and predictors of child mental disorders. However, there is growing recognition of positive mental health or mental health competence as an independent outcome that cannot be inferred from the absence of problems, and requires epidemiological investigation in its own right. METHODS: We developed a novel measure of child mental health…
Early life socioeconomic determinants of dietary score and pattern trajectories across six waves of the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children
BACKGROUND: Social patterning of dietary-related diseases may partly be explained by population disparities in children's diets. This study aimed to determine which early life socioeconomic factors best predict dietary trajectories across childhood. METHODS: For waves 2-6 of the Baby (B) Cohort (ages 2-3 to 10-11 years) and waves 1-6 of the Kindergarten (K) Cohort (ages 4-5 to 14-15 years) of the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children, we cons…
Early high school engagement in students with attention/deficit hyperactivity disorder
BackgroundStudents with attention/deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) continue to languish behind their peers with regard to academic achievement and education attainment. School engagement is potentially modifiable, and targeting engagement may be a means to improve education outcomes.AimsTo investigate school engagement for students with ADHD during the crucial high school transition period and to identify factors associated with low school e…
The role of joint engagement in the development of language in a community-derived sample of slow-to-talk children
We explored whether supported (SJE) or coordinated joint engagement (CJE) between mothers recruited from the community and their 24-month-old children who were slow-to-talk at 18 months old were associated with child language scores at ages 24, 36, and 48 months ( n = 197). We further explored whether SJE or CJE modified the concurrent positive associations between maternal responsive behaviours and language scores. Previous research has shown th…
Parental health behaviour predictors of childhood and adolescent dietary trajectories
Objective To determine which parental health behaviours early in childhood most strongly predict whole-of-childhood dietary trajectories. Design Population-based Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC, waves 1–6; 2004–2014). Exposures were parents’ fruit/vegetable consumption, alcohol, smoking and physical activity at child age 0–1 years (B Cohort) or 4–5 years (K Cohort). Outcomes, from repeated biennial short diet diaries, were group-b…
Childhood dietary trajectories and adolescent cardiovascular phenotypes
Objective With the intention to inform future public health initiatives, we aimed to determine the extent to which typical childhood dietary trajectories predict adolescent cardiovascular phenotypes. Design Longitudinal study. Exposure was determined by a 4 d food diary repeated over eight waves (ages 4–15 years), coded by Australian Dietary Guidelines and summed into a continuous diet score (0–14). Outcomes were adolescent (Wave 8, age 15 years)…
Understanding child disadvantage from a social determinants perspective
BACKGROUND: Child health and developmental inequities exist in all countries. Comprehensive and robust concepts of disadvantage are fundamental to growing an evidence base that can reveal the extent of inequities in childhood, and identify modifiable leverage points for change. We conceptualise and test a multidimensional framework of child disadvantage aligned to a social determinants and bioecological perspective. METHODS: The Longitudinal Stud…
Driving Precision Policy Responses to Child Health and Developmental Inequities
The growing evidence base on the extent of and opportunities to reduce inequities in children's health and development still lacks the specificity to inform clear policy decisions. A new phase of research is needed that builds on contemporary directions in precision medicine to develop precision policy making; with the aim to redress child inequities. This would include identifying effective interventions and their ideal time point(s), duration, …
The Impact of Policy Modifiable Factors on Inequalities in Rates of Child Dental Caries in Australia
Background : Poor oral health in childhood can lead to adverse impacts later in life. We aimed to estimate the prevalence and population distribution of childhood dental caries in Australia and investigate factors that might ameliorate inequalities. Methods : Data from the nationally representative birth cohort Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (N = 5107), using questions assessing: The experience of dental caries during each biennial fol…
Mapping PedsQLTM scores onto CHU9D utility scores
Vocabulary Development and Trajectories of Behavioral and Emotional Difficulties Via Academic Ability and Peer Problems
This study investigates associations between trajectories of children's vocabulary development and subsequent behavioral and emotional difficulties via two potential mediating mechanisms; literacy and peer problems. Nationally representative data from 4,983 Australian children were used to examine trajectories of receptive vocabulary (4–5, 6–7, and 8–9 years) and hyperactivity-inattention, conduct problems and emotional symptoms (8–9, 10–11, 12–1…
Measuring educational attainment in longitudinal research
Demographic data, such as highest level of education attained, are often assumed to be relatively free from measurement error. As part of an evaluation of an early childhood parenting intervention, 654 parents reported their highest level of education via telephone interview at baseline and self-directed questionnaire at follow-up 5.7 years later. At follow-up, 14% reported a lower level of education compared to baseline, indicating measurement e…
Selective attrition in longitudinal studies
Participant attrition is a significant challenge for longitudinal studies, particularly those involving disadvantaged populations. We attempted to re-engage n = 990 families in a five-year follow-up of a randomised controlled trial of an early childhood parenting intervention. Tracing was attempted for n = 90/990 (9.1%) uncontactable participants. Evidence for the identification of a matching Facebook profile was classified as strong, moderate or…
Health‐related quality of life of children with low language from early childhood to adolescence
BACKGROUND: Low language abilities are known to be associated with significant adverse long-term outcomes. However, associations between low language and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) are unclear. We aimed to (a) examine the association between low language and HRQoL from 4 to 13 years and (b) classify the children's trajectories of HRQoL and language and examine the association between language and HRQoL trajectories. METHODS: Data were…
Evaluation of an Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander strengths based coaching program
This trial was retrospectively registered with the ISRCTN Register on the 12/7/21 with the study ID: ISRCTN33665735
Psychosocial factors associated with adolescent depressive and anxiety symptoms during the Covid-19 pandemic
The COVID-19 pandemic has created many challenges for adolescents across the world. The current study aimed to investigate the prevalence of depressive and anxiety symptoms and suicidal ideation in adolescents living in Melbourne, Australia, during the state of Victoria’s second lockdown. The study also sought to identify pre-existing and current psychosocial stressors associated with adolescent’s depressive and anxiety symptoms, and to identify …
Supporting Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Families to Stay Together from the Start (SAFeST Start)
Reducing the rate of over‐representation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children in out‐of‐home care (OOHC) is a key Closing the Gap target committed to by all Australian governments. Current strategies are failing. The “gap” is widening, with the rate of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children in OOHC at 30 June 2020 being 11 times that of non‐Indigenous children. Approximately, one in five Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander …
Natural history of mental health competence from childhood to adolescence
Background Mental health competence (MHC) involves psychosocial capabilities such as regulating emotions, interacting well with peers and caring for others, and predicts a range of health and social outcomes. This study examines the course of MHC from childhood to adolescence and patterning by gender and disadvantage, in Australian and UK contexts. Methods Data: Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (n=4983) and the Millennium Cohort Study (n…
Household income and maternal education in early childhood and activity-limiting chronic health conditions in late childhood
BACKGROUND: We examined absolute and relative relationships between household income and maternal education during early childhood (<5 years) with activity-limiting chronic health conditions (ALCHC) during later childhood in six longitudinal, prospective cohorts from high-income countries (UK, Australia, Canada, Sweden, Netherlands, USA). METHODS: Relative inequality (risk ratios, RR) and absolute inequality (Slope Index of Inequality) were estim…
Association between children's health-related quality of life, healthcare costs and socioeconomic position
Equity in healthcare service access and use are national goals and principal indicators of health system performance. Whilst it is important to understand how healthcare costs, socioeconomic position (SEP), and children's well-being are associated, limited literature explores how these covary. To explore the associations between families' SEP and (1) children's health-related quality of life (HRQoL) from 4 to 13 years; and (2) healthcare costs fr…
Medicine (25 works) · Psychology (22 works) · Developmental psychology (14 works) · Cohort study (11 works) · Demography (11 works) · Psychiatry (11 works) · Cohort (10 works) · Political science (10 works) · Environmental health (9 works) · Longitudinal study (9 works)