Mark Haugaard
Biographic Data
| ID | 276606 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Mark Haugaard |
| GIVEN NAMES | Mark |
| FAMILY NAME | Haugaard |
| SIGNATURE | HAUGAARD M |
| AFFILIATIONS | Ollscoil na Gaillimhe – University of Galway |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-2031-8900 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 61 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 255 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 57 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 4 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1997 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 8 |
Coercion and legitimacy as sources of power and crisis in autocratic, authoritarian and liberal-democratic leadership: A Four-Dimensional Power Analysis
Kleptocracy, authoritarianism and democracy as ideal types of political power
This article explores kleptocracy, authoritarianism and democracy as sociological ideal types of the exercise of political power. Kleptocracy is theorized as an ideal type which uses coercion as its primary power resource, while both authoritarianism and democracy are based upon authority, defined as a belief in legitimacy. Where authoritarianism and democracy differ is how a belief in legitimacy is obtained. These differences and similarities ar…
Power and crime: A theoretical sketch
The article contains a sociological theory of power and crime, demonstrating how crime is socially constructed, relative to power. It is argued that crime is socially constructed differently when power structures are either legitimate or illegitimate, and when power is either coercive or based on authority. Legitimacy has both a sociological and normative meaning, which are not the same. While the emphasis is sociological, the article also contai…
Reverse Versus Radical Discourse: A Qualified Critique of Butler and Foucault, with an Alternative Interactive Theorisation
This article explores the concept of reverse discourse, as suggested by Foucault and Butler. It is argued that Butler's concept of subject formation is overly determinist, as is Foucault's of discourse. Following Scott's critique, it is argued that there is a strong and a weak conceptualisation of dominant ideology. Discourses are in competition for authority, where dominant ideology is the discourse of more powerful decision-makers, while subalt…
Foucault and Power: A Critique and Retheorization
From the perspective of sociological theory, Foucault's concepts of power, power-knowledge, and discipline are one-sided. While Foucault contends that there is no center of power, his account of power remains top-down or structural, missing the interactive and enabling aspects of power. A more balanced view would suggest that all exercises of power include meaningful agency (the ability to do something); social structures (not simply as constrain…
Debating the dimensions: Amy Allen, Rainer Forst and Isaac Ariail Reed in dialogue-review of The Four Dimensions of Power by Mark Haugaard
In this article Amy Allen, Rainer Forst and Isaac Reed debate the four dimensions of power, as framed by Mark Haugaard, in The Four Dimensions of Power, and Haugaard responds. This discussion involves the following: the relationship between agency and authority; ideology and acquiescence; power-over, power-to and power-with; structural constraint; bias and exclusion; the distinction between deep and shallow conflicts; the concept of reification; …
Power in modernity: A discussion among Mark Haugaard, Clarissa Hayward, and Jonathan G. Heaney of Power in Modernity: agency relations and the creative destruction of the King’s two bodies , by Isaac …
In this article, Haugaard, Hayward and Heaney discuss Reed’s Power in Modernity, and the author replies. The exchanges centres on the question of whether power relations should be theorized via Reed’s concepts of rector, actor, other, and project, and on the roles of performance agency in power’s exercise. The contributors discuss several examples of political crises in modernity, including the storming of the U.S. Capitol on 6 January 2021
The four dimensions of power: Conflict and democracy
This article theorizes the four dimensions of power, which builds upon the work of Dahl, Lukes, Foucault, Bourdieu, and Giddens, among others. The four dimensions correspond to four aspects of social interaction. The first dimension refers to the agency-energy aspect of interaction. The second concerns the structural components. The third concerns the epistemic element of interaction. The fourth relates to the social ontological elements of socia…
Performance of Agency in Real-Life Encounters: Turning Unequal Power and Structural Constraint into Collaboration
This article explores the performance of agency within the context of unequal power resources and structural constraint. Based on 23 video-recorded placement meetings in three homeless shelters, we find that participants' agency is the outcome of both collaboration and resistance. To avoid interaction that fails to empower, social actors engage in 'repair work' and face-saving practices. When clients display 'wrong face'-that is, bring problems t…
Power
While there is no single uncontested definition of power, most agree that power entails actors having effects or capacities. Power is often equated to domination, but it is important to recognize that it can also be normatively desirable, as power‐to, and empowerment. Lukes has argued that there are three dimensions of power. The first corresponds to the agency of actors. The second involves the structural aspects of social relations. The third e…
The four dimensions of power: Understanding domination, empowerment and democracy
This book explores the nature and workings of social and political power through four dimensions, which throw into relief different aspects of power-related phenomena. The analysis constitutes a sophisticated new framework that builds upon contemporary theoretical perspectives of power, including the work of Steven Lukes, Michel Foucault, Amy Allen, Clarissa Rile Hayward, Anthony Giddens, Pierre Bourdieu, Stewart Clegg, James Scott and Gene Sharp…
Sounding for resonance: A salon with Hartmut Rosa
“From any point on the surface of existence ... one may drop a sounding into the depths of the soul” (Simmel, 1950) Our salon with Hartmut Rosa on Resonance was hosted in the parlour of No 63 Merrion
The faces of power, resistance and justification in a changing world
This issue of the Journal opens with a re-examination of power relations in the light of a changing politics, in particular the rise of populism and the emergence of new forms of Internet-based com
What is resonance? What is alienation? How do the two relate? Reflections on Rosa’s theory of resonance and alienation
This article explores the concepts of resonance and alienation. Resonance is the phenomenal core of the relationship between social subject and the recreation of meaning. This is normatively neutral concept . Normatively desirable resonance involves enchantment Alienation derives from a particular relationship between subject and object, whereby the object controls the social subject. This is normatively objectionable because the subject becomes …
Theorising Noumenal Power: Rainer Forst and His Critics
Domination, Empowerment and Democracy: Exploring the Four Dimensions of Social and Political Power
In this accessible and sophisticated exploration of the nature and workings of social and political power, Mark Haugaard examines the interrelation between domination and empowerment. Building upon the perspectives of Steven Lukes, Michel Foucault, Amy Allen, Hannah Arendt, Anthony Giddens, Pierre Bourdieu and others, Haugaard offers a clear theoretical framework, delineating power in four interrelated dimensions. The first and second dimensions …
Refiguring Childhood: Encounters with Biosocial Power
The performance of citizen's and organisational authority
This article explores the interaction of two forms of authority: organisational authority and citizen's authority. The concept of citizen's authority derives from Pettit, and organisational authority has theoretical roots in Weber. Citizen's authority entails the right to be the author of your own life decisions, while organisational authority is the right of an actor to speak on behalf of an organisation. With inspiration from Goffman and Austin…
Justification and the four dimensions of power
This article is a dialogue with Forst on the role of justification in power relations, which is theory building in its own right. The article starts with Forst’s argument that power is a cognitive event that entails reason-giving. Developing this observation, the article explores how reasoning shifts across the four dimensions of power. How different types of power situations elicit different forms of justification in order to obtain compliance f…
What is authority
This article theorizes authority from sociological and normative perspectives. It opens with the work of Weber, Arendt and Raz. This is followed by a sociological analysis of authority as a capacity for action, power-to and power-over, which are linked to felicitous performative action within epistemic interpretative horizons. Normatively, it confronts the anarchist challenge that authority is inimical to freedom by distinguishing between disposi…
The vocabulary of power: A review of Power and international relations: a conceptual approach, written by David A. Baldwin
Power and International Relations opens with an account of Robert Dahl’s theory of power, followed by an analysis of the implications of this perspective for international relations (IR). The latte
Power and meaning
this time, entitled 'The power of occlusion' .Jenkins and Lukes open with the following observation: 'To not be right is one thing, but to be told that what one says or believes is 'not even wrong' is an even harder pill to swallow' .This is followed by a discussion of Douglas Adam's The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (Adams 1995), where the supercomputer Deep Thought is asked for the meaning of life and the universe, and replies that it is '42…
A conversation on power and republicanism: An exchange between Mark Haugaard and Philip Pettit
In this exchange Haugaard and Pettit begin by discussing power and agency. They agree that while many inequalities are linked to deliberate agency, a significant number of inequalities comprise structural effects that are the unintended effect of social action. These are of normative concern: to prevent arbitrary domination and create a society in which everyone can pass the eyeball test. Some of these structures are naturalized, or reified, whic…
Power of Citizens and Professionals in Welfare Encounters: The Influence of Bureaucracy, Market and Psychology
The performance of subject positions, power, and identity: A case of refugee recognition
This article explores the negotiation of subject positions, identities, and their recognition. It develops a theoretical model of identity and recognition, which is applied to the exemplar of a young Palestinian woman negotiating the refugee recognition process in Ireland. The paper is divided into five parts, as follows: (1) methodology; (2) a theorisation of subject positions, identity, and recognition based upon the work of Austin, Barnes, Dav…
Power: A ‘family resemblance’ concept
While Lukes’ view of power as an ‘essentially contested concept’ is a move in the right direction, it does not go far enough because it falls short of arguing for a plural view of power. Power constitutes a ‘family resemblance concept’, with family members forming complex relationships within overlapping language games. Members include, among others: episodic power, dispositional power, systemic power, power to, power over, empowerment, legitimat…
Rethinking the four dimensions of power: Domination and empowerment
In the literature, there have been two essentially contrasting views of power: one of power as domination, largely characterized as power over, and the other of power as empowerment, frequently theorized as power to. To date, the four (Lukes and Foucault) dimensions of power have been considered forms of domination. In this article it is argued that the processes of four-dimensional power also constitute the process of normatively desirable power…
Reflections on Seven Ways of Creating Power
In this article it is argued that social power can be created based upon either the reproduction of social order or coercively but that in complex societies the former is the more important. Building upon the ideas of a number of authors - including Arendt, Parsons, Barnes, Bachrach and Baratz, Lukes, Giddens, Foucault and Clegg - a typology of seven forms of power creation is developed in a manner which allows for diverse phenomena from previous…
Concerted Power Over
Power and reason, justice and domination: A Conversation
Through an email conversation between Allen, Forst and Haugaard, this article explores the relationship between the dyads power and reason, justice and domination. In much of the literature reason is considered either a mode of emancipation from power (Lukes) or, conversely, a subtle ruse of domination (Foucault). Here it is argued that reasoning is intrinsic to political power, with both the potential for power as justice (Arendt), and for power…
The four dimensions of power: Conflict and democracy
This article theorizes the four dimensions of power, which builds upon the work of Dahl, Lukes, Foucault, Bourdieu, and Giddens, among others. The four dimensions correspond to four aspects of social interaction. The first dimension refers to the agency-energy aspect of interaction. The second concerns the structural components. The third concerns the epistemic element of interaction. The fourth relates to the social ontological elements of socia…
Liquid modernity and power: A dialogue with Zygmunt Bauman 1
In this discussion, Zygmunt Bauman and Mark Haugaard debate the relationship of the changing nature of liquid modernity. They analyze how power relations in liquid modernity use a fundamentally different logic from solid modernity. In the former, power is exercised by controlling limiting possibilities, while the liquid modern elites dominate through uncertainty and insecurity. The contemporary condition is characterized by insatiable consumption…
Foucault and Power: A Critique and Retheorization
From the perspective of sociological theory, Foucault's concepts of power, power-knowledge, and discipline are one-sided. While Foucault contends that there is no center of power, his account of power remains top-down or structural, missing the interactive and enabling aspects of power. A more balanced view would suggest that all exercises of power include meaningful agency (the ability to do something); social structures (not simply as constrain…
What is authority
This article theorizes authority from sociological and normative perspectives. It opens with the work of Weber, Arendt and Raz. This is followed by a sociological analysis of authority as a capacity for action, power-to and power-over, which are linked to felicitous performative action within epistemic interpretative horizons. Normatively, it confronts the anarchist challenge that authority is inimical to freedom by distinguishing between disposi…
A conversation on power and republicanism: An exchange between Mark Haugaard and Philip Pettit
In this exchange Haugaard and Pettit begin by discussing power and agency. They agree that while many inequalities are linked to deliberate agency, a significant number of inequalities comprise structural effects that are the unintended effect of social action. These are of normative concern: to prevent arbitrary domination and create a society in which everyone can pass the eyeball test. Some of these structures are naturalized, or reified, whic…
Performance of Agency in Real-Life Encounters: Turning Unequal Power and Structural Constraint into Collaboration
This article explores the performance of agency within the context of unequal power resources and structural constraint. Based on 23 video-recorded placement meetings in three homeless shelters, we find that participants' agency is the outcome of both collaboration and resistance. To avoid interaction that fails to empower, social actors engage in 'repair work' and face-saving practices. When clients display 'wrong face'-that is, bring problems t…
Debating the dimensions: Amy Allen, Rainer Forst and Isaac Ariail Reed in dialogue-review of The Four Dimensions of Power by Mark Haugaard
In this article Amy Allen, Rainer Forst and Isaac Reed debate the four dimensions of power, as framed by Mark Haugaard, in The Four Dimensions of Power, and Haugaard responds. This discussion involves the following: the relationship between agency and authority; ideology and acquiescence; power-over, power-to and power-with; structural constraint; bias and exclusion; the distinction between deep and shallow conflicts; the concept of reification; …
What is resonance? What is alienation? How do the two relate? Reflections on Rosa’s theory of resonance and alienation
This article explores the concepts of resonance and alienation. Resonance is the phenomenal core of the relationship between social subject and the recreation of meaning. This is normatively neutral concept . Normatively desirable resonance involves enchantment Alienation derives from a particular relationship between subject and object, whereby the object controls the social subject. This is normatively objectionable because the subject becomes …
The Consensual Basis of Conflictual Power: A Critical Response to “Using Power, Fighting Power” by Jane Mansbridge
Reverse Versus Radical Discourse: A Qualified Critique of Butler and Foucault, with an Alternative Interactive Theorisation
This article explores the concept of reverse discourse, as suggested by Foucault and Butler. It is argued that Butler's concept of subject formation is overly determinist, as is Foucault's of discourse. Following Scott's critique, it is argued that there is a strong and a weak conceptualisation of dominant ideology. Discourses are in competition for authority, where dominant ideology is the discourse of more powerful decision-makers, while subalt…
Justification and the four dimensions of power
This article is a dialogue with Forst on the role of justification in power relations, which is theory building in its own right. The article starts with Forst’s argument that power is a cognitive event that entails reason-giving. Developing this observation, the article explores how reasoning shifts across the four dimensions of power. How different types of power situations elicit different forms of justification in order to obtain compliance f…
The performance of subject positions, power, and identity: A case of refugee recognition
This article explores the negotiation of subject positions, identities, and their recognition. It develops a theoretical model of identity and recognition, which is applied to the exemplar of a young Palestinian woman negotiating the refugee recognition process in Ireland. The paper is divided into five parts, as follows: (1) methodology; (2) a theorisation of subject positions, identity, and recognition based upon the work of Austin, Barnes, Dav…
The faces of power, resistance and justification in a changing world
This issue of the Journal opens with a re-examination of power relations in the light of a changing politics, in particular the rise of populism and the emergence of new forms of Internet-based com
The performance of citizen's and organisational authority
This article explores the interaction of two forms of authority: organisational authority and citizen's authority. The concept of citizen's authority derives from Pettit, and organisational authority has theoretical roots in Weber. Citizen's authority entails the right to be the author of your own life decisions, while organisational authority is the right of an actor to speak on behalf of an organisation. With inspiration from Goffman and Austin…
Power and truth
In the literature, the power debate is divided between modern and postmodern positions. The former hold that power and truth are opposites, while the latter view them as mutually constitutive. These debates mix epistemological, normative and sociological claims. Using classical sociological methods, strict criteria for valid functional explanations are set out and the relationship between power and truth is explained in these terms. It is argued …
Reflections on the sources of power
An interview carried out at the Power and Knowledge Conference, Tampere, Finland, 8 September 2010 In this conversation Mann and Haugaard discuss Mann’s four sources of power: military, political, economic and ideological power. It is argued that military and political power can have different sources, whereby political power is not reducible to coercion. The significance of ideological power is explored in relation to nationalism, ‘false conscio…
Power and habitus
This article explores the relationship between habitus and social power. It is argued that legitimacy and violence constitute an alternative basis of social power. The former is based upon habitus, while the latter is an extension of natural power. The complex processes whereby the state’s monopoly on violence and education are used to create habitus, thus legitimacy, are explored. The complex relationship between power legitimacy and habitus eme…
Power and meaning
this time, entitled 'The power of occlusion' .Jenkins and Lukes open with the following observation: 'To not be right is one thing, but to be told that what one says or believes is 'not even wrong' is an even harder pill to swallow' .This is followed by a discussion of Douglas Adam's The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (Adams 1995), where the supercomputer Deep Thought is asked for the meaning of life and the universe, and replies that it is '42…
Robert A. Dahl: An unended quest
This special issue of the journal is devoted to the work of Robert A. Dahl (1915–2014) whose immensely productive scholarly career spanned more than half a century. His first book was published in
Reflections on phronetic social science: A dialogue between Stewart Clegg, Bent Flyvbjerg and Mark Haugaard
Clegg, Flyvbjerg and Haugaard debate the strengths and weaknesses of a Foucauldian–Nietzschean critique of power compared to a tradition exemplified by Lukes and Habermas. Flyvbjerg and Clegg argue that the pursuit of universal normative principles and of rationality without power may lead to oppressive utopian thinking. Drawing on the Aristotelian tradition of phronesis, they propose a contextualist form of critique that situates itself in analy…
The Consensual Basis of Conflictual Power: A Critical Response to “Using Power, Fighting Power” by Jane Mansbridge
Making Sense of Collectivity: Ethnicity, Nationalism and Globalisation
Reflections on Seven Ways of Creating Power
In this article it is argued that social power can be created based upon either the reproduction of social order or coercively but that in complex societies the former is the more important. Building upon the ideas of a number of authors - including Arendt, Parsons, Barnes, Bachrach and Baratz, Lukes, Giddens, Foucault and Clegg - a typology of seven forms of power creation is developed in a manner which allows for diverse phenomena from previous…
Hegemony and power: Consensus and coercion in contemporary politics
Chapter 1 Conceptual Confrontation Part 2 Theoretical Bases of Hegemony and Power Chapter 3 State and Society: The Concept of Hegemony in Gramsci Chapter 4 Power and Hegemony in Social Theory Part 5 Hegemony and Power in International Relations and Political Life Chapter 6 Dilemmas of Operationalizing Hegemony Chapter 7 Hegemony and Power in International Politics Chapter 8 Mars and Venus in the Atlantic Community: Power Dynamics Under Hegemony P…
Hegemony and Power: Consensus and Coercion in Contemporary Politics
This book provides the first systematic examination of the relationship of hegemony and power. Nine essays delve into the diverse analytical aspects of the two concepts, and an introduction and conclusion by the editors, respectively, forge a synthesis of their theoretical coherence. Hegemony has long existed as a term in political science, international relations, and social theory, but its meaning varies across these fields. While each has deve…
Ernest Gellner and Contemporary Social Thought
Ernest Gellner was a unique scholar whose work covered areas as diverse as social anthropology, analytical philosophy, the sociology of the Islamic world, nationalism, psychoanalysis, East European transformations and kinship structures. Despite this diversity, there is an exceptional degree of unity and coherence in Gellner's work with his distinctly modernist, rationalist and liberal world-view evident in everything he wrote. His central proble…
The ubiquity of power
Liquid modernity and power: A dialogue with Zygmunt Bauman 1
In this discussion, Zygmunt Bauman and Mark Haugaard debate the relationship of the changing nature of liquid modernity. They analyze how power relations in liquid modernity use a fundamentally different logic from solid modernity. In the former, power is exercised by controlling limiting possibilities, while the liquid modern elites dominate through uncertainty and insecurity. The contemporary condition is characterized by insatiable consumption…
Sociological Lukes versus moral Lukes: Reflections upon the second edition of Power: A radical view by Steven Lukes
Second Edition, by Steven Lukes. Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, 2004, 192 pp, ISBN 0333420918 (hardback); ISBN 0333420926, £15.99, (paperback) The second edition of Power: A radical view includes
Power and culture
Over the last number of years, there has been an increasing tendency for academic journals to become more specialized and standardized, with the result that some of them veer towards the overly arc
Power and habitus
This article explores the relationship between habitus and social power. It is argued that legitimacy and violence constitute an alternative basis of social power. The former is based upon habitus, while the latter is an extension of natural power. The complex processes whereby the state’s monopoly on violence and education are used to create habitus, thus legitimacy, are explored. The complex relationship between power legitimacy and habitus eme…
Power and Hegemony
The Sage Handbook of Power
'Power to' versus 'Power over' in Consensual, Functionalist and Conflict Theory PART ONE: FRAMING THE FIELD 'Power to' and 'Power over' - Gerhard Gohler Rational-Choice Perspectives - Keith Dowding Liberal Theories - Peter Morriss Democratic Theories - Charles Tilly Power and Structuration Theory - Rob Stones Power and Discourse: Towards an Anti-Foundationalist Concept of Power - Jacob Torfing Actor-Network Theory - Rolland Munro Power, Efficacy …
Philip Carl Salzman, Culture and Conflict in the Middle East, 2008
Power and space
n Contains fulltext :\n 78381.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access)\n
Power and Social Criticism: Reflections on Power, Domination and Legitimacy
Both modernist and post-modern social criticism of power pre suppose that agents frequently consent to power relations, which a political theorist may wish to critique. This raises the question: from what normative position can one critique power which is, as a sociological fact, legitimate in the eyes of those who reproduce it? This paper argues that "symbolic violence" is a useful metaphor for providing such a normative grounding. In order to p…
Power: A ‘family resemblance’ concept
While Lukes’ view of power as an ‘essentially contested concept’ is a move in the right direction, it does not go far enough because it falls short of arguing for a plural view of power. Power constitutes a ‘family resemblance concept’, with family members forming complex relationships within overlapping language games. Members include, among others: episodic power, dispositional power, systemic power, power to, power over, empowerment, legitimat…
Power and critical theory
Democracy, Political Power, and Authority
This article explores the conditions of possibility for democracy through the analysis of power and authority. Political power, as distinct from coercion, is the key to democracy, as a set of institutions for managing conflict. These institutions presuppose authority, which constitutes a performative act that is validated relative to local perceptions of reasonableness. Democratic power constitutes a nonzero-sum institutionalization of conflict r…
Reflections upon power, legitimacy and the constitution of the social subject
Reflections on the sources of power
An interview carried out at the Power and Knowledge Conference, Tampere, Finland, 8 September 2010 In this conversation Mann and Haugaard discuss Mann’s four sources of power: military, political, economic and ideological power. It is argued that military and political power can have different sources, whereby political power is not reducible to coercion. The significance of ideological power is explored in relation to nationalism, ‘false conscio…
Political Power: The Development of the Field
Power and Politics
VOLUME ONE The Three-Dimensional Debate: over as Domination The Concept of Political - Robert Dahl How to Study Community The Pluralist Alternative - Nelson W. Polsby Bachrach, Peter and Baratz, Morton (1962): The Two Faces of - Clarence Stone Decisions and Nondecisions: An Analytic Framework - Peter Bachrach and Morton Baratz Nondecisions and the Study of Local Politics - Raymond E. Wolfinger Comment: On Issues and Nonissue in the Study of - Fre…
Rethinking the four dimensions of power: Domination and empowerment
In the literature, there have been two essentially contrasting views of power: one of power as domination, largely characterized as power over, and the other of power as empowerment, frequently theorized as power to. To date, the four (Lukes and Foucault) dimensions of power have been considered forms of domination. In this article it is argued that the processes of four-dimensional power also constitute the process of normatively desirable power…
Power and truth
In the literature, the power debate is divided between modern and postmodern positions. The former hold that power and truth are opposites, while the latter view them as mutually constitutive. These debates mix epistemological, normative and sociological claims. Using classical sociological methods, strict criteria for valid functional explanations are set out and the relationship between power and truth is explained in these terms. It is argued …
Sociology (49 works) · Political science (46 works) · Law (37 works) · Philosophy (36 works) · Power (physics (34 works) · Epistemology (32 works) · Politics (31 works) · Foucault, Power, and Ethics (28 works) · Philosophy (28 works) · Law (25 works)